This thesis consists of two self-contained empirical essays. Essay I investigates the impact of labor subsidies on TFP, and profit per employee is included as a second outcome. Coarsened exact matching (CEM) is performed on the key variables. After matching, a difference-in-difference (DID) model is applied. The study shows that firms employing workers with wage subsidies experience negative and significant effects on both TFP and profit per employee. Heterogeneity is, however, observed; the only sector to show a deficit in both TFP and profit per employee is wholesale. During the second year with a subsidy, a negative impact can be observed on the profit per employee but not on TFP. The policy conclusion from the analysis is that subsidizing individuals from particular groups is necessary to induce firms to hire workers from these groups. However, the time period for which a single firm is subsidized should be considered. Essay II (with Jonas Månsson from Linnaeus University and the Swedish National Audit Office (SNAO), Christian Andersson from SNAO and Fredrik Bonander from SNAO) measures TFP of the Swedish district courts by applying data envelopment analysis (DEA) to calculate the Malmquist productivity index for 48 Swedish district courts from 2012 to 2015. This study uses a fully decomposed Malmquist index. A bootstrapping approach is further applied to compute confidence intervals for each decomposed factor of TFP as well as for TFP. The study shows an average annual of TFP by 0.7%. However, a substantial variation between years is observed both with regards to the number of statistically significant courts below and above unity. The negative impact is mainly driven by pure technical regress. Large variations are also observed over time where the small courts have the largest volatility. The TFP change is positively correlated with the rate of change in the caseload. Two recommendations are: 1) that district courts with negative TFP growth could learn from those with positive TFP growth and 2) that a back-up force could be developed to enhance flexibility.

本研究使用資料包絡分析法進行我國銀行業生產效率分析，並以彰化銀行作為個案對象，研究彰化銀行在不同經營者下的生產效率，以2001年至2016年我國30家銀行為樣本銀行，探究各年度彰化銀行相對全體銀行之生產效率與Malmquist生產力指數，結果顯示彰銀自行經營期間（2001年至2005年），其生產效率與生產力指數變動大，生產效率變動在三商銀中為唯一衰退；台新金經營彰銀期間（2006年至2014年），彰銀生產效率曾連續五年為三商銀中最佳，直至後半期第一銀行生產效率超越彰銀成為三商銀中第一，因此生產力指數一銀略高於彰銀，唯生產效率進步程度由彰銀在三商銀中進步最多；而彰銀再度自行經營期間（2015年與2016年），彰銀連續兩年達生產效率，顯示其再度自行經營之生產效率相較其他銀行良好。 / This study investigates the productive efficiency of banks in Taiwan by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). This thesis also presents a case study about the transfered right of management of Chang-Hua Bank, to see the difference of productive efficiency between different managers. The study chooses 30 banks of Taiwan from 2001 to 2016 as the sample data, and studies the productive efficiency and Malmquist index of Chang-Hua Bank each year. The study shows the results as follows: 1. The government managed the Chang-Hua bank (2001~2005): It appears a great fluctuation of the productive efficiency and the Malmquist Index of Chang-Hua Bank. Among the Chang-Hua Bank, the First Bank and the Hua-Nan Bank, the Chang-Hua Bank presents the lowest average efficient change. 2. Taishin financial holding company managed the Chang-Hua bank (2006~2014): Comparing to the First Bank and the Hua-Nan Bank, Chang-Hua bank had been the most productive and efficient bank for five years. 3. The government managed the Chang-Hua bank (2015~2016): Chang-Hua Bank has reached the productive efficieny for the recent two years.

Data envelopment analysis models are common tools to measure efficiency of decision-making unit. This thesis presents several DEA-based approaches and describes data that are collected and closely watched by Czech Tax Offices. Presented methods are used to evaluate Tax Offices. Each Tax Office will be evaluated with efficiency rate by every presented approach. In the last part of this thesis, the Tax Offices will be ordered by achieved results and the methods will be compared.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafael Picchioni Tavares.pdf: 374508 bytes, checksum: b3aba124f1b6628e3b78b40273d1b848 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-17 / This study examines efficiency applying the method of data envelopment analysis (DEA) in branches database of a consumer finance company. It presents various perspectives on the analysis of organizational performance, identifying the pros and cons of each perspective in comparative study of performance of business units concluding with the justification for the application of DEA. The sample includes information from 98 branches of a consumer finance company with operations in Brazil, with annual data from 2010 and 2011. It is also analyzed changes in efficiency between 2010 and 2011 using Malmquist index and its components. It is investigated different approaches of efficiency, as, for example, the operational and financial and its linear relationship with the input variables or outputs. - The index of correlation and linear regression analyzes seek to identify the relationship between resources used (inputs) and results (outputs) with the efficiency index. Finally, the results are compared using DEA with the current method adopted by the company for branch performance analysis based on the profitability. The results suggest that, when it adopted the criteria of profitability, there is a favoring of large branches. In contrast, it is not observed DEA favoring any branch depending on its size. Another important result was the indication that policies to reduce expenses through staff cuts may cause a worsening of financial efficiency. Another warning to senior management is the fact that the branches had a worse gap relating to efficient frontier from 2010 to 2011. / Este estudo analisa eficiência utilizando o método de Análise Envoltória de Dados (DEA Data Envelopment Analysis) com aplicação em uma base de dados de filiais de uma sociedade de crédito. São apresentadas diversas perspectivas de análise de desempenho organizacional, identificando os prós e os contras de cada perspectiva no estudo comparativo de desempenho de unidades de negócio, concluindo com a justificativa para a aplicação do DEA. A amostra deste estudo compreende informações de 98 filiais de uma sociedade de crédito com atuação no Brasil, com dados anuais de 2010 e 2011. São analisadas também as mudanças de eficiência entre 2010 e 2011 pelo Índice de Malmquist e seus componentes. São investigados diferentes tipos de abordagem de eficiência; como, por exemplo, a operacional e a financeira e sua relação linear com variáveis de input ou output. - A partir de índices de correlação e de análises de regressão linear busca-se identificar o relacionamento entre os recursos utilizados (inputs) ou resultados obtidos (outputs) com os índices de eficiência. Finalmente, são comparados os resultados encontrados na utilização do DEA com o atual método, baseado na lucratividade, adotado pela empresa para análise de desempenho das filiais. Os resultados sugerem que, quando é adotado o critério de lucratividade, há um favorecimento das filiais grandes. Em contrapartida, com o método DEA, não se observa o favorecimento em função do tamanho. Outro resultado importante foi a indicação de que políticas de redução de despesa por de cortes de pessoal podem causar piora na eficiência financeira. Outro alerta para a alta gestão é o fato de as filiais apresentarem um distanciamento da fronteira de eficiência de 2010 para 2011.

The main objective of this research is to evaluate the socio economic impact of the development programs like MGNREGA, JnNURM and development of Roads project, on the intended target area. The entire thesis can be divided in to two parts; (1) developing method to evaluate the socio economic impact assessment and (2) case studies. Two different techniques were used to evaluate the change in the productivity. Initially the change is measure by calculating the difference in the efficiencies between two time period using base period and current period production technologies. To illustrate this method a case study of MGNREGA has been considered to evaluate the impact of seventeen districts of the country. From the results it is found that there is difficult in comparing the two efficiencies due to the scaling issue of two production technologies. Further Data Envelopment Analysis is used to evaluate the distance function in the calculation of Malmquist index (MI). MI gives the productivity change between two time periods and is calculated as the geometric mean of two ratios measured with reference to the time period and time period respectively. A new approach is presented by interpreting the two ratios of MI separately using the distance functions to identify the productivity change between two time periods. Three different regions were identified to determine the productivity change; improvement region which observe improvement in the productivity between two time periods, deterioration region which indicate deterioration in the productivity and status quo region suggesting the stagnation region. Two case studies i.e. Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation and development of roads under the name “5054-Decongestion of Roads project” were considered. The impact of Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) funds on the performance of Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC) is studied using the proposed method. The results suggest that for 50 percent of the overall productivity have improved due to the intervention. The deterioration is mainly because of the addition input surplus in terms of number of buses and output slack in terms of reduced load factor, effective distance travelled, operational costs and increase in number of breakdown and accident rates for these DMU’s. The socio economic impact of the roads developed by Government of Karnataka under the name of “5054-Decongestion of Roads project” in and around Bangalore was also studied using this method and the results shows that out of five DMU’s four DMU’s show improvement in the productivity.

從2015年統計數據來看，中國大陸涉農金融機構地方滲透性比重較高。03年中國大陸國務院下發《深化農村信用社改革試點方案》到現在為止雖然14年了，但是農村信用社還是存在很多問題。 所以研究農村信用社經營效率，對提高涉農金融機構質量和促進中國大陸農村金融市場的發展具有重大的意義。 本研究以數據包絡分析法為主，由於dea方法沒有考慮到誤差項的分配，因此加入了隨機前沿分析法。 本研究發現雖有個別農村信用社效率不足的情況存在，但福建地區整體農村信用社各項指標都很穩定。只是要針對個別經濟環境不景氣的地區重點研究，造成其效率低下的主要原因，改善其經營效率，也能提高整體指標。 從本研究對福建省地區農村信用社效率的比較影射到全國農村信用社。在國務院對農村金融改革後，雖農信社還存在部分問題，但也慢慢趨向穩定發展。可看出國務院的金融改革日漸成效。 / The statistical data of 2015 indicates that most of the Chinese local financial institutions are served as agriculture-related financial institutions.Although state council promulgated<The reform of rural credit cooperatives >in 2003, there are still lots of problems to be solved today. Therefore, the researches about the operating efficiency of rural credit cooperatives can help not only the improvement in the quality of agriculture-related financial institutions but also the development of rural financial market in China. This paper is mainly based on the data envelop analysis (DEA). Because the DEA doesn't consider the distribution of residuals, we also use the stochastic frontier analysis. In this paper, we find that the inefficiency problem still exists in some rural credit cooperatives, but all indexes of overall rural credit cooperatives in Fujian area are still stable. Moreover, we think that the improvement in the operating efficiency of individual rural credit cooperatives can also improve the overall indexes. Applying our analysis into whole districts of China, we find that the development becomes stable gradually, meaning the reform by state council works.

Diese Dissertation umfasst sowohl einen theoretisches als auch einen empirischen Beitrag zur Analyse der Messung der gesamten Faktorproduktivität (TFP). Das erste Kapitel inspiziert die bestehende Literatur über die häufigsten Techniken der TFP Messung und gibt einen Überblick über deren Limitierung. Das zweite Kapitel betrachtet Daten, die durch ein Real Business Cycle Modell generiert wurden und untersucht das quantifizierbare Ausmaß von Messfehlern des Solow Residuums als ein Maß für TFP Wachstum, wenn der Kapitalstock fehlerhaft gemessen wird und wenn Kapazitätsauslastung und Abschreibungen endogen sind. Das dritte Kapitel schlägt eine neue Methodologie in einem bayesianischen Zusammenhang vor, die auf Zustands- Raum-Modellen basiert. Das vierte Kapitel führt einen neuen Ansatz zur Bestimmung möglicher Spill-over Effekte auf Grund neuer Technologien auf die Produktivität ein und kombiniert eine kontrafaktische Zerlegung, die von den Hauptannahmen des Malquist Indexes abgeleitet wird mit ökonometrischen Methoden, die auf Machado and Mata (2005) zurückgehen. / This dissertation consists of theoretical and empirical contributions to the study on Total Factor Productivity (TFP) measurement. The first chapter surveys the literature on the most used techniques in measuring TFP and surveys the limits of these frameworks. The second chapter considers data generated from a Real Business Cycle model and studies the quantitative extent of measurement error for the Solow residual as a measure of TFP growth when the capital stock is measured with error and when capacity utilization and depreciation are endogenous. Furthermore, it proposes two alternative measurements of TFP growth which do not require capital stocks. The third chapter proposes a new methodology based on State-space models in a Bayesian framework. Applying the Kalman Filter to artificial data, it proposes a computation of the initial condition for productivity growth based on the properties of the Malmquist index. The fourth chapter introduces a new approach for identifying possible spillovers emanating from new technologies on productivity combining a counterfactual decomposition derived from the main properties of the Malmquist index and the econometric technique introduced by Machado and Mata (2005).

我國國立高級中等學校實施校務基金之目的除了提升績效外，尚期以增進各校自籌財源之動力，以減輕政府財政負擔，自2007年起開始實施校務基金後之績效為何?值得進一步探討。 本研究係以資料包絡分析法評估各國立高級中等學校2010年至2012年的經營績效，並運用麥氏指數衡量其跨期效率變動情形，最後以Tobit迴歸分析，探討外在環境變數對校務基金實施績效之影響。實證研究結果如下： 一、總技術效率分析：2010、2011及2012年平均總技術效率值依序為0.712、0.714、0.705，表示各該年度尚有28.8%、28.6%及29.5%的效率改善空間。若將各國立高級中等學校依照類別區分，普通高中平均總技術效率表現最佳，綜合高中的表現比職業學校佳，特教學校最差。 二、純技術效率分析：2010、2011及2012年平均純技術效率值依序為0.768、0.781、0.771，表示各該年度尚有23.2%、21.9%及22.9%的效率改善空間。普通高中平均純效率表現最佳，綜合高中的表現比職業學校佳，特教學校最差。 三、規模效率分析：2010、2011及2012年平均規模效率值依序為0.923、 0.908、0.908，表示各該年度尚有7.7%、9.2%及9.2%的效率改善空間。2010年以職業學校表現最佳，2011年以綜合高中表現最佳，2012年度以普通高中表現最佳。特教學校在三個年度的平均規模效率均為最差。 四、麥氏指數分析：2010至2012年度之總要素生產力變動值均小於1，呈現衰退現象， 2010至2011年度及2011至2012年度二個跨期均呈現衰退。 五、Tobit迴歸分析：除實施校務基金的年限無顯著影響外，學校區位、校舍面積及學校成立年限等三項外在環境對學校的經營績效均具有影響。 / The purpose of national senior high schools in Taiwan implementing National Senior High Schools Operation Fund is not only improving performance, but also enhancing the schools’ self-motivation of the financial resources to reduce the fiscal burden of government. How is the performance of implementing National Senior High Schools Operation Fund since 2007?It is worthy of further study. This study is based on Data Envelopment Analysis to evaluate the operating performance of national senior high schools from 2010 to 2012. In addition, this study uses Malmquist Index to measure the efficiency changes. Finally, Tobit regression analysis is used and tried to find effects of the external environment variables on the implemenetation performance of National Senior High Schools Operation Fund. The findings of this study are as follows: 1.Overall technical efficiency analysis：the average value of the overall technical efficiency is 0.712、0.714、0.705 in sequence of year 2010、2011 and 2012, and it means that the efficiency improvement is 28.8%, 28.6% and 29.5% each year. If we evaluate the performance of national senior high schools by category, the general high schools are the best, the comprehensive high schools are better than vocational high schools, and the special education schools are the worst. 2.Pure technical efficiency analysis.：the average value of the pure technical efficiency is 0.768、0.781、0.771 in sequence of year 2010、2011 and 2012, and it means that the efficiency improvement is 23.2%、21.9% and 22.9% each year. The general senior high schools are the best, the comprehensive senior high schools are better than vocational senior high schools, and the special education schools are the worst. 3.Scale efficiency analysis: the average value of the scale efficiency is 0.923、 0.908、0.908 in sequence of year 2010、2011 and 2012,and it means that the efficiency improvement is 7.7%、9.2% and 9.2% each year. The best performance is the vocational senior high schools in 2010, the comprehensive senior high schools in 2011, and the general senior high schools in 2012, the special education schools are the worst in all three years. 4.Malmquist Index analysis: the value of the total factor productivity change is totally less than 1 from 2010 to 2012, and shows the recession .And the inter-temporal total factor productivity changes show the recession from 2010 to 2011, and 2011 to 2012. 5.Tobit regression analysis: there is no significant impact in the factor of the years of the National Senior High Schools Operation Fund, but the external factors such as the size, the history, and the location of the schools, would affect the performance of national senior high schools.

在台灣，未來很有可能帶領台灣高科技產業向上突破的新英雄---薄晶電晶體液晶顯示器（TFT-LCD），已逐漸為人所重視，近來，TFT-LCD產業的更是利多頻傳，不但在股票成交量創下新高，股價更是一再突破新高。本文則是希望以資料包絡分析法(DEA)來比較分析台灣各家廠商（友達、華映、奇美電、廣輝、彩晶）的相對經營績效，研究範圍從2001年第四季一直到2004年的第一季，所採用的投入變數即為資產總額、營業成本、營業費用和員工人數，產出變數我們則採用營業收入和營業淨利。 總結來看，廠商在CCR和BCC模式下，雖然在平均排名上，兩個模式並不盡相同，但由時間趨勢來看，五家廠商在趨勢變動上，大致是一樣的；效率值表現較好的時期為2002Q1、和2002Q2和2004Q1，較差的則為2002Q4和2003Q1，推測其原因，一部分當然是和景氣的波動有關，但也和面板的價格波動有一定程度的相關。 藉由Tobit 迴歸分析，意味著廠商可藉由提高每人配備率、總資產週轉率、流動比率、研發費用率及經營年限等變數，可提昇廠商的整體技術效率，提供了一些政策方向供廠商參考。 以Malmquist生產力指數來看，總要素生產力的變動（Tfpch）大部分的因素，是來自於生產技術的變動(Tech）；彩晶在總要素生產力的變動上，平均有16.8%的成長，是第1名，其他的廠商則呈現不大的差別；但若以時間趨勢來看，2001Q4到2002Q1和2003Q1到2003Q2兩各階段都有滿大的成長，但在2002Q2到2002Q3和2002Q3到2002Q4兩個階段卻呈現衰退的表現。 / In Taiwan, TFT-LCD, which is likely to lead high-tech to strive upward in the future, has been receiving more and more attention. Recently, TFT-LCD industry has come into great blossom. Not only does the stock transaction amount achieve a record-breaking peak, but the stock price also makes breakthroughs at all times. This research is to use Data Envelopment Analysis(DEA) to compare and analyze the relative operating efficiency of chief leaders in the high-tech industry, including AUO, CPT, CMO, QDI to HannStar. The research ranges from the 4th quarter in 2001 to the 1st quarter in 2004. The researcher adopts input variables, which include total assets, business costs, business expenses and employees, and output variables, business revenues and business net profits, as well. On the whole, in spite of CCR and BCC model, the average order is different, but approximately similar. The quarters, which perform well, are the 1st quarter in 2002 and the 1st quarter in 2004; the bad quarters are the 4th quarter in 2002 and the 1st quarter in 2003. To speculate reasons, it has to do with the business cycle and panel board price fluctuation. Under the frame, by use of Tobit analysis, factories can strengthen total technology efficiency by raising equipment per employee, total asserts turnover, current ratio, R & D ratio, and the period of operating. It provides these factories a referential direction. In conclusion, according to Malmquist index analysis, the Tfpch is the better part from the tech. HannStar, with 16.8% average growth in Tfpch, is the top one. The other factories are nearly close. In the time period, from the 4th quarter in 2001 to the 1st quarter in 2002, and from the 1st quarter in 2003 to the 2nd quarter in 2003, the other factories has a high growth, but from the 2nd quarter in 2002 to the 3rd quarter in 2002 and from the 3rd quarter in 2002 to the 4th quarter in 2002, there is a decline in growth.