O efêmero é prerrogativa do mecanismo Moda. Na atualidade, sua face espetacular deriva da necessidade da manutenção da máquina capitalista, onde a utilização do design se encarrega do obsoletismo programado, apontando para o supérfluo e o mascaramento cosmético. A busca incansável pelo ineditismo formal culmina na apropriação por elementos de artisticidade, que reconfiguram a funcionalidade do vestir, agregando ao hibridismo Arte e Moda a pessoalidade e a leitura individual próprias da Arte pós-moderna. Se no Império do Efêmero de Lipovetsky a individualidade comanda o circuito, nesta nova conformação percebemos que a valorização individualizada é permeada por valores coletivos do belo eterno e imutável de Baudelaire, em que a elevação de produtos inicialmente funcionais à categoria de Arte tem a capacidade de transpassar o tempo dos presentes corrediços da contemporaneidade, fazendo com que a moda vestida de Arte se esparrame em direção ao futuro da consagração, numa busca de permanência um pouco além de sua efemeridade inerente. / The ephemeral is the prerogative of Fashion mechanism. Currently its spectacular view derives from the necessity of maintaining the capitalist machine, where the use of design takes care of programmed obsolescence, pointing to the superfluous and masking \"cosmetic\". The endless quest for novelty culminates in the formal appropriation for elements of artistry, that reconfigure the functionality of the dressing, adding hybridity Art and Fashion personhood and their own individual reading of postmodern art. If in the \"The Empire of Fashion: Dressing Modern Democracy\" by Lipovetsky of individuality leads the circuit, this new conformation realize that valuing individual is permeated by collective values of \"eternal and immutable beauty\" by Baudelaire, where the elevation of functional products initially to the category of Art has the ability to pierce the time of these contemporary sliding, making the art dressed in fashion spread toward the future of consecration, in a quest to stay a little ahead of its time inherently ephemererity.

Esta pesquisa teve no debate teórico sobre ready made, pop art e arte conceitual, sua motivação inicial, surgida da crítica ao fechamento intelectual e estético presente nos cânones exigidos pelos currículos escolares no Brasil. As implicações destes conceitos são discutidas em paralelo à elaboração de uma visão crítica das classificações europeias e norte-americanas como matrizes adequadas para a compreensão da criação de artistas como Arthur Bispo do Rosário, Brasil (1919-1988) e de Georges Adéagbo, Benin (1942). De forma complementar, o percurso do pesquisador-artista participa do processo de compreensão e análise. O foco recaia de um lado no material e matéria dos objetos do cotidiano, utilizados na obra de Arthur Bispo do Rosário e nos itinerários das obras de Georges Adéagbo, artista autodidata que expõe suas ideias e narrativas em forma de objetos escultóricos, ocupações de espaços públicos. Eles têm ainda em comum, as metodologias e os processos que espelham conceitos próprios e arqueologias de saberes ligados às suas próprias culturas e sociedades, além de constante construção de suas identidades. Esses processos de pensamento envolvem a ação mental (conceituação ou projeto mental) e a execução das ideias que se reflete em seus trabalhos de arte. O interesse principal de ambos está na análise do cotidiano representado por objetos de origem endógena e exógena que são fundidos e geram aspectos diferentes à materialidade, à narrativa, à desconstrução do próprio objeto como fenômeno (logia) da metamorfose a ele impressa, retirado de seu espaço de significação original, resignificado e ambientado no espaço-ser da arte como pensamento a partir do objeto de Bispo e, na auto-arqueologia inversa de Adéagbo. / This research had its initial motivation the theoretical debate on ready-made, pop art and conceptual art, which comes up from criticism of intellectual and aesthetic closure present in the canons required by the school curriculum in Brazil. The implications of these concepts are discussed in parallel with a critical view of the European and American statements of these matrices for understanding the creation of Arthur Bispo do Rosário, Brazil (1919-1988) and Georges Adéagbo, Benin (1942). In addition, the path of the researcher-artist himself, participates on the understanding and analysis proposed. The focus lies on the one hand, in the everyday objects materials used in the work of Arthur Bispo do Rosário and in the routes of Georges Adéagbo, who is a self-taught artist that exposes his ideas and narratives shaped objects \"sculptural\" and public spaces interventions. They still have in common, their methodology that mirror their own concepts and archaeologies of knowledge linked to their own cultures and societies as well as constant construction of their identities. These thought processes involve mental action (concept or mental project) and implementation of the ideals reflected in his works of art. Both have as their main concern the everyday life presented by fused endogenous and exogenous objects that generate different materiality, narrative and even the deconstruction of the object itself as phenomenology of its metamorphosis, once it was removed from its place of original of meaning, reframed in space-being for Bishop, or in reverse self-archeology for Adéagbo.

Cette thèse vise à évaluer l’impact du changement climatique sur la qualité des eaux du système karstique dans le Val d’Orléans. En 1er lieu, un bilan de la qualité géochimique de la Loire et de la Source du Bouillon a été réalisé : les isotopes stables et éléments majeurs ont révélé un mélange des eaux de Loire avec des eaux déjà présentes dans le karst ; la formation de calcite et d’hydroxydes de fer joue un rôle majeur sur le comportement des éléments traces dans le karst. Le bilan réalisé ensuite pour les produits phytosanitaires et pharmaceutiques montre que leur occurrence et comportement dans le karst varie suivant la molécule considérée, selon : son pouvoir d’adsorption au sol/sédiment, son taux de dégradation dans les stations d’épuration (pour les pharmaceutiques) et dans les eaux naturelles, les saisons et conditions climatiques, le mélange avec des eaux résiduelles karstiques plus ou moins chargées en produits que la Loire. Ces bilans géochimiques ont permis de fixer la qualité de l’eau souterraine pendant la durée de prélèvement. Le risque d’inversion de courant au niveau de rivières locales pouvant entraîner une dégradation de cette qualité, l’occurrence future de ces inversions de courant a été calculée : en reliant les inversions de courant et les résultats d’une désagrégation d’échelle d’un modèle climatique, il apparaît que le risque d’inversion de courant dans le Val d’Orléans diminuerait dans le futur. La qualité des eaux souterraines resterait alors semblable à celle exposée pendant cette thèse, sans mélanges avec l’eau de surface provenant des inversions, et par conséquent sans dégradation manifeste de la ressource en eau du Val d’Orléans. / The aim of this study is the impact of climate change on groundwater quality in the Val of Orléans (France). First, geochemical studies made on Loire River and related spring with isotopic composition and major elements revealed a mixing between Loire river water and older karst water in the aquifer. Calcite precipitation and Fe-Hydroxydes formation in the karst play a major role on the behaviour and fate of trace elements. Then, geochemical studies on contaminants like pesticids and pharmaceuticals showed that their occurrence and behaviour vary for each component, according to : the capacity of adsorption on soil/sediment, the degradation rate in waste water treatment plant (for pharmaceuticals) and in natural waters, seasons and climatic conditions, mixing of Loire river water with residual waters in the karst. These chemical investigations allowed us to fix the groundwater quality during our samplings. The threat of local river backflow in the karst system can lead to a degradation of its quality, so the future occurrence of backflow events in the Val was calculated : using a link between backflow events and results of a climatic model downscaling, we found that these events would decrease in frequency in the future. Thus groundwater quality would remain stable, without mixing with contaminated local freshwaters.

The incentive to investigate the origin of meat products and their related consumer atti-tudes have shown to be a serious and debated topic especially after receiving a lot of focus in media. The specific origin discussed in this thesis lies within the suggestion of introducing an EU origin marking or what also can be referred to as “Made in EU” labelling. During the investigation of whether this creates a negative or positive attitude many factors are needed to be considered. The nationalistic feelings that still exist within the member states is one of the major obstacles but also information and consumer awareness concerning what EU stand for. The focus is on Swedish consumers’ perspective and the effects of implementing “Made in EU” are considered solely on the Swedish market. The theoretical framework is constructed around the central concept of country of origin (COO) that can be noted as of key relevance when investigating consumer behaviour. An analysis model is also introduced to give a deeper understanding of the connections between findings and the theoretical concepts. The fundamental methodology that was cho-sen in order to investigate these attitudes was found to be through the use of focus groups. These were carried out in combination with a secondary data analysis for the clarification of knowledge concerning the topic. What results shown from this study and the connected conclusions can be summarised in a few lines. First, Swedish consumers had generally a negative attitude towards introducing this label. The reason was that the consumers on one hand could not associate the origin as EU at the same time as Swedish consumers prefer to buy Swedish meat which is related to the Swedish model. Secondly, the factors brought forward that were influencing the COO shows what the attitude consist of, for instance stereotypes and perception. Thirdly, this research has managed to bring together new findings, previous COO studies with theoretical concepts and thereby created knowledge about Swedish ethnocentrism and cultural and economical aspects the Swedish consumers use when evaluating meat. Finally, the research method and theoretical concepts can be applied to other areas such as different products or countries.

Taiwan is a typical country of island which locates at the shipping center of northeast & southeast Asia. The economic circle constituted by its relevant ocean shipping routes reveals its importance of sea transportation and trade location. With the natural condition, the advantageous Taiwanese coastal line lasts for around 1500 kilometers, the island currently has international ports such as Keelung, Taichung, Kaohsiung, Hualien, etc; in addition, there are also supplementary ports such as Taipei, Anping and Suao. The export economic trade from the port is the main economic lifeblood in Taiwan as the large overseas trade relies heavily on sea transportation. Kaohsiung city is a province as Port of Kaohsiung is the largest one in the country which plays a decisive role of the throughput in the world. The research starts from the marine capital ¡V Kaohsiung. The integrated plan and construction of port and city, development of economy & trade and cultural tourism, relevant regulation and the advancement of strategic direction and other factors all influence the change of greater economic environment in the country, which also exhibits the crucial role of the marine capital. The port-city integration and the transformation of container port organization of the marine capital have become the public focus of the society; President Chen Shui-bian declared the thorough implementation of the policy and concept of port-city integration dated 5th of Aug. 2000, which indicated the mutual participation of municipal works and plan, construction, management and operation of commercial port of the government and local administration. In the aspect of concrete action, Ministry of Transportation and Communications, R.O.C. will establish shipping administration bureau, set branches in each port and reform Maritime Administration into special public incorporated administration. The task of port-city integration of Kaohsiung city was transferred and consigned to Management Committee of Port of Kaohsiung for advancement and management from the 19th of May 2001, which is a big step forward of the management of port-city integration. Kaohsiung city government and Maritime Administration had substantial interaction in the aspects of transportation, tourism, culture and many constructions during the period of time, in addition, the 13th Kaohsiung Military Port was transferred to Kaohsiung city government dated 30th of Oct. 2005 and now has become one of the tourist scenic spot, which is an indication of the expected port-city integration. For further advancement of marine capital, heading to port-city integration, future perspective of the plan for municipal works and international competitiveness, the research will collect and organize relevant construction, plan and literature of Port of Kaohsiung and discuss the current condition and current implementation condition of Kaohsiung city and the geographical environment of the port area. The following discussion is made at the relevant problems between 4 major international ports in Taiwan and the international area, as the further synthesized analysis is carried out for the discussion of the operation strategy and development of Kaohsiung port-city integration in the hope to achieve the ideal of marine capital as soon as possible.

This thesis primarily concentrates on studying the development of China¡¦s toy manufacturing industry. This study tries to figure out how does the China¡¦s toy manufacturing industry evolve from the lower to the higher position in the supply chain of the toy industry. The term ¡§Made in China¡¨ is a problematic concept here. In this thesis, the ¡§China¡¦s toy¡¨ which designed by foreign corporation and made in China calls ¡§authorized toy¡¨; the China¡¦s toy which designed by China and made in China calls ¡§Chinese toy.¡¨ Considering the differences (the style of design, the level of technology, and the object market, etc.) between the ¡§authorized toy¡¨ and the ¡§Chinese toy,¡¨ the Chinese toy just satisfies China¡¦s market. So the facts of the term ¡§Made in China¡¨ just means that China has a big toy manufacturing industry now, but it not a great toy country yet. This finding might help the readers to understand the main problems in China¡¦s toy manufacturing industry and China¡¦s status in the world toy industry.

<p>The incentive to investigate the origin of meat products and their related consumer atti-tudes have shown to be a serious and debated topic especially after receiving a lot of focus in media. The specific origin discussed in this thesis lies within the suggestion of introducing an EU origin marking or what also can be referred to as “Made in EU” labelling. During the investigation of whether this creates a negative or positive attitude many factors are needed to be considered. The nationalistic feelings that still exist within the member states is one of the major obstacles but also information and consumer awareness concerning what EU stand for. The focus is on Swedish consumers’ perspective and the effects of implementing “Made in EU” are considered solely on the Swedish market.</p><p>The theoretical framework is constructed around the central concept of country of origin (COO) that can be noted as of key relevance when investigating consumer behaviour. An analysis model is also introduced to give a deeper understanding of the connections between findings and the theoretical concepts. The fundamental methodology that was cho-sen in order to investigate these attitudes was found to be through the use of focus groups. These were carried out in combination with a secondary data analysis for the clarification of knowledge concerning the topic.</p><p>What results shown from this study and the connected conclusions can be summarised in a few lines. First, Swedish consumers had generally a negative attitude towards introducing this label. The reason was that the consumers on one hand could not associate the origin as EU at the same time as Swedish consumers prefer to buy Swedish meat which is related to the Swedish model. Secondly, the factors brought forward that were influencing the COO shows what the attitude consist of, for instance stereotypes and perception. Thirdly, this research has managed to bring together new findings, previous COO studies with theoretical concepts and thereby created knowledge about Swedish ethnocentrism and cultural and economical aspects the Swedish consumers use when evaluating meat. Finally, the research method and theoretical concepts can be applied to other areas such as different products or countries.</p>

Globaliseringen innebär ökad konkurrens för företag vilket gör det viktigare för företag att snabbt kunna utföra sina kostnadsuppskattningar. I detta arbete undersöks förutsättningarna för att använda moderna teorier inom cost engineering för att kunna förkorta ledtiderna vid förkalkylsarbetet för företag inom custom made-tillverkning. Inom cost engineering har teorier för kostnadsuppskattning används för att beräkna tillverkningstider för tre olika produkter hos ett fallföretag. För att få en bra beskrivning av problematiken med kostnadsuppskattning inom custom made-tillverkning har design science-metodologi använts under arbetets gång.  Resultatet av arbetet visar att förutsättningarna för att använda moderna teorier inom cost engineering för kostnadsuppskattning hos custom made-tillverkande företag är att historisk data avseende för- och efterkalkylsarbete finns tillgänglig. Genom att använda moderna teorier inom cost engineering kan custom made-tillverkande företag förkorta sina ledtider vid kostnadsuppskattning och således kan företaget räkna på fler kundförfrågningar. Företaget kan dessutom återkoppla till sina kunder snabbare vilket leder till bättre kundrelationer.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2004. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 299-325).

The food industry has an essential role in society and in the global economy. Nowadays, modernlifestyle demands convenience, which is driving the development of the food sector. This isparticularly evident with convenience food, especially ready-made meals, industrially preparedfood, which only requires a short preparation time at home by consumers, but has very complexand diverse supply chains and is associated with a range of sustainability issues. Therefore, theaim of this research is to evaluate the environmental, economic and social sustainability in theready-made meals sector with the focus on the UK market. A life cycle approach has been used forthese purposes, using life cycle assessment (LCA) as the tool for the environmental analysis, lifecycle costing (LCC) for the economic aspects and social sustainability indicators (SI) for the socialissues. Different types of ready-made meal from different cuisines have been considered, includingthe British, Italian, Chinese and Indian. The highest environmental impacts are found for the Italian and Indian cuisines, while Chinesemeals are environmentally most sustainable, followed by the British. At the sectoral level, theresults suggest that from ‘cradle to retailer’ the British ready-made meal sector contributes 4.45 Mtof CO2 eq. annually, which represents ~4% of the GHG emissions of the food and drink sector and~1% of the UK GHG emissions. Of this, 3.16 Mt of CO2 eq. is emitted by chilled and 1.28 Mt of CO2eq. by the frozen ready-made meals. The total life cycle costs at the sectoral level from ‘cradle tograve’ are estimated at £2.1 bn, with the chilled ready-made meals market contributing £1.42 bnand the frozen £676 million. The life cycle costs from ‘cradle to retailer’ are £1.02 bn, with the valueadded of £958 million. The common environmental and cost hotspot for all the meals studied is rawmaterials. In particular, the meat, fish and seafood are the greatest contributors. For theenvironmental impacts, the manufacturing and distribution stages are also important, while theconsumption stage is the largest contributor to the costs. The major social aspects are the foodrelated health issues and food security, in particular food affordability. In the supply chainagriculture, wholesale and retailers show high risk for indicators such as wages and employmentwhile the manufacturing presents high risk in fatal injuries. The study also shows that consumer choices play an important role for the economic andenvironmental impacts; therefore, educational programmes and better communicational strategiesshould be implemented by the industry, the government and consumers groups. Moreover, toensure a sustainable development of the ready-made meals sector, future policies and industrialinitiatives should consider a life cycle approach including relevant economic, environmental andsocial aspects.