El maquiavelismo degollado est un défi lancé à tous les hommes de pouvoir tentés de suivre la voie pragmatique de Machiavel plutôt que celle tracée par l’Église catholique romaine ; son auteur, Claude Clément, fut alors considéré comme le plus radical des penseurs de l’anti-machiavélisme. Son œuvre n’a pourtant jamais été rééditée et reste mal connue probablement parce qu’elle est composée de trois textes publiés dans deux langues différentes et que sa version espagnole semble bien être une réécriture plutôt qu’une simple traduction. Parsemée de reproductions de documents, enrichie de nombreuses allusions, de citations parfois cachées, l’œuvre de Claude Clément se veut un recueil de la pensée politique de son temps. À l’aide de bases de données numériques, ce travail se donne pour objectif d’établir le texte du Maquiavelismo degollado dans sa diversité, d’expliquer les grands mécanismes de son évolution et de comprendre sa position dans le réseau des sources qui l’influencent. / El maquiavelismo degollado sounds as a challenge to all statesmen who could be tempted to follow the pragmatic way shown by Machiavelli rather than by the Roman Catholic Church. Then, Claude Clément was considered as a champion of the radical line in the anti-Machiavellian school of thought; however, the book has never been republished and, therefor, is not very well known. El maquiavelismo degollado is not a unique work knowing that three different books have been published, using two different languages and that the Spanish version really seems to be a re-written text rather than a simple translation. Scattered with reproductions of foreign documents, enriched with many allusions, quotations, some of them hidden away, this work seems to be a miscellany of political theories of its time. Using digital databases, this study attempts first to establish the text of El maquiavelismo degollado respecting its complexity, then to explain the main mechanism of its evolution from one version to the other and finally to determine how other works could have influenced it.

The study population consisted of 41 institutions from 9 categories which were military, public or private hospital, public or private school, governmental agency, public-operated service industry, public-operated manufacturing industry, privately operated financial service industry, privately operated service industry, privately operated high tech manufacturing industry and privately operated traditional manufacturing industry. The survey started on December 21st2007 and continued until January 11th 2008.We totally sent out 2,133 questionnaires, returned 1,940 questionnaires, the returns-ratio reached 91.0%, eliminated invalid questionnaires were 50, the effective questionnaires were 1,890,effective questionnaires returns-ratio was 88.6%. Data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics, reliability analysis, correlation analysis, exploring factor analysis and level linear model. The major results of this study are as following: 1.Machiavellianism of organizational members has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 2.Positive affect of organizational members has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 3.Negative affect of organizational members has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 4.The degree of centralization has a significant effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 5.The degree of formalization has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 6.Organizational hierarchical Level has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 7.Organization size has no effect on perceptions of organizational politics. 8.The degree of centralization has no moderate effect on the relationship between machiavellianism and perceptions of organizational politics. 9.The degree of formalization has no moderate effect on the relationship between machiavellianism and perceptions of organizational politics. 10.Organizational hierarchical Level has no moderate effect on the relationship between machiavellianism and perceptions of organizational politics. 11.Organization size has no moderate effect on the relationship between machiavellianism and perceptions of organizational politics. 12.The degree of centralization has no moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 13.The degree of formalization has no moderate effect on the relationship between negative affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 14.Organization size has no moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 15.Organizational hierarchical Level has no moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 16.The degree of centralization has moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 17.The degree of formalization has no moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 18.Organization size has no moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics. 19.Organizational hierarchical Level has no moderate effect on the relationship between positive affect of organizational members and perceptions of organizational politics.

In this research, a model for ethically questionable decision-making is developed by amalgamating several decision-making theories. The variables of interest are the techniques of neutralization, perceived moral intensity, Machiavellianism, unethical intentions, and ethical judgment. Using a sample of 276 U.S. marketing professionals, partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to validate the model. Findings reveal that U.S. marketing professionals rationalize their ethically questionable intentions through their: (1) perception of moral intensity (i.e., minimizing the harms on others, perceiving their self-interest as most salient, and indifference to social consensus), (2) reliance on various neutralization techniques, and; (3) judgment of their ethically questionable intentions as ethical. After controlling for the Machiavellian personality trait, Machiavellianism did not have a profound effect on the decision-making process, which implies that marketers, in general, are capable of the cognitive distortions found in this study. The main contribution to knowledge is the synthesis of the techniques of neutralization and the perceived moral intensity construct. Through this amalgamation, knowledge of the intermediary steps in the decision-making process has emerged. A contribution to knowledge involves testing the relationship between Machiavellianism and unethical intentions through the mediating variable of the techniques of neutralization. Through this investigation, it was found that the Machiavellian personality is inconsequential to the decision-making process. As a contribution to managerial knowledge, it was found that through cognitive distortions, marketers are capable of various illicit behaviours, which have been shown to be costly to not only stakeholders, but also to the profitability and reputations of organisations.

In this research, a model for ethically questionable decision-making is developed by amalgamating several decision-making theories. The variables of interest are the techniques of neutralization, perceived moral intensity, Machiavellianism, unethical intentions, and ethical judgment. Using a sample of 276 U.S. marketing professionals, partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to validate the model. Findings reveal that U.S. marketing professionals rationalize their ethically questionable intentions through their: (1) perception of moral intensity (i.e., minimizing the harms on others, perceiving their self-interest as most salient, and indifference to social consensus), (2) reliance on various neutralization techniques, and; (3) judgment of their ethically questionable intentions as ethical. After controlling for the Machiavellian personality trait, Machiavellianism did not have a profound effect on the decision-making process, which implies that marketers, in general, are capable of the cognitive distortions found in this study. The main contribution to knowledge is the synthesis of the techniques of neutralization and the perceived moral intensity construct. Through this amalgamation, knowledge of the intermediary steps in the decision-making process has emerged. A contribution to knowledge involves testing the relationship between Machiavellianism and unethical intentions through the mediating variable of the techniques of neutralization. Through this investigation, it was found that the Machiavellian personality is inconsequential to the decision-making process. As a contribution to managerial knowledge, it was found that through cognitive distortions, marketers are capable of various illicit behaviours, which have been shown to be costly to not only stakeholders, but also to the profitability and reputations of organisations.

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En ledares uppgift är bland annat att motivera och engagera sina medarbetare samt att utveckla ett välfungerande samarbete inom organisationen utifrån verksamhetens mål. Vid rekrytering av chefer eftersöks ofta egenskaper som stämmer överens med personer som har en mörk triad-personlighet (personer med psykopatiska, narcissistiska och/eller machiavellistiska drag). På en ledande position kan en sådan personlighet orsaka stor skada inom organisationen. Chefer med mörk triad-personlighet är svåra att upptäcka vid rekrytering då de ofta är karismatiska och övertygande och de kan relativt enkelt manipulera personlighetstester. Magisteruppsatsen implicerar en forskningsstudie om rekrytering av chefer i offentlig sektor där syftet var att studera ifall det inom offentlig sektor (tjänsteproduktion) i Sverige finns en betydande risk för att rekrytera chefer som faller under den mörka triaden, samt medvetenheten om den eventuella risken. Studien genomfördes med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod i form av nio semi-strukturerade intervjuer samt inslag av observationer och texttolkning. Resultatet visade att det finns en viss risk för att rekrytera chefer med en mörk triad-personlighet, och risken verkar vara både metodologisk och kunskapsmässig. Risken beror dels på att det hos flertalet intervjupersoner fanns en viss avsaknad av riskmedvetenhet när det kommer till rekrytering av chefer som besitter vissa egenskaper, samt att flertalet intervjupersoner har en stor tilltro till icke evidensbaserade tester vilka ledare som faller under den mörka triaden tenderar att ta sig igenom. En av slutsatserna som går att dra är att ju lägre samt äldre utbildning personen har desto mer eftersöks egenskaper som faller under den mörka triaden och desto lägre tenderar riskmedvetenheten att vara. Ytterligare en slutsats som går att dra är att det inom offentlig sektor i Sverige till viss del verkar saknas rekryteringstester som inbegriper emotionell intelligens, något som enligt forskning kan ge ett visst skydd mot att rekrytera chefer med mörk triad-personlighet. Resultatet kan tänkas bidra med kunskap om riskerna för att inom offentlig sektor rekrytera en chef med mörk triad-personlighet så att ytterligare tillvägagångssätt inom rekrytering kan användas för att minimera risken för att rekrytera chefer med denna personlighetstyp. Resultatet kan även ses som en bidragande del till forskningsfältet där detta område i Sverige fortfarande är relativt outforskat, särskilt inom offentlig sektor. / A manager's job is to engage and motivate the employees, and to develop a well-functioning collaboration based on the objectives of the business. When recruiting managers, traits that overlap with people with a dark triad-personality (people with psychopatic, narcissistic and/or Machiavallian traits) are often sought, and having a leader with such a personality can cause organizations great harm. It is difficult to detect managers with a dark triad personality in recruitment as they often are both charismatic and persuasive, and they can easily manipulate a personality test. The master´s thesis involves a study on the recruitment of managers in the public sector. The aim was to study whether there in the public sector in Sweden is a significant risk and awareness of the possible risk of recruiting managers who fall under the dark triad. As a method for the study, a qualitative method was chosen in the form of nine semi-structured interviews, with some elements of observation and text interpretation. The results revealed that there is a certain risk of recruiting managers with a dark triad-personality. This risk seems to be both methodological and knowledge-based, and is partly due to the fact that there was a certain lack of risk awareness among the majority of interviewees when it comes to recruiting managers who possess certain characteristics, and that the majority of interviewees put great faith in non-evidence based tests which managers with a dark triad-personality tend to pass. One of the conclusions of the study was that recruiters with lower and/or an old education tended to seek more after characteristics that are synonymous with the dark triad, and they were also less aware of the risks of doing so. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that in the public sector in Sweden there seems to be a lack of recruitment tests that include emotional intelligence, something that according to research can provide some protection against recruiting managers with a dark triad-personality. The results may contribute with knowledge about the risks of recruiting a manager with dark triad-personality in the public sector, so that additional approaches in recruitment can be used to minimize the risk of recruiting a manager with a dark triad-personality. The result can also be seen as a contributing part to the research field as this area in Sweden still is relatively unexplored.

The research work analyzes the manipulation as a kind of influence and its special characteristics applying to the marital relations. It is clear that the scientific representation of the issue is ambivalent: there are manipulation as a marriage destroying force and as a partnership-building capacity. The work is based on the empirical investigation on the “young” and “mature” couples satisfied by the marriage that show up the manipulative techniques. Due to that were identified the mind games typically used by husbands and wives. / В магистерской диссертации рассматривается манипулирование как вид влияния, его специфика проявления в супружеских отношениях. Показана неоднозначная трактовка данной проблемы в научной литературе: манипулирование как фактор, разрушающий брак, и как фактор, формирующий партнерство. Описано эмпирическое исследование, выявляющее приемы манипулирования, проведенное на выборке «молодых» и «зрелых» семей, удовлетворенных браком. Выявлены приемы манипулирования, характерные для мужчин и женщин, состоящих в брачных отношениях.

[pt] É importante diferenciar o Maquiavelismo do Maquiavelianismo. O primeiro está baseado na crença de que todos os meios disponíveis são justificáveis para ascender e manter o poder, ainda que imorais; enquanto o outro consiste na verdadeira essência do pensamento de Nicolau Maquiavel, trazer as lições deixadas pelos antigos para os tempos moderno, principalmente no que consiste a chamada liberdade republicana. Isto faz total sentido se enxergarmos a renascença como o período de substituição da vida passiva, marcada pela pura reflexão espiritual e contemplação divina, pela vida ativa em que o homem assume uma atividade criadora perante o mundo, não apenas nas artes como nas instituições políticas. Essa é a pratica do viver civiles, em que toda forma de organização social é moldada pela própria comunidade com o objetivo de aprimorar o convívio social. Esta noção está na própria essência do movimento do humanismo cívico que marcou todo o período da Renascença. É sob esta perspectiva que devemos interpretas a obra de Nicolau Maquiavel. O príncipe novo nada mais é que a forma alegórica desta engenharia institucional que posteriormente ganharia a alcunha de Poder Constituinte, mas já estava presente na dinâmica renascentista. Ainda segundo Maquiavel, o príncipe novo necessariamente assumiria a forma de um Oxímoro, figura alegórica em que duas partes de natureza opostas se unem contraditoriamente em um todo harmônico. Aqui, ele se refere aos pequenos e aos grandes que em uma eterna disputa, sempre dentro de um determinado arcabouço institucional, colaboram para aprovar leis uteis para o beneficio mutuo de toda a sociedade. Este processo consiste na fundação continua que deve ser encarado como a próprio essência do poder constituinte que possuía uma natureza invariavelmente aberta. É assim que devemos ler as referencias ao governo misto ao longo de toda a obra maquiaveliana. A figura do Oxímoro exclui qualquer associação do pensamento do secretário florentino com o fenômeno populista, ao menos se levarmos em consideração a definição dada por Laclau em a Razão Populista. O populismo é marcado pela ascensão de uma particularidade (plebe) e sua consolidação como totalidade (populus), enquanto Maquiavel propôs com a cooperação ainda que forçada entre os dois polos antagônicos da sociedade com a manutenção de suas respectivas funções sociais. Entretanto, podemos identificar no conceito de virtù, a vagueza conceitual necessária para caracterizar o conceito de significante flutuante. Isto explica a facilidade das mais diversas correntes ideológicas em se apoderar do legado do secretário florentino em prol de uma causa própria. Ironicamente, Maquiavel parece ter aberto a caixa de pandora do populismo, ainda que contra a própria vontade. / [en] It is important to distinguish the Machiavellianism from the Machiavellian commonwealth. The first is based on the believe that all available means are justifiable to ascend and preserve power, yet imoral; while the other consistes on the true essence of Nicolà Machiavelli s thought: apply the leassons let by the ancient to modern times, specially about the so called republicana liberty. It makes all sense if we analyse the renaissance as the moment of substituition of the passive life, marked by purê spiritual reflexion and divine contemplation, for the active life that the man adopts a creative active before the world, not just in the arts as the political instituitions as well. This is the practice of the viver civiles in which all the forms of social organization are shaped by the own community. in order to improve the social life. This concept is in the own essence of the civic humanism that forged all the period of the Renaissance. It is under this perspective that we should interpret all the Machiavellian work. The príncipe novo is just the alegorical form of the popular statecraft that would later be named constituitional power, but it was already present in the renascence dynamic. Accorduing to the florentina secretary, this príncipe novo would necessarily assume the shape of an Oxymoron, figure of speech in which two parts of opposite nature contradictorily unite in a harmonious whole. Here, he refers to the eternal dispute among the small and the big when operete inside a framework tend tocooperate aproving useful laws for the whole civil society. This process consists in the continuos foundation and caracterizes the own essence of the constitucional power which always have an opened nature. That is the way we should read the references to the mixed government all along the machiavellian works. The Oxymoron figure exculpes any association of the machiavellian Thoughr to the populista phenomenom, at least if we consider the definition given by Ernesto Laclau in his Razão Populista. The populism is caracterized by the ascention of a particularity (plebe) and it s consolidation as totality (populus), while Machiavelli proposed the cooperation yet forced between two antagonical Poles with the preservativos of their respectiva social functions. Nevetheless, we might identify in the concept of virtù, enough conceptual vaporousness to classify it as a flowing significant. It explains the easiness with the most diverse ideologia corrents apropriated from the Machiavellian Legacy. ironically, Machiavelli seemed to have opened the populism pandora box, yet unwittingly.

Dark triad är en kombination av mörka personlighetsdrag som består av subklinisk psykopati, subklinisk narcissism och machiavellism (Paulhus & Williams, 2002). Jones och Paulhus (2013), utvecklade Short Dark Triad (SD3), ett test som mäter dark triads personlighetsdrag. Den föreliggande studiens syfte var att validera en svensk version av SD3. Respondenterna svarade på nio enkäter som ingick i ett forskningsprojekt varav tre användes till denna studie. Respondenterna (N = 103) var mellan 19 och 64 år, och alla var aktiva i arbetslivet. Konvergent validering gjordes genom korrelationsanalyser som kontrollerade sambanden mellan de delar, i beprövade instrument, som mäter personlighetsdrag relaterade till begreppen subklinisk psykopati, subklinisk narcissism och machiavellism. Sambandsanalyserna gjordes mellan SD3 och IPIP-120 som mäter femfaktormodellens dimensioner, samt Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) som grundar sig på biologiska markörer för olika psykiatriska tillstånd. Resultaten gick i huvudsak i linje med tidigare forskning (Furnham, Richards, Rangel, & Jones, 2014) med avseende på sambanden mellan femfaktormodellens dimensioner och SD3. En gemensam kärna i de tre personlighetsdragen i dark triad var ovänlighet, och ett viktigt resultat var de signifikanta negativa sambanden med femfaktordimensionen vänlighet. Den Svenska versionen av SD3 anses validerad. / Dark triad is a group of three dark personality scales consisting of subclinical psychopathy, subclinical narcissism and Machiavellianism (Paulhus & Williams. 2002). The Short Dark Triad (SD3), is the measuring tool and was developed by Jones and Paulhus (2013). The purpose of this thesis was to validate a Swedish translation of the SD3. This was done within an existing research project and included 103 respondents, aged 19-64 years, all being employed. They were assigned to respond to nine different surveys, three of them measuring psychopathy, narcissism and Machiavellianism-related scales. Convergent validation was done by correlation analysis with IPIP-120, measuring the personality of five factor model and Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP), measuring personality traits based on biological markers, and how well they measure the SD3. Our results generally confirm earlier research on studies between five factor models personality scales and SD3 (Furnham, Richards, Rangel, & Jones, 2014). One result of particular importance was the negative correlation with the Agreeableness Scale since it is a core for the dark triad personalities. Furthermore, our results followed the expected patterns in the correlations between dark triad personalities and the five factor model. The result of our thesis concludes that the Swedish translation of thPSKe SD3 test is to be considered valid.

Text in French / This thesis is focused upon the political philosophy of Niccolò Machiavelli. It is a study of both the philosophical presuppositions of this philosophy and its practical implementation. The aim is to determine and evaluate the reliability of its claims in the light of the pursuit of “the common good” from the standpoint of philosophical anthropology. Machiavelli espouses a philosophical anthropology that vacillates between the good and the bad of the human being in pursuit of “the common good”. In the practical implementation of his philosophy, the bad frequently overshadows the good of the human being. It is precisely this obliviousness of the good of the human being that the thesis defended here intends to restore through anthropolitics as the “new science” of the human being. The restoration is at the same time the refutation of the bad side of the human being as the foundation of “the common good” as Machiavellism holds. The centrality of the good side of the human being as the starting point of the anthropolitics defended here assures the inscription of values in politics consistent with the practical pursuit of “the common good” truly beneficial to all human beings. There is no doubt that “anthropolitics” is the starting point of an urgent and a relevant contribution to the international politics of our time. / Compendium critique sur les prétentions de sa fiabilité Cette thèse est axée sur la philosophie politique de Nicolas Machiavel. Il s'agit d'une étude analysant à la fois les présupposés philosophiques de cette philosophie et sa mise en oeuvre sur le plan pratique. L’objectif est de déterminer et d'évaluer la fiabilité de ses prétentions, du point de vue de l'anthropologie philosophique, et ce, à la lumière de la poursuite du “Bien commun” comme idéal. Machiavel épouse une anthropologie philosophique qui vacille entre le bien et le mal de l'être humain quant à la poursuite de “l’intérêt commun”. Dans la mise en oeuvre pratique de sa philosophie, souvent le mal occulte le bien de l'être humain. C'est précisément cette inconscience ou négligence de l'être humain face à la prise en compte du bien que la thèse défendue ici a l'intention de rétablir par le biais de l’anthropolitique en tant que “nouvelle science” de l'être humain. Ici, la restauration sous-entend nécessairement, toujours et en même temps la réfutation de mauvais penchants de l'être humain, lesquels constituent le “contre-pied” au fondement du “bien commun”, dont le machiavélisme s’avère le spécimen parfait. D’où l’hypothèse de centralité humainement sensée, comme point de départ de l’anthropolitique défendue ici, garantit l'inscription des valeurs politiques compatibles à la poursuite des pratiques du «bien commun», lesquelles sont véritablement bénéfiques pour tous les êtres humains. Il ne fait aucun doute que l’anthropolitique constitue, de ce fait, le point de départ d'urgence et la pertinente contribution à la politique internationale de notre temps. / Philosophy / D. Litt. et Phil. (Philosophy)