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Thesis (MScAgric (Conservation Ecology and Entomology)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005. / Benthic macroinvertebrates (sampled using South African Scoring System, SASS5) and adult male Odonata (sampled with close-focus binoculars) were recorded on two streams and a river of Soutpansberg, with the aim of determining the effect of invasion and removal of alien riparian vegetation on their assemblages. A secondary aim was to establish the importance of dragonflies as indicators of degree of disturbance in rivers. Forty two aquatic macroinvertebrate families and 33 adult Odonata species were recorded at a total of 71 sampling units. Three distinct riparian vegetation types were selected (natural, alien and cleared). Cleared vegetation refers to clearing of invasive alien trees, allowing regrowth of natural vegetation. Natural and cleared vegetation supported more benthic macroinvertebrate families compared to alien vegetation. Certain families that were lost to alien vegetation were recorded from natural vegetation. The highest SASS5 score was recorded from natural vegetation, followed by cleared vegetation, and the lowest was from alien vegetation. The highest number of adult Odonata was recorded at cleared vegetation, with alien and natural vegetation supporting the least number of Odonata species. Vegetation type, stream flow and microhabitats were statistically identified as the most influential variables for benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages. For adult Odonata assemblages, vegetation type, shade and temperature were the most important environmental variables. Species assemblages of adult Odonata can be used as indicators of environmental condition of rivers. The clearing of alien riparian vegetation clearly benefits the indigenous benthic macroinvertebrates as conditions are restored to their natural state. It also benefits dragonfly species richness, but if natural succession proceeds to a shaded tree canopy, the effect becomes similar to that of habitat shaded by alien vegetation. The impact of alien vegetation is to reduce sun-loving invertebrate species, especially dragonflies, with lesser impact on shade-loving species.

Les effets du changement climatique sur la biodiversité à l’échelle du globe sont maintenant sans équivoque. Parmi les écosystèmes affectés, les cours d’eau sont particulièrement vulnérables aux fluctuations du climat. Les modifications de structure et de composition des communautés aquatiques constituent alors un signal intégrateur des réponses écologiques à ces changements climatiques. Dans certaines circonstances, ce signal peut également être exacerbé, modéré ou potentiellement masqué par d’autres variations abiotiques.L’objectif de ce travail de thèse était donc d’évaluer l’effet relatif de différents facteurs de forçage sur les tendances d’évolution à long-terme des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques de grands cours d’eau, dans un contexte de changement climatique global. Nos investigations ont ciblé plus spécifiquement la Loire moyenne car, en tant que grande rivière de plaine, elle est particulièrement concernée par les problèmes liés aux stress multiples. En ce qui concerne le choix du compartiment biologique, la faune benthique a été sélectionnée pour son intérêt reconnu en bioévaluation des cours d’eau, notamment grâce à une grande diversité de réponses potentielles aux perturbations environnementales et à un certain nombre d’avantages méthodologiques.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes appliqués à caractériser les modifications temporelles de dix paramètres abiotiques majeurs sur trois décennies (1977-2008). Nous avons notamment mis en évidence le réchauffement graduel de la Loire (c. +1,2°C en moyenne annuelle sur les trois décades), couplé à une réduction significative du débit moyen (c. -25%), les deux tendances étant exacerbées en période chaude (mai-août). Dans le même temps, alors que ces modifications étaient susceptibles de provoquer une augmentation du niveau trophique du fleuve, nous avons souligné l’existence d’un effet confondant de l’amélioration des traitements d’épuration (i.e. réduction des apports en phosphore), se traduisant principalement par la baisse des concentrations en phosphates et la limitation des organismes phytoplanctoniques.Dans un second temps, nous nous sommes intéressés aux réponses structurelles et fonctionnelles long-terme (i.e. 30 ans) des invertébrés de la Loire à ces deux évolutions concomitantes majeures. En premier lieu, nous avons constaté que le réchauffement et, dans une moindre mesure, la réduction du débit sont impliqués dans la disparition ou le déclin progressif de taxons rhéophiles et psychrophiles (e.g. Chloroperlidae). En parallèle, ces modifications hydroclimatiques expliquent une majeure partie de l’apparition et de la colonisation de taxons limnophiles et thermophiles, comprenant certaines espèces invasives (e.g. Corbicula sp.). En termes de réponses fonctionnelles, ces changements s’illustrent par une évolution adaptative des profils de traits biologiques cohérente avec les prédictions a priori qu’il est possible de faire dans un cadre théorique. Toutefois, cette dérive progressive vers un assemblage généraliste et polluotolérant est partiellement confondue par l’amélioration de la qualité d’eau, qui explique l’apparition de nouveaux taxons polluo-sensibles lors des dernières années (e.g. Philopotamidae). Bien qu’aucune résilience taxonomique ou fonctionnelle ne soit constatée, cette tendance se manifeste, via les traits biologiques, par un transfert probable des ressources trophiques depuis les organismes phytoplanctoniques vers des biofilms épibenthiques et des macrophytes.Pour finir, nous avons exploré la variabilité spatiale multi-sites de ces tendances biotiques et abiotiques et montré que l’ensemble de ces résultats, qui corrobore déjà un certain nombre d’observations en Europe, constitue également un patron homogène le long de la Loire moyenne (sur près de 300 km) et entre différents hydrosystèmes (e.g. Loire, Seine, Meuse). / Evidence for climate change effects on biodiversity at global scale is now unequivocal. Among impaired ecosystems, running waters are particularly vulnerable to climate fluctuations. Changes in aquatic community structure and composition are then considered as integrative signals of the ecological responses to these climate changes. Under certain circumstances, these signals can be also exacerbated, confounded or potentially obscured by other abiotic variations.Therefore, the aim of this PhD was to assess the relative effect of different drivers on longterm trends in benthic macroinvertebrate communities, in the context of global climate change. Our investigations were focused more precisely on the Middle Loire River since, as lowland large river, it is particularly concerned by the potential impact of multiple stressors. Regarding the choice of the biological model, benthic fauna has been selected according to its acknowledged interest in bioassessment of running waters, especially thanks to a great diversity of potential responses to environmental disturbances and a number of methodological advantages.First, we investigated the temporal changes of ten major abiotic parameters over three decades (1977-2008). We highlighted the gradual warming of the Loire River (c. +1.2°C in the mean annual temperature over the three decades), coupled with a significant drop in mean discharge (c. -25%), both trends being exacerbated during the warm period (May-August). In the same time, although these changes were expected to induce a rise in the trophic level of the river, we emphasized a confounding effect of the wastewater treatment improvement (i.e. phosphorus input reduction), leading mainly to a drop in phosphate concentrations and a phytoplankton limitation.Second, we assessed the long-term structural and functional responses (i.e. over a 30-year period) of invertebrates of the Loire River to both major concomitant trends. On the one hand, we highlighted that water warming and to a lesser extent discharge reduction were significantly involved in the disappearance or decrease in rheophilic and psychrophilic taxa (e.g. Chloroperlidae). On the other hand, they explained also a major part of the appearance and increase of limnophilic and thermophilic taxa, including invasive species (e.g. Corbicula sp.). In terms of functional responses, these changes were illustrated by an adaptive evolution of the biological trait profiles in agreement with a priori predictions that is possible to make in a theoretical framework. However, this shift towards a generalist and pollution tolerant assemblage was partially confounded by improvement in water quality, explaining the settlement of new pollution-sensitive taxa during the last years (e.g. Philopotamidae). Although no taxonomic or functional resilience was observed, this trend was translated, via biological traits, into a probable transfer of trophic resources from phytoplankton to periphytic biofilms and macrophytes.Finally, we explored the multi-site spatial variability of these biotic and abiotic trends and we showed that our results as a whole, which supported already a number of observations in Europe, exhibited also a strong homogeneous pattern along the Middle Loire River (on nearly 300 km) and among different hydrosystems (e.g. Loire, Seine, Meuse).

Evaluer, maintenir et restaurer les conditions écologiques des rivières nécessitent des mesures du fonctionnement de leurs écosystèmes. De par leur complexité, notre compréhension de ces systèmes est imparfaite. La prise en compte des incertitudes et variabilités liées à leur évaluation est donc indispensable à la prise de décision des gestionnaires. En analysant des données nationales (~ 1654 sites), les objectifs principaux de cette thèse étaient de (1) tester certaines hypothèses intrinsèques aux bio-indicateurs et (2) d'étudier les incertitudes de l'évaluation écologique associées à la variabilité temporelle des bio-indicateurs et à la prédiction des conditions de référence. (1) Ce travail met en évidence (i) le rôle prépondérant des facteurs environnementaux naturels dans la structuration des communautés aquatiques en comparaison des facteurs anthropiques (définis à l'échelle du bassin versant, du corridor riparien et du tronçon), (ii) les réponses contrastées des communautés aquatiques aux pressions humaines (dégradations hydro-morphologiques et de la qualité de l'eau) et (iii) plus généralement, les forts impacts des barrages et de l'altération de la qualité de l'eau sur les communautés aquatiques. (2) Une méthode Bayésienne a été développée pour estimer les incertitudes liées à la prédiction des conditions de référence d'un indice piscicole (IPR+). Les incertitudes prédictives de l'IPR+ dépendent du site considéré mais aucune tendance claire n'a été observée. Par comparaison, la variabilité temporelle de l'IPR+ est plus faible et semble augmenter avec l'intensité des perturbations anthropiques. Les résultats de ce travail confirment l'avantage d'indices multi-métriques basés sur des traits fonctionnels par rapport à ceux relatifs à la composition taxonomique. Les sensibilités différentes des macrophytes, poissons, diatomées et macro-invertébrés aux pressions humaines soulignent leur complémentarité pour l'évaluation des écosystèmes fluviaux. Néanmoins, de futures recherches sont nécessaires à une meilleure compréhension des effets d'interactions entre types de pressions et entre pressions humaines et environnement. / Sensitive biological measures of ecosystem quality are needed to assess, maintain or restore the ecological conditions of rivers. Since our understanding of these complex systems is imperfect, river management requires recognizing variability and uncertainty of bio-assessment for decision-making. Based on the analysis of national data sets (~ 1654 sites), the main goals of this work were (1) to test some of the assumptions that shape bio-indicators and (2) address the temporal variability and the uncertainty associated to prediction of reference conditions.(1) This thesis highlights (i) the predominant role of physiographic factors in shaping biological communities in comparison to human pressures (defined at catchment, riparian corridor and reach scales), (ii) the differences in the responses of biological indicators to the different types of human pressures (water quality, hydrological, morphological degradations) and (iii) more generally, the greatest biological impacts of water quality alterations and impoundments. (2) A Bayesian method was developed to estimate the uncertainty associated with reference condition predictions of a fish-based bio-indicator (IPR+). IPR+ predictive uncertainty was site-dependent but showed no clear trend related to the environmental gradient. By comparison, IPR+ temporal variability was lower and sensitive to an increase of human pressure intensity. This work confirmed the advantages of multi-metric indexes based on functional metrics in comparison to compositional metrics. The different sensitivities of macrophytes, fish, diatoms and macroinvertebrates to human pressures emphasize their complementarity in assessing river ecosystems. Nevertheless, future research is needed to better understand the effects of interactions between pressures and between pressures and the environment.

<div> <p>Despite its location in the rain shadow of the southern Sierra Nevada, the Panamint Range within Death Valley National Park, CA hosts a complex aquifer system that supports numerous springs. These springs, in turn, support unique groundwater-dependent ecological communities. Spring emergences range in elevation from 2434 m above sea level (within the mountain block) to 77 m below sea level (in the adjacent basins). Waters were collected from representative Panamint Range springs and analyzed for environmental isotopes and geochemical tracers to address the following questions: 1) What is the primary source of recharge for the springs? How much recharge occurs on the Panamint Range? 2) What groundwater flowpaths and geologic units support springflow generation? and 3) What are the residence times of the springs? The stable isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O and δ²H) of spring water and precipitation indicate that localized high-elevation snowmelt is the dominant source of recharge to these perennial springs, though recharge from rainfall is not wholly insignificant. Geochemical evolution was evaluated using principle component analysis to compare the concentrations of all major spring cations and anions in a multidimensional space and group them according to dominant geochemical signatures. These resulting geochemical groups are controlled primarily by topography. The Noonday Dolomite and other carbonate units in the range are identified as the water-bearing units in the mountain block based on the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of spring waters and rock samples. These units also offer higher hydraulic conductivities than other formations and are chemically similar. Radiocarbon- and ³H derived residence times of these spring waters range from modern to approximately 1840 years, with the shortest residence times at higher altitudes and Hanaupah Canyon and increasing residence times with decreasing altitude. This residence time-altitude relationship is likewise likely topography-driven though there are significant disparities in mountain block storage between the various canyons of the range resulting in variable residence times between drainages. Lower Warm Springs A and B, however, are the exceptions to this trend as they emerge at lower altitudes (750m above sea level) and are likely driven by the transport of groundwater to the surface along faults which increases both the temperature and groundwater residence times of waters from these springs. Benthic macroinvertebrates and benthic and planktonic microbes were also sampled for each spring studied. BMI and microbial community structure in the Panamint Range is likewise topography-controlled with more tolerant communities at lower elevations (within more chemically evolved waters) and less tolerant species in the unevolved waters at higher elevations.</p></div>

MSc (Zoology) / Department of Zoology / See the attached abstract below

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