The use and application of embedded systems in everyday life has proliferated in the past few years. These systems are constrained in terms of power consumption, available memory and processing requirements. Typical embedded systems like handheld devices, cell phones, single board computer based systems are diskless and use flash for secondary storage. The choice of filesystem for these diskless systems can greatly impact the performance and the energy consumption of the system as well as lifetime of flash. In this thesis work, the energy consumption of flash based filesystems has been characterized. Both the processor and flash energy consumption are characterized as a function of filesystem specific operations. The work is aimed at helping a system designer compare and contrast different filesystems based on energy consumption as a metric. The macromodel can be used to characterize and estimate the energy consumption of applications due to filesystem running on flash. The study is done on a StrongARM based processor running Linux. Two of the popular filesystems JFFS2 and ext3 are profiled.

We created an analytical reduced-order model (macromodel) for an electrically actuated circular plate with an in-plane residual stress for applications in capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs). After establishing the equations governing the plate, we discretized the system by using a Galerkin approach. The distributed-parameter equations were then reduced to a finite system of ordinary-differential equations in time. We solved these equations for the equilibrium states due to a general electric potential and determined the natural frequencies of the axisymmetric modes for the stable deflected position. As expected, the fundamental natural frequency generally decreases as the electric forcing increases, reaching a value of zero at pull-in. However, strain-hardening effects can cause the frequencies to increase with voltage. The macromodel was validated by using data from experiments and simulations performed on silicon-based microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). For example, the pull-in voltages differed by about 1% from values produced by full 3-D MEMS simulations. The macromodel was then used to investigate the response of an electrostatically actuated clamped circular plate to a primary resonance excitation of its first axisymmetric mode. The method of multiple scales was used to derive a semi-analytical expression for the equilibrium amplitude of vibration. The plate was found to always transition from a hardening-type to a softening-type behavior as the DC voltage increases towards pull-in. Because the response of CMUTs is highly influenced by the boundary conditions, an updated reduced-order model was created to account for more realistic boundary conditions. The electrode was still considered to be infinitesimally thin, but the electrode was allowed to have general inner and outer radii. The updated reduced-order model was used to show how sensitive the pull-in voltage is with respect to the boundary conditions. The boundary parameters were extracted by matching the pull-in voltages from the macromodel to those from finite element method (FEM) simulations for CMUTs with varying outer and inner radii. The static behavior of the updated macromodel was validated because the pull-in voltages for the macromodel and FEM simulations were very close to each other and the extracted boundary parameters were physically realistic. A macromodel for CMUTs was then created that includes both the boundary effects and an electrode of finite thickness. Matching conditions ensured the continuity of displacements, slopes, forces, and moments from the composite to the non-composite regime of the CMUT. We attempted to validate this model with results from FEM simulations. In general, the center deflections from the macromodel fell below those from the FEM simulation, especially for relatively high residual stresses, but the first natural frequencies that accompany the deflections were very close to those from the FEM simulations. Furthermore, the forced vibration characteristics also compared well with the macromodel predictions for an experimental case in which the primary resonance curve bends to the right because the CMUT is a hardening-type system. The reduced-order model accounts for geometric nonlinear hardening, residual stresses, and boundary conditions related to the CMUT post, allows for general design variables, and is robust up to the pull-in instability. However, even more general boundary conditions need to be incorporated into the model for it to be a more effective design tool for capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers. / Ph. D.

Prediction of bubble formation during filling of microchambers is often critical for determining the efficacy of microfluidic devices in various applications. In this study experimental validation is performed to verify the predictions from a previously developed numerical model using lumped analyses for simulating bubble formation during the filling of microchambers. The lumped model is used to predict bubble formation in a micro-chamber as a function of the chamber geometry, fluid properties (i.e. viscosity and surface tension), surface condition (contact angle, surface roughness) and operational parameters (e.g., flow rate) as user defined inputs. Several microchambers with different geometries and surface properties were microfabricated. Experiments were performed to fill the microchambers with different liquids (e.g., water and alcohol) at various flow rates to study the conditions for bubble formation inside the microchambers. The experimental data are compared with numerical predictions to identify the limitations of the numerical model. Also, the comparison of the experimental data with the numerical results provides additional insight into the physics of the micro/nano-scale flow phenomena. The results indicate that contact angle plays a significant role on properties of fluids confined within small geometries, such as in microfluidic devices.

As atividades desenvolvidas pelo ser humano traduzem-se em grandes esforços internos, sobre as mais variadas estruturas corporais. O conhecimento da magnitude destes esforços pode auxiliar profissionais da área da saúde em atividades como prescrição de exercícios, reabilitação e prevenção de lesões. A magnitude dos esforços internos pode ser obtida por meio de um método direto ou indireto. O método direto esbarra em questões éticas e limitações tecnológicas, enquanto que o método analítico indireto por meio do conhecimento de parâmetros biomecânicos externos pode inferir sobre os esforços internos. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi implementar um Macromodelo biomecânico tridimensional da coluna vertebral (MM3D), para cálculo das forças internas, articular e muscular resultantes, durante diferentes tarefas de levantamento de carga. O MM3D implementado consiste de um modelo de segmentos articulados (MSA-3D) o qual é composto por dezesseis segmentos rígidos conectados associados a um Modelo de distribuição (MDFMA) o qual fornece as forças musculares (FM) e articulares (FA) resultantes em três níveis da coluna vertebral (superior, médio e inferior). No MSA-3D as forças e momentos proximais líquidos são obtidos a partir da resolução das equações de movimento de Newton-Euler por meio da solução inversa. Com base nas forças e momentos proximais líquidos obtidos do MSA-3D o MDFMA baseado em técnicas de otimização e dados da literatura fornece as FM e FA resultantes na coluna vertebral. A tarefa avaliada consistiu do levantamento de um objeto com 20% da massa corporal do indivíduo em três diferentes técnicas de levantamento. Para registro cinemático foram utilizadas cinco câmeras digitais, com freqüência de amostragem de 25 Hz. O registro cinético foi realizado por meio da utilização de uma plataforma de força, a base de strain-gauges. Os resultados do MM3D implementado foram avaliados por meio da estimativa da acurácia da medida tridimensional obtida pela cinemetria, pela comparação dos resultados do MSA-3D com os valores mensurados pela plataforma de força, pela comparação da FRP e MP calculados pela via superior e inferior do MSA-3D nos segmentos da coluna vertebral e literatura. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma coerência do MM3D com informações de mensurações diretas e estimativas indiretas obtidas da literatura. Assim o MM3D se mostrou capaz de avaliar e comparar as FM e FA nos três segmentos da coluna vertebral durante diferentes tarefas de levantamento. / Activities performed by the human being can be translated in large internal loads in the most varied body structures. Knowledge of these loads' magnitude may help health area professionals in activities such as prescription of exercises, rehabilitation and prevention of injuries. Internal load's magnitude may be obtained through direct or indirect methods. Direct method stumbles in ethical questions and technology limitations, while indirect analytic method through knowledge of external biomechanics parameters may deduce internal loads. Thus the objective of this study was to implement a tridimensional biomechanical macromodel of the spine (MM3D) to calculate internal forces, joint and muscular resultants, during different tasks of weight lifting. The implemented MM3D consists of an articulated segments model (MSA-3D) composed by sixteen rigid segments connected associated to a distribution Model (MDFMA) that provides resultant muscle (FM) and joint (FA) forces in three levels of the spine (superior, medium and inferior). At the MSA-3D liquid forces and proximal moments are obtained from the resolution of Newton-Euler movement equations through inverse solution. Based in the MSA-3D liquid forces and proximal moments obtained, the MDFMA, based in optimization techniques and data from literature, provides spine resultants FM and FA. The evaluated task consisted of lifting an object with 20% of the subjects' body weight using three different lifting techniques. For kinematics records five digital video cameras were used, with sampling frequency of 25 Hz. Kinetic record was performed using a force platform (strain-gauges based). MM3D implemented results were evaluated through accuracy estimation of the tridimensional measures obtained from kinematics, through comparison of the MSA-3D results and values measured by the force platform, through comparison of spine's segments calculated proximal resultant force and proximal moment calculated through upper and lower ways of MSA-3D and literature. Results suggest a coherence of direct measured information of MM3D and indirect estimative obtained from literature. Thus MM3D showed capable of evaluating and comparing FM and FA at the spine's three segments during different lifting tasks.

As atividades desenvolvidas pelo ser humano traduzem-se em grandes esforços internos, sobre as mais variadas estruturas corporais. O conhecimento da magnitude destes esforços pode auxiliar profissionais da área da saúde em atividades como prescrição de exercícios, reabilitação e prevenção de lesões. A magnitude dos esforços internos pode ser obtida por meio de um método direto ou indireto. O método direto esbarra em questões éticas e limitações tecnológicas, enquanto que o método analítico indireto por meio do conhecimento de parâmetros biomecânicos externos pode inferir sobre os esforços internos. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi implementar um Macromodelo biomecânico tridimensional da coluna vertebral (MM3D), para cálculo das forças internas, articular e muscular resultantes, durante diferentes tarefas de levantamento de carga. O MM3D implementado consiste de um modelo de segmentos articulados (MSA-3D) o qual é composto por dezesseis segmentos rígidos conectados associados a um Modelo de distribuição (MDFMA) o qual fornece as forças musculares (FM) e articulares (FA) resultantes em três níveis da coluna vertebral (superior, médio e inferior). No MSA-3D as forças e momentos proximais líquidos são obtidos a partir da resolução das equações de movimento de Newton-Euler por meio da solução inversa. Com base nas forças e momentos proximais líquidos obtidos do MSA-3D o MDFMA baseado em técnicas de otimização e dados da literatura fornece as FM e FA resultantes na coluna vertebral. A tarefa avaliada consistiu do levantamento de um objeto com 20% da massa corporal do indivíduo em três diferentes técnicas de levantamento. Para registro cinemático foram utilizadas cinco câmeras digitais, com freqüência de amostragem de 25 Hz. O registro cinético foi realizado por meio da utilização de uma plataforma de força, a base de strain-gauges. Os resultados do MM3D implementado foram avaliados por meio da estimativa da acurácia da medida tridimensional obtida pela cinemetria, pela comparação dos resultados do MSA-3D com os valores mensurados pela plataforma de força, pela comparação da FRP e MP calculados pela via superior e inferior do MSA-3D nos segmentos da coluna vertebral e literatura. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma coerência do MM3D com informações de mensurações diretas e estimativas indiretas obtidas da literatura. Assim o MM3D se mostrou capaz de avaliar e comparar as FM e FA nos três segmentos da coluna vertebral durante diferentes tarefas de levantamento. / Activities performed by the human being can be translated in large internal loads in the most varied body structures. Knowledge of these loads' magnitude may help health area professionals in activities such as prescription of exercises, rehabilitation and prevention of injuries. Internal load's magnitude may be obtained through direct or indirect methods. Direct method stumbles in ethical questions and technology limitations, while indirect analytic method through knowledge of external biomechanics parameters may deduce internal loads. Thus the objective of this study was to implement a tridimensional biomechanical macromodel of the spine (MM3D) to calculate internal forces, joint and muscular resultants, during different tasks of weight lifting. The implemented MM3D consists of an articulated segments model (MSA-3D) composed by sixteen rigid segments connected associated to a distribution Model (MDFMA) that provides resultant muscle (FM) and joint (FA) forces in three levels of the spine (superior, medium and inferior). At the MSA-3D liquid forces and proximal moments are obtained from the resolution of Newton-Euler movement equations through inverse solution. Based in the MSA-3D liquid forces and proximal moments obtained, the MDFMA, based in optimization techniques and data from literature, provides spine resultants FM and FA. The evaluated task consisted of lifting an object with 20% of the subjects' body weight using three different lifting techniques. For kinematics records five digital video cameras were used, with sampling frequency of 25 Hz. Kinetic record was performed using a force platform (strain-gauges based). MM3D implemented results were evaluated through accuracy estimation of the tridimensional measures obtained from kinematics, through comparison of the MSA-3D results and values measured by the force platform, through comparison of spine's segments calculated proximal resultant force and proximal moment calculated through upper and lower ways of MSA-3D and literature. Results suggest a coherence of direct measured information of MM3D and indirect estimative obtained from literature. Thus MM3D showed capable of evaluating and comparing FM and FA at the spine's three segments during different lifting tasks.

As atividades desenvolvidas pelo ser humano traduzem-se em grandes esforços internos, sobre as mais variadas estruturas corporais. O conhecimento da magnitude destes esforços pode auxiliar profissionais da área da saúde em atividades como prescrição de exercícios, reabilitação e prevenção de lesões. A magnitude dos esforços internos pode ser obtida por meio de um método direto ou indireto. O método direto esbarra em questões éticas e limitações tecnológicas, enquanto que o método analítico indireto por meio do conhecimento de parâmetros biomecânicos externos pode inferir sobre os esforços internos. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi implementar um Macromodelo biomecânico tridimensional da coluna vertebral (MM3D), para cálculo das forças internas, articular e muscular resultantes, durante diferentes tarefas de levantamento de carga. O MM3D implementado consiste de um modelo de segmentos articulados (MSA-3D) o qual é composto por dezesseis segmentos rígidos conectados associados a um Modelo de distribuição (MDFMA) o qual fornece as forças musculares (FM) e articulares (FA) resultantes em três níveis da coluna vertebral (superior, médio e inferior). No MSA-3D as forças e momentos proximais líquidos são obtidos a partir da resolução das equações de movimento de Newton-Euler por meio da solução inversa. Com base nas forças e momentos proximais líquidos obtidos do MSA-3D o MDFMA baseado em técnicas de otimização e dados da literatura fornece as FM e FA resultantes na coluna vertebral. A tarefa avaliada consistiu do levantamento de um objeto com 20% da massa corporal do indivíduo em três diferentes técnicas de levantamento. Para registro cinemático foram utilizadas cinco câmeras digitais, com freqüência de amostragem de 25 Hz. O registro cinético foi realizado por meio da utilização de uma plataforma de força, a base de strain-gauges. Os resultados do MM3D implementado foram avaliados por meio da estimativa da acurácia da medida tridimensional obtida pela cinemetria, pela comparação dos resultados do MSA-3D com os valores mensurados pela plataforma de força, pela comparação da FRP e MP calculados pela via superior e inferior do MSA-3D nos segmentos da coluna vertebral e literatura. Os resultados obtidos sugerem uma coerência do MM3D com informações de mensurações diretas e estimativas indiretas obtidas da literatura. Assim o MM3D se mostrou capaz de avaliar e comparar as FM e FA nos três segmentos da coluna vertebral durante diferentes tarefas de levantamento. / Activities performed by the human being can be translated in large internal loads in the most varied body structures. Knowledge of these loads' magnitude may help health area professionals in activities such as prescription of exercises, rehabilitation and prevention of injuries. Internal load's magnitude may be obtained through direct or indirect methods. Direct method stumbles in ethical questions and technology limitations, while indirect analytic method through knowledge of external biomechanics parameters may deduce internal loads. Thus the objective of this study was to implement a tridimensional biomechanical macromodel of the spine (MM3D) to calculate internal forces, joint and muscular resultants, during different tasks of weight lifting. The implemented MM3D consists of an articulated segments model (MSA-3D) composed by sixteen rigid segments connected associated to a distribution Model (MDFMA) that provides resultant muscle (FM) and joint (FA) forces in three levels of the spine (superior, medium and inferior). At the MSA-3D liquid forces and proximal moments are obtained from the resolution of Newton-Euler movement equations through inverse solution. Based in the MSA-3D liquid forces and proximal moments obtained, the MDFMA, based in optimization techniques and data from literature, provides spine resultants FM and FA. The evaluated task consisted of lifting an object with 20% of the subjects' body weight using three different lifting techniques. For kinematics records five digital video cameras were used, with sampling frequency of 25 Hz. Kinetic record was performed using a force platform (strain-gauges based). MM3D implemented results were evaluated through accuracy estimation of the tridimensional measures obtained from kinematics, through comparison of the MSA-3D results and values measured by the force platform, through comparison of spine's segments calculated proximal resultant force and proximal moment calculated through upper and lower ways of MSA-3D and literature. Results suggest a coherence of direct measured information of MM3D and indirect estimative obtained from literature. Thus MM3D showed capable of evaluating and comparing FM and FA at the spine's three segments during different lifting tasks.

L'imagerie sismique de la Terre permet de retrouver la structure de sous-sol. Cette opération est classiquement décomposée en deux étapes : une première phase a pour objectif de déterminer la cinématique de propagation des ondes (modèle de vitesse de référence) ; la seconde phase vise à retrouver la position des interfaces dans le sous-sol. Si cette seconde phase est maintenant classique, la détermination du modèle de vitesse de référence reste un sujet d’actualité en imagerie sismique. Une technique pour estimer le modèle de référence sépare les données en sous-ensembles, par exemple en points de tir. Une image partielle du sous-sol est obtenue pour chaque point de tir. Si ces images sont cohérentes les unes avec les autres, alors le modèle de vitesse qui a servi à obtenir ces images est dit correct. Cette technique s'est avérée très utile, en particulier pour l'imagerie des zones complexes, car elle ne requière pas a priori d'identifier des événements. Cependant, la technique est intrinsèquement liée aux données réfléchies. Elle ne prend pas en compte les arrivées transmises, les réflexions multiples, les ondes de surface, … L'objectif de la thèse de doctorat est de prendre en compte à la fois les arrivées réfléchies et les arrivées transmises (ondes directes et plongeantes) pour l'analyse de vitesse. Pour cela, le formalisme de l'analyse de vitesse doit être revu pour prendre en compte des développements récents (modèle « étendu » défini en 2008). Si une telle approche s’avère possible, alors il ne serait plus nécessaire d'extraire les ondes réfléchies des données. Par ailleurs, les ondes réfléchies ont des trajets essentiellement verticaux. Les ondes transmises ont des trajets plutôt horizontaux. La prise en compte des deux types d'ondes permettrait donc de mieux contraindre le modèle de vitesse et alors de déterminer des paramètres d'anisotropie. Au cours de la thèse, il s'agira de modifier le formalisme actuel d'analyse de vitesse pour prendre en compte les ondes réfléchies et transmises. Des applications seront développées sur les données synthétiques et réelles pour démontrer l'apport de l'approche combinée. Enfin, une analyse fine devra être menée pour voir si les ondes réfractées (en opposition aux ondes plongeantes) peuvent également être prises en compte. / Seismic imaging aims at retrieving the Earth's structures. It is classically split into two steps: firstly, the objective is to retrieve the background velocity model containing the large-scale structures of the velocity model. Secondly, one needs to determine the reflectivity part with the positions of the interfaces. The first part still remains a difficult challenge. Migration Velocity Analysis consists of migrating subsets of the total input data set (e.g. single shots). If all associated images are consistent, then the model used for imaging is said to be correct. This is a very useful method, in particular for the imaging of complex structures, as it does not a prioiri require any picking nor event identification. However, it is intrinsically restricted to reflected data: it does not take into account transmitted waves, multiple reflections, surface waves, ... The objective of the Ph.D work is to simultaneously consider reflected and transmitted (direct and diving) waves in the context of Migration Velocity Analysis. For that, one needs to reconsider the basis for velocity analysis. Recent developments around the « extended model » should be considered. If feasible, then it would not be anymore needed to extract reflected energy from a shot gather. More importantly, the combined inversion would better constrain the model: reflected waves are mainly associated to vertical propagation, whereas transmitted waves recorded at large offsets are more associated to horizontal propagation. This could offer the possibility to better estimate anisotropy parameters.

De nos jours, la modélisation de la compatibilité électromagnétique est devenue une étape importante de la conception des circuits intégrés permettant un gain sur les délais de validation et les coûts de production. Dans ces travaux de thèse, une contribution à la caractérisation et à la modélisation de la susceptibilité conduite des circuits intégrés est présentée. D’abord, une évolution substantielle de la technique RFIP est élaborée. Cette technique permet de caractériser la susceptibilité conduite des circuits intégrés. Nous avons montré les différentes étapes de caractérisation de la sonde de mesure développée ainsi que du banc de mesure en vue d’une extraction des paramètres d’immunité d’un circuit intégré soumis à des perturbations électromagnétiques. Le principe de la mesure RFIP a été validé par simulation et par mesure notamment lors de la caractérisation de l’immunité d’un convertisseur analogique-numérique embarqué dans un microcontrôleur. Ensuite, la méthodologie de construction de macromodèles d’immunité électromagnétique appliqués aux circuits intégrée est présentée. Le macromodèle construit du convertisseur est basé sur la structure du modèle ICIM-CI et ses paramètres sont extraits à partir des résultats de mesure RFIP. Les différentes approches de construction des blocs du macromodèle sont discutées. La technique RFIP s’est avérée avantageuse pour l’amélioration de la compréhension, la caractérisation et la modélisation de l’immunité des circuits intégrés. / Nowadays, electromagnetic compatibility modeling has become an importantstep during integrated circuits design which allows time-to-market and production costsreduction. In this PhD thesis, we present a contribution to the characterization and modelingof integrated circuits susceptibility to electromagnetic interferences. First, a substantialevolution of the RFIP technique, which represents a measurement technique of integratedcircuits conducted susceptibility, is presented. Different characterization steps of thedeveloped measurement probe as well as the measurement test bench are shown. RFIPmeasurement principle is validated through simulation and measurement, especially on ananalog-to-digital converter (ADC) embedded in a microcontroller. Then, the methodology ofthe extraction of the ADC’s immunity macromodel is explained according to the ICIM-CImodel structure. Macromodel’s parameters are deduced from RFIP measurement results.Different approaches for the construction of the macromodel’s blocks are discussed. RFIPtechnique shows many advantages leading to enhance understanding, characterization andmodeling of integrated circuits immunity.

This research addresses problems in designing analog and mixed-signal (AMS) systems by bridging the gap between system-level and circuit-level simulation by making simulations fast like system-level and accurate like circuit-level. The tools proposed include metamodel integrated Verilog-AMS based design exploration flows. The research involves design centering, metamodel generation flows for creating efficient behavioral models, and Verilog-AMS integration techniques for model realization. The core of the proposed solution is transistor-level and layout-level metamodeling and their incorporation in Verilog-AMS. Metamodeling is used to construct efficient and layout-accurate surrogate models for AMS system building blocks. Verilog-AMS, an AMS hardware description language, is employed to build surrogate model implementations that can be simulated with industrial standard simulators. The case-study circuits and systems include an operational amplifier (OP-AMP), a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), a charge-pump phase-locked loop (PLL), and a continuous-time delta-sigma modulator (DSM). The minimum and maximum error rates of the proposed OP-AMP model are 0.11 % and 2.86 %, respectively. The error rates for the PLL lock time and power estimation are 0.7 % and 3.0 %, respectively. The OP-AMP optimization using the proposed approach is ~17000× faster than the transistor-level model based approach. The optimization achieves a ~4× power reduction for the OP-AMP design. The PLL parasitic-aware optimization achieves a 10× speedup and a 147 µW power reduction. Thus the experimental results validate the effectiveness of the proposed solution.

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