<p>Istraživanje prikazano ovim radom imalo je za cilj da ispita relacije između ranog iskustva i sekundarne psiholo&scaron;ke separacije&ndash;individuacije adolescenata. Rano iskustvo smo posmatrali na osnovu obrazaca afektivne vezanosti, disfunkcionalnih kognitivnih &scaron;ema i samopo&scaron;tovanja koji se formiraju rano putem interiorizacije i za koje je bitna rana interakcija sa značajnim drugim. Ispitane su i relacije između različitih sociodemografskih karakteristika i dimenzija sekundarne psiholo&scaron;ke separacije&ndash;individuacije.<br />Za potrebe istraživanja kori&scaron;teni su postojeći instrumenti, s tim &scaron;to su provjerene metrijske karatkeristike u pilot istraživanju i svi instrumenti su pokazali zadovoljavajuće karakteristike.<br />Kori&scaron;teni su sljedeći instrumenti: Upitnik o sociodemografskim karakteristikama kreiran za potrebe ovog istraživanja, Rozenbergova skala samopo&scaron;tovanja (RSE), Instrument za procjenu afektivne vezanosti adolescenata UPIPAV-R, Inventar SCP1 namijenjen za procjenu 15 disfunkcionalnih kognitivnih &scaron;ema prema modelu Janga, Test za procjenu separacije&ndash;individuacije za adolescente (SITA).<br />Faktorska analiza ukazala je na identičnu strukturu svih konstrukata kao i u originalnim instrumentima, s tim &scaron;to je samopo&scaron;tovanje dvodimenzionalno, na &scaron;ta su ukazala neka istraživanja. U cilju određivanja obrazaca afektivne vezanosti na skalama Instrumenta UPIPAV-R primijenjena je analiza grupisanja (Klaster analiza). Pretpostavljeno je postojanje četiri obrasca afektivne vezanosti u skladu sa teorijskim modelom afektivne vezanosti.</p><p>Na osnovu rezultata regresione analize dobijeno je da dimenzije sekundarne psiholo&scaron;ke separacije&ndash;individuacije ostvaruju značajne relacije sa disfunkcionalnim kognitivnim &scaron;emama, a pozitivna dimenzija samopo&scaron;tovanja sa dimenzijom čežnja za djetinjstvom. Putem MANOVA analize i t-testa registrovane su razlike u pogledu dimenzija sekundarne psiholo&scaron;ke separacije&ndash;individuacije između različitih grupa sociodemografskih karakteristika.</p> / <p>Research presented in this paper<br />includes searching for significant relations<br />between early experiences and secondary<br />psychological separation-individuation of<br />adolescents. Early experience is operationalized<br />on the basis of patterns of attachment,<br />dysfunctional cognitive schemas and selfesteem<br />that are formed early through<br />interiorization and early interactions with<br />significant others that are the most important for<br />that process. The aim was to examine the<br />significant relations between different sociodemographic<br />characteristics on dimensions of<br />secondary psychological separationindividuation<br />too.<br />All existing instruments, used in this research<br />paper, with proven psychometric characteristics<br />tested in the pilot study have showed<br />satisfactory performance.<br />We were using the following instruments: a<br />questionnaire on socio-demographic<br />characteristics created for the purposes of this<br />study, Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (RSE),<br />Questionnaire UPIPAV-R to measure the<br />attachment style for adolescents, SCP1<br />questionnaire designed to assess the 15<br />maladaptive schemas modeled Young,<br />Separation-individuation Test of Adolescence<br />(SITA).<br />Factor analysis, as well as original instruments,<br />indicated the identical structure of all<br />constructs, except the two-dimensional selfesteem.<br />In order to determine patterns of<br />attachment on the Questionnaire UPIPAV-R<br />scale, we applied grouping analysis( Cluster analysis). It was assumed the existence of four</p><p>patterns of attachment in accordance with the<br />theoretical model of attachment.<br />The findings of regression analysis demonstrate<br />that the dimensions of the secondary<br />psychological separation-individuation achieved<br />significant relations with some maladaptive<br />cognitive schemas. Positive dimension of selfesteem<br />achieved significant relations with<br />dimension longing for childhood. MANOVA<br />analysis and t-test registered differences in<br />levels of aspects of secondary psychological<br />separation-individuation, between different<br />groups of socio-demographic characteristics.</p>

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between maladaptive schemas and treatment outcomes of adolescent and adult women with an eating disorder receiving residential treatment. Existing data were obtained from 67 females aged 11 to 47 years (m =18.61) that had entered residential treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) at a Western United States residential eating disorder treatment facility. Pre- and posttreatment data were collected by the personnel at the facility on eating disorder symptomatology, mood, and core beliefs. Three hypotheses were tested: (a) that maladaptive schemas would be positively correlated with eating disorder symptom severity, (b) that females endorsing more maladaptive schemas at admission or those with stable maladaptive schemas across their course of treatment would have less favorable posttreatment outcomes at the time of their discharge from residential treatment than females with lower scores initially or improved scores over the course of their treatment and follow-up, and (c) that females endorsing more maladaptive schemas or with greater stability of their maladaptive schemas across treatment will spend more time in residential treatment. To address the above hypotheses a series of hierarchical linear regressions, linear mixed-effects models, and Cox proportional-hazards regressions were conducted. Results ndicated that maladaptive schemas at the start of treatment were predominantly predictive of admit rather than discharge symptomatology. Different combinations of maladaptive schemas were found to have both positive and negative relationships to one's symtomatology across time. The most common maladaptive schemas found to be significantly associated with symptomatology were impaired limits, impaired autonomy and performance, and overvigilance and inhibition. Lastly, a relationship existed between both impaired limits and overvigilance and inhibition and a participant's length of stay in treatment. The results of this study suggest that maladaptive schemas provide some predictability of treatment outcomes and are important targets for psychological interventions aimed at recovery. Furthermore, the results of the study highlight the complexity associated with maladaptive schemas in females with eating disorders and the need for longitudinal research to examine common patterns and therapeutic targets based on diagnosis and status in treatment.

The present study aimed (1) to examine possible influence of demographic variables of age, gender, familial monthly income, relationship status, mother&rsquo / s education, father&rsquo / s education on Parenting Styles, Schema Domains, Schema Coping Styles, and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction / (2) to examine associated factors of Schema Domains, Schema Coping Styles, Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction / (3) to examine the mediator role of Schema Domains in the relationship between Parenting Styles and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction / (4) to examine the mediator role of Schema Coping Styles in the relationship between Schema Domains and Psychopathology/Life Satisfaction. In order to fulfill these aims 404 people between the ages 18-42 participated in the study. According to results, negative parenting practices from both sources (i.e., mother, father) were found to be associated with stronger levels of schema domains. Furthermore, Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards and Impaired Autonomy/Other Directedness schema domains were found to be associated with Compensation schema coping style / while Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards schema domains were found related to Avoidance schema coping style. After that, mother&rsquo / s parenting style, schema domains of Disconnection/Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy/Other Directedness were found to be significantly associated with depressive symptomatology. In addition, psychopathological symptoms were found to be associated with both parenting styles, schema domains of Disconnection/Rejection and Impaired Limits/Exaggerated Standards, and schema coping style of Avoidance. What is more, both parenting styles, schema domain of Disconnection/Rejection, were negatively / and compensation schema coping style was positively associated with satisfaction with life. As for the mediational analyses, schema domains mediated the relationship between parenting styles and psychopathology/life satisfaction / furthermore, schema coping styles mediated the relationship between schema domains and psychopathology/life satisfaction.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the differences in demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, mother&rsquo / s and father&rsquo / s education level, monthly income, and residence status) on the measures of the study (i.e., parenting styles, schema domains, personality dimensions, coping styles, perceived social support, and well-being) of the study. Secondly, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between these measures and to determine the associated factors of schema domains, personality dimensions, other psychological resources namely coping strategies and perceived social support, and lastly, psychological symptoms and life satisfaction. For these purposes, data was collected from 309 university students aging between 18-33 years old, from different cities in Turkey. The results revealed that schemas were closely related to perceived negative parenting / and besides their significant effects, it was found out that personality dimensions, coping strategies, and perceived social support had important role on psychological symptoms and life satisfaction. Especially having higher levels of neuroticism, insufficient usage of coping strategies, and lower levels of perceived social support, besides perceiving high levels of negative parenting, and having stronger schema structure in Disconnection/Rejection domain were associated with higher levels of psychological symptoms and lower levels of life satisfaction. These results indicated that psychological resources (i.e., personality, coping strategies, and perceived social support) have additional effects on well-being. Finally, implications of these results and limitations of the study were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions for future studies were mentioned.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationships between perceived maternal rejection and psychological distress of adolescents. In addition to that, mediator roles of early maladaptive schemas in this relationship were explored. A total of 356 second-grade high school students (198 females and 158 males) were participated in the study. Participants ranged in age from 15 to 18 (M = 16.17, SD= 0.53). Data was collected by a questionnaire packet consisting Demographic data form, Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ), Parental Acceptance and Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ) , trait part of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-T), trait part of State-Trait Anger Inventory (ANG-T) Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Preceding the main analyses, factor analysis for YSQ was performed. It yielded three higher-order factors for YSQ as Impaired Limits- Exaggerated Standards, Disconnection-Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy-Other Directedness. Following factor analysis, ANOVAs were employed to assess differences between adolescents perceiving high acceptance and high rejection in terms of psychological distress measures (i.e., anger, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety). It was found that adolescents perceiving high rejection were more likely to experience anger, negative affect, and anxiety than those perceiving high acceptance. In order to test whether Impaired Limits-Exaggerated Standards, Disconnection-Rejection, and Impaired Autonomy-Other Directedness mediate the relationship between perceptions of maternal rejection and adolescents&rsquo / anger, positive affect, negative affect, and anxiety respectively, separate hierarchical regression analyses were conducted as suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986). Mediation analyses revealed in general that both maternal rejection and schema domains had main effects on psychological distress measures. However, none of the schema domains did mediate the relationship between maternal rejection and psychological distress measures except for the disconnection-rejection schema domain. The result revealed that disconnection-rejection schema domain mediated the relationship between maternal rejection and anger. These findings were discussed with reference to the relevant literature. Future research topics were suggested and therapeutic implications of the study were discussed.

The present study aimed 1) to examine possible influences of demographic variables (i.e., age, gender, marital status, sibling number, mother&rsquo / s education, father&rsquo / s education) on the various measures of the study (i.e., schema domains, self-orientations, and well-being measures i.e. depression, positive affect, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking) / 2) to examine the differences of schema domains on self-orientations of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model and also on well-being, and 3) to analyse the differences of four self-construals of Balanced Integration Differentiation Model on schema domains and well-being measures. In order to fulfill these aims 501 people between the ages 18-50 participated in the study. According to the results, having strong characteristics of schema domains were related to low levels of self-orientation dimensions of interpersonal integration orientation and intrapersonal differentiation orientation. Moreover,there was a positive correlation between having strong characteristics of schema domains and high depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking, but low positive affect. On the other hand, low level of related individuation self-construal was related to having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition to this,having high level of separated-patterning was positively correlated with having high characteristics of schema domains. In addition, self-construal of relatedindividuation was found to be related to high positive affect and correlated with low levels of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Finally, separated-patterning was found to be related to low level of positive affect, while it was found to be correlated with high level of depression, negative affect, and reassurance-seeking. Findings, future directions, and clinical implications were discussed in the discussion section.

Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-50).

The present study aimed to assess whether there is an association of Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS) in acute Axis I disorders in a mixed clinical population of 21 women and 10 men, aged between 18 and 57 years. For this purpose, two evaluation instruments were used: the Young Schema Questionnaire - Short version (YSQ-S3) and the MINI diagnostic interview Plus Version 5.0.0. For this method, cross-sectional descriptive study with a quantitative approach was performed. The sample allowed us to evaluate the association of EMS with the diagnostic category of anxiety, mood, bipolar disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and GAD. After collecting data, the data were subjected to statistical analyzes, performed by Fisher's exact test procedures. The results were the significance p 043 Subjugation of the EID for the group of anxiety disorders and a significance p 048 second schematic Domain - Autonomy and impaired performance for comorbid panic disorder with agoraphobia and GAD, compared to other diagnostic found in studies of anxiety. No associations of EMS for bipolarity GAD and mood disorders were found. The current literature indicates that the Schema Theory has been applied most often to personality disorders, however the stability of Early Maladaptive Schemas combine as a vulnerability factor for mood disorders and anxiety. Therefore, Schema Therapy has shown relevance for acute disorders, especially among the more chronic cases of mood and anxiety disorders, which have high levels of EMS. Research is needed to strengthen this assertion and better identify cases that may benefit most. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal averiguar a existência de associação de Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos (EIDs) em transtornos agudos de Eixo I numa amostra clínica mista de 21 mulheres e 10 homens, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e 57 anos. Foram utilizados dois instrumentos de avaliação: o Questionário de Esquemas de Young - versão breve (YSQ-S3) e a entrevista diagnóstica M.I.N.I. Plus Version 5.0.0. Para tal, foi realizado como método um estudo transversal, descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra possibilitou avaliar associação de EIDs com a categoria diagnóstica de ansiedade, de humor, de bipolaridade, de transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) e da comorbidade de transtorno de pânico com agorafobia e TAG. Após a coleta, os dados foram submetidos a procedimentos estatísticos e análises realizadas através do Teste Exato de Fisher. Os resultados encontrados foram uma significância p 0,043 do EID de Subjugação para o grupo de transtornos de ansiedade e uma significância p 0,048 do segundo Domínio esquemático Autonomia e desempenho prejudicados para a comorbidade de pânico com agorafobia e TAG, em comparação aos outros diagnósticos de ansiedade encontrados nos estudos. Não foram encontradas significâncias de EIDs para bipolaridade, TAG e em transtornos de humor. A literatura atual aponta que a Teoria do Esquema tem sido aplicada mais frequentemente a perturbações da personalidade, entretanto a estabilidade dos Esquemas Iniciais Desadaptativos combinam como um fator de vulnerabilidade para transtornos de humor e ansiedade. Assim sendo, a Terapia do Esquema vem apresentando relevância para os transtornos agudos, especialmente entre os casos mais crônicos de humor e ansiedade, que apresentam níveis elevados de EIDs. Pesquisas ainda são necessárias para reforçar tal afirmação e identificar melhor os casos que podem se beneficiar mais.

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