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Naturskyddsföreningen gav författarna uppgiften att undersöka förekommande viskosprocesser och alternativa regenereringsprocesser, detta för att identifiera hur hållbara de är ur ett miljöperspektiv och vilka processer som går att applicera på bambu. Detta för att se möjligheten att märka bambuviskos med Bra Miljöval och för att klargöra frekvent uppkommande frågor angående bambuviskos. Syftet är att se på de olika processernas kemiska innehåll samt vilka utsläpp de orsakar till luft och vatten. Ett delmål med rapporten är att den ska kunna användas som material vid vidareutveckling av kriterierna för Bra Miljöval Textil. Resultat som erhållits vid jämförelser av studerad litteratur är att de betydande faktorerna för miljöpåverkan från massaframställningen samt viskos- och lyocellprocessen beror av: använda kemikalier i processen, energianvändningen och vilken typ av energi, möjligheten till rening av utsläpp till luft och vatten samt återvinning av energi och kemikalier. Beroende på vilket råmaterial som används vid massaframställningen kan skillnader i markanvändning, användning av bekämpningsmedel och gödningsmedel samt upptagande av koldioxid skilja sig. Massa- och fiberframställning bör vara integrerade då energiförbrukning och mängd kemikalier kan minskas. Energin kan dessutom återvinnas till större utsträckning.Genom miljömärkningar från oberoende organisationer blir det lättare för konsumenter att göra miljömedvetna val och veta vad märkningarna står för. Sammanfattningsvis ska det påpekas att om regenererad bambu framställs som den görs idag är den ingen hållbar fiber, men sker framställningen i en integrerad process där kemikalier och energi återvinns samt rening av utsläpp till luft och vatten sker, kan bambuviskos bli en hållbar fiber för framtiden. The Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC) gave the authors the task to investigative present viscose processes and alternative regeneration processes to identify how sustainable they are from an environmental perspective, and examine which processes that can be applied to bamboo. This to see the possibility to label bamboo viscose with “Bra Miljöval” (Good Environmental Choice), which is the eco-label of SSNC, and to clarify the frequently emerging issues concerning bamboo viscose. The aim is to look at the various processes, their chemical content and the emissions they cause to air and water. Another objective of the report is that it can be used as material for further development of the criteria for “Bra Miljöval”.Results obtained when comparing the studied literature is that the significant factors of the environmental impact from the pulp production, the viscose and lyocell processes depends on: chemicals used in the process, energy and energy source, the possibility of purifying emissions to air and water and recycling of energy and chemicals. Depending on the raw materials used for pulp production, differences in land use, use of pesticides and fertilizers as well as absorption of carbon dioxide differ. Pulp and fibre production should be integrated to reduce energy consumption and the amount of chemicals used. The energy can also be recycled to a greater extent.Eco-labels from independent organizations will make it easier for consumers to make environmentally conscious choices and be aware of what the labels stand for.In conclusion, it should be noted that if the regenerated bamboo is produced as it is today, it is not a sustainable fibre. If the production is done through an integrated process in which chemicals and energy recovery and purification of air and water occurs, bamboo viscose can be a sustainable fibre for the future. / Program: Textilingenjörsutbildningen

In this report, the principles of man-made object detection in satellite images is investigated. An overview of terminology and of how the detection problem is usually solved today is given. A three level system to solve the detection problem is proposed. The main branches of this system handle road, and city detection respectively. To achieve data source flexibility, the Logical Sensor notion is used to model the low level system components. Three Logical Sensors have been implemented and tested on Landsat TM and SPOT XS scenes. These are: BDT (Background Discriminant Transformation) to construct a man-made object property field; Local-orientation for texture estimation and road tracking; Texture estimation using local variance and variance of local orientation. A gradient magnitude measure for road seed generation has also been tested.

Les objets fabriqués manipulable (ou outils) sont caractérisés entre autre par leur Fonction (i.e. ce à quoi sert l’objet) et par leur Manipulation (i.e. gestes typiques associés à leur utilisation). Le présent travail de thèse s’inscrit dans une approche incarnée de la cognition et défend l’idée que les connaissances gestuelles sont le point d’ancrage au développement de la représentation conceptuelle des objets. Néanmoins, des études antérieures ont montré que les jugements de similarité de Fonction sont réalisés plus rapidement que ceux de Manipulation suggérant un accès plus précoce à la Fonction. En utilisant le paradigme d’amorçage, nous avons exploré l’organisation des connaissances de Manipulation et de Fonction tout au long de la vie. Nous avons montré que les traits gestuels facilitent la dénomination d’objets chez les enfants de 8 ans et que cet effet diminue linéairement avec l’âge. Cet effet est inhibiteur chez l’adulte jeune et âgé. Parallèlement, les traits fonctionnels ne sont activés de façon incidente que chez l’adulte jeune et entrainent une facilitation de la dénomination. Toutefois le sens de l’effet d’amorçage semble dépendant du type de traitement opéré sur l’objet-cible. En effet, l’amorçage par la Manipulation devient facilitateur chez les adultes dans une tâche de décision d’objet. Ces résultats supportent deux idées cruciales ; ils confirment la primauté de représentations gestuelles et l’ancrage plus lent des connaissances fonctionnelles dans les représentations d’objets, d’autre part, ils montrent que le format procédural des traits gestuels peut ralentir le traitement sémantique de l’objet. Ce dernier point est précisé par l’investigation des processus en jeu durant le jugement de deux objets sur la base de leur Fonction vs. Manipulation en imagerie cérébrale. Notre étude IRMf a montré que le jugement de similarité en termes de gestes entraine l’activation spécifique de régions pariétales (représentations gestuelles), frontales (simulation motrice) et cérébelleuses (inhibition de l’exécution du geste) comparativement à la Fonction. Cette dernière ne présentant pas d’activation spécifique. Enfin, notre étude en EEG a montré que le jugement de Manipulation entraine un traitement structurel de l’objet précoce et accru, ainsi que deux traitements plus tardifs observés sur les composantes P300 et P400-700 reflétant respectivement un accès plus profonds aux représentations gestuelles et un traitement en mémoire de travail. Ensemble, ces résultats montrent que l’allongement des temps de réponse aux tâches de jugements de Manipulation s’explique par un coût cognitif plus important pour la comparaison de traits gestuels plutôt que par un accès tardif à ces représentations. La prédiction de l’approche incarnée de la cognition n’est pas écartée. / Manipulable artifacts (or tools) can be defined according to their Function (i.e. what the object is for) or their Manipulation (i.e. the typical gestures associated with its use). The present PhD thesis is inscribed in the embodied cognition approach and supports the idea that gestural knowledge is the anchor point to the development of the conceptual representation of objects. Nevertheless, previous works showed that Function similarity judgments are made faster than those of Manipulation suggesting that Function is more readily available than Manipulation. Using the priming paradigm, we explored the organization of Manipulation and Function knowledge throughout life. We showed that gestural traits facilitate the naming of objects in 8-year-olds and that this effect decreases linearly with age. This inhibitory effect appears in young and in elderly. At the same time, the functional features are only incidentally activated in the young group and lead to facilitation effect. However, the direction of the priming effect seems to depend on the type of processing performed on the target object. Indeed, by using an object decision task, a facilitation is observed in Manipulation . These results support two crucial ideas: they confirm the primacy of gestural representations, and the slower anchoring of functional knowledge in the representations of objects; and, on the other hand, they show that the procedural format of gestural traits can slow down the semantic processing of the object. This last point is clarified by the investigation of the processes involved during the judgment of two objects on the basis of their Function vs. Manipulation in brain imaging. Our fMRI study showed that the similarity judgment in terms of gestures leads to the specific activation of parietal (gestural representations), frontal (motor simulation), and cerebellar (inhibition of gesture execution) regions compared to function. The latter does not show any specific activation. Finally, our EEG study showed that Manipulation judgment leads to an increased structural object processing occurring early, as well as two other processing observed on the P300 and P400-700 components, and reflecting, respectively, a deeper access to gestural representations, and a working memory processing. Together, these results show that slower response times to Manipulation with respect to Function judgment tasks is explained by a higher cognitive cost for the comparison of gestural traits rather than by late access to these representations. The prediction of the embodied approach of cognition is still maintained.

A dissertação de mestrado desenvolvida tem como objetivo colaborar com a avaliação conceitual da forma erosiva terracete de pisoteio de gado, ainda pouco desenvolvida e, avaliar as perturbações do meio físico associadas ao pisoteio de gado. O objetivo da pesquisa torna-se relevante ao constatar que a temática desenvolvida é objeto de poucas produções acadêmicas. Além disso, no caso brasileiro, a grande área de terras utilizadas para a pastagem gera a necessidade de entendimento do funcionamento dessa paisagem antrópica para se produza formas corretas de manejo e possíveis restrições para o uso do solo a fim de evitar perturbações no meio físico difíceis de serem revertidas. Para elaborar a análise proposta, utilizou-se como embasamento teórico-metodológico a Geomorfologia Antropogênica em que a sociedade humana é inserida como agente de formação do relevo mesmo que indiretamente como no caso de áreas para a pastagem. Na perspectiva da Geomorfologia Antropogênica é necessário uma abordagem multiescalar para entender a magnitude das perturbações geradas no meio físico pelo ser humano. A primeira linha de investigação para o desenvolvimento da dissertação foi a pesquisa bibliográfica multilíngüe sobre o verbete terracete de pisoteio de gado. Completando a pesquisa bibliográfica, a segunda linha de investigação foi a analise em campo das perturbações do meio físico associadas aos terracetes de pisoteio de gado, com parâmetros físicos do solo e morfológicos da vertente. Como área de estudo, foi escolhida uma vertente amostral da parte rural da cidade de Joanópolis SP. A vertente amostral pertence ao Planalto Atlântico com solos pouco espesso e uso agrícola intensa, possibilitando a comparação entre do trecho da vertente preservado e o trecho antrópico com pastagem. Na vertente amostral foram aplicadas técnicas de campo reconhecidas academicamente. Como procedimento inicial utilizou-se o pantômetro por permitir o cálculo preciso da declividade. Com a análise inicial em campo e a elaboração do perfil topográfico, foram selecionados três pontos de controle para a medição de resistência a penetração; medição da densidade do solo e; a análise morfológica do solo. Os resultados evidenciaram que as perturbações geomorfológicas e pedológicas criadas pelo rebanho bovino são intensas e de diversos tipos. O caminhar do gado também promove a exposição do solo, visto que dificulta ou impede o crescimento da pastagem, pois ao compactar o solo, gera resistência a penetração superior ao limite de crescimento radicular. A compactação do solo é mais profunda que o horizonte A e, em solos pouco espessos, como o neossolo estudado nessa pesquisa, o terracete de pisoteio de gado tem um limite físico para a sua profundidade a rocha parental. / The developed dissertation aims to collaborate with the conceptual evaluation of cattle-tracks erosive form, which studies are still little developed, and to evaluate the physical disturbance associated with cattle trampling. The objective of this research is relevant to add the developed subject itself, which has been presented in few academic productions. Besides that, in Brazilian case, the large land area used for grazing, generates the necessity to understand the functionality of the anthropic landscape, in order to produce correct forms of handling and possible use of land restrictions to avoid disturbances in the physical environment, which are difficult to be reversed. Composing the proposed analysis, it was applied as theoretic and methodological praxis the Antropic Geomorphology where in the society is an agent of relief formation even indirectly, like the case of grazing. In perspective of anthropic geomorphology is necessary a multi-scale approach to understand the magnitude of the disturbance generated in the physical environment caused by human being. The first investigation line for the development of this dissertation was the bibliographic multilingual search about the word cattletracks. In completion of the bibliographic search, the second investigation line was the analyses in field about the disturbance in physical environment associated to the cattle-tracks, with physical soil parameters and morphological slope parameters analyses. As study area, a sample slope of Joanópolis rural area was selected. The sample slope belongs to Atlantic plateau with shallow soil e intense agricultural use enabling comparison between the segment with cover forest and segment with grazing. In the sample slope, it was applied field techniques academical lyre cognized. And as an initial procedure it was used the pantometer, which allows accurate calculation of slope. Up the initial field analysis and profile elaboration, three control points were selected in order to measure the penetration resistance, measure the soil density and morphology. The results showed that geomorphological and pedological disturbance created by cattle was intense and from several types.The cattle grazing causes naked soil, because hinders or prevents the growth of pasture, therefore compacts the soil, creates penetration resistance upper to the limit root growth. The soil compact is deeper than the horizon A and, in shallow soil, as the soil of this research, the cattle-tracks has a physical limit for its deepness, which is the parent rock.

張湛《列子注》長久以來在學術界未受到重視，但是在整個魏晉玄學的發展史上（尤其是東晉玄學）實具有不可磨滅的價值，因此對於張湛的玄學思想應給予什麼樣的評價？張湛的「貴虛」思想與《列子》的「貴虛」究竟有什麼不同？他的理論是否可以名之為「貴虛論」？張湛的思想體系只是單純的雜揉各家的說法、還是又提出了一些新的命題及概念？這些都是在探討張湛思想所欲解決的問題。本文擬分為六章，以「貴虛」為理論核心，再探討相關的幾個重要的子題--言意觀、力命論、天道觀、聖人論等，將張湛的行為及思考模式作一時代的定位。本文各章重點如下:第一章緒論，先宏觀介紹東晉玄學的特色及《列子注》「貴虛」的意涵，並對張湛是否偽作《列子》疑案作一釐清。第二章言意觀，說明《列子注》言意之辨的內涵，從去知忘言的語言模式及名實與公私二方面論述。進而再探討張湛的思考脈絡及思維方式。第三章天道觀，探討有無之辨的思想背景及思想內涵，從道與的關係、萬有生化的情形、宇宙的生成三方面申說。第四章力命論，主要探討理與力命的關係及「為我」與「知命」觀念的矛盾與調和。第五章聖人之道，說明張湛「聖人」模式的內涵及儒道調和的意義，並進一步闡明張湛對於覺與夢的辨別及具體的修養之方。第六章結論，對張湛思想體系的檢討及評價。

<p>In this report, the principles of man-made object detection in satellite images is investigated. An overview of terminology and of how the detection problem is usually solved today is given. A three level system to solve the detection problem is proposed. The main branches of this system handle road, and city detection respectively. To achieve data source flexibility, the Logical Sensor notion is used to model the low level system components. Three Logical Sensors have been implemented and tested on Landsat TM and SPOT XS scenes. These are: BDT (Background Discriminant Transformation) to construct a man-made object property field; Local-orientation for texture estimation and road tracking; Texture estimation using local variance and variance of local orientation. A gradient magnitude measure for road seed generation has also been tested.</p>

A dissertação de mestrado desenvolvida tem como objetivo colaborar com a avaliação conceitual da forma erosiva terracete de pisoteio de gado, ainda pouco desenvolvida e, avaliar as perturbações do meio físico associadas ao pisoteio de gado. O objetivo da pesquisa torna-se relevante ao constatar que a temática desenvolvida é objeto de poucas produções acadêmicas. Além disso, no caso brasileiro, a grande área de terras utilizadas para a pastagem gera a necessidade de entendimento do funcionamento dessa paisagem antrópica para se produza formas corretas de manejo e possíveis restrições para o uso do solo a fim de evitar perturbações no meio físico difíceis de serem revertidas. Para elaborar a análise proposta, utilizou-se como embasamento teórico-metodológico a Geomorfologia Antropogênica em que a sociedade humana é inserida como agente de formação do relevo mesmo que indiretamente como no caso de áreas para a pastagem. Na perspectiva da Geomorfologia Antropogênica é necessário uma abordagem multiescalar para entender a magnitude das perturbações geradas no meio físico pelo ser humano. A primeira linha de investigação para o desenvolvimento da dissertação foi a pesquisa bibliográfica multilíngüe sobre o verbete terracete de pisoteio de gado. Completando a pesquisa bibliográfica, a segunda linha de investigação foi a analise em campo das perturbações do meio físico associadas aos terracetes de pisoteio de gado, com parâmetros físicos do solo e morfológicos da vertente. Como área de estudo, foi escolhida uma vertente amostral da parte rural da cidade de Joanópolis SP. A vertente amostral pertence ao Planalto Atlântico com solos pouco espesso e uso agrícola intensa, possibilitando a comparação entre do trecho da vertente preservado e o trecho antrópico com pastagem. Na vertente amostral foram aplicadas técnicas de campo reconhecidas academicamente. Como procedimento inicial utilizou-se o pantômetro por permitir o cálculo preciso da declividade. Com a análise inicial em campo e a elaboração do perfil topográfico, foram selecionados três pontos de controle para a medição de resistência a penetração; medição da densidade do solo e; a análise morfológica do solo. Os resultados evidenciaram que as perturbações geomorfológicas e pedológicas criadas pelo rebanho bovino são intensas e de diversos tipos. O caminhar do gado também promove a exposição do solo, visto que dificulta ou impede o crescimento da pastagem, pois ao compactar o solo, gera resistência a penetração superior ao limite de crescimento radicular. A compactação do solo é mais profunda que o horizonte A e, em solos pouco espessos, como o neossolo estudado nessa pesquisa, o terracete de pisoteio de gado tem um limite físico para a sua profundidade a rocha parental. / The developed dissertation aims to collaborate with the conceptual evaluation of cattle-tracks erosive form, which studies are still little developed, and to evaluate the physical disturbance associated with cattle trampling. The objective of this research is relevant to add the developed subject itself, which has been presented in few academic productions. Besides that, in Brazilian case, the large land area used for grazing, generates the necessity to understand the functionality of the anthropic landscape, in order to produce correct forms of handling and possible use of land restrictions to avoid disturbances in the physical environment, which are difficult to be reversed. Composing the proposed analysis, it was applied as theoretic and methodological praxis the Antropic Geomorphology where in the society is an agent of relief formation even indirectly, like the case of grazing. In perspective of anthropic geomorphology is necessary a multi-scale approach to understand the magnitude of the disturbance generated in the physical environment caused by human being. The first investigation line for the development of this dissertation was the bibliographic multilingual search about the word cattletracks. In completion of the bibliographic search, the second investigation line was the analyses in field about the disturbance in physical environment associated to the cattle-tracks, with physical soil parameters and morphological slope parameters analyses. As study area, a sample slope of Joanópolis rural area was selected. The sample slope belongs to Atlantic plateau with shallow soil e intense agricultural use enabling comparison between the segment with cover forest and segment with grazing. In the sample slope, it was applied field techniques academical lyre cognized. And as an initial procedure it was used the pantometer, which allows accurate calculation of slope. Up the initial field analysis and profile elaboration, three control points were selected in order to measure the penetration resistance, measure the soil density and morphology. The results showed that geomorphological and pedological disturbance created by cattle was intense and from several types.The cattle grazing causes naked soil, because hinders or prevents the growth of pasture, therefore compacts the soil, creates penetration resistance upper to the limit root growth. The soil compact is deeper than the horizon A and, in shallow soil, as the soil of this research, the cattle-tracks has a physical limit for its deepness, which is the parent rock.

Documentation of social impacts resulting from the construction of Lake Ray Roberts is to be incorporated into a two year post-impoundment study. Research objectives are to: 1) locate current residences of landowners and previous landowners who were displaced; 2) determine social impacts resulting from construction of Lake Ray Roberts; 3) document degree of satisfaction with current living conditions; 4) document landowners' degree of satisfaction associated with COE negotiations; 5) document landowners' observations. Landowners were identified by telephone and sent a mail-back questionnaire. Respondents were generally happy with current residences and communities. While courtesy and sufficient information were provided by the COE, respondents would have preferred for property settlements to be more consistent and timely.

Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) has been used for various remote sensing applications since more information could be obtained in multiple polarizations. The overall objective of this thesis is to investigate urban area information extraction from PolSAR data with the following specific objectives: (1) to exploit polarimetric scattering model-based decomposition methods for urban areas, (2) to investigate effective methods for man-made target detection, (3) to develop edge detection and superpixel generation methods, and (4) to investigate urban area classification and segmentation. Paper 1 proposes a new scattering coherency matrix to model the cross-polarized scattering component from urban areas, which adaptively considers the polarization orientation angles of buildings. Thus, the HV scattering components from forests and oriented urban areas can be modelled respectively. Paper 2 presents two urban area decompositions using this scattering model. After the decomposition, urban scattering components can be effectively extracted. Paper 3 presents an improved man-made target detection method for PolSAR data based on nonstationarity and asymmetry. Reflection asymmetry was incorporate into the azimuth nonstationarity extraction method to improve the man-made target detection accuracy, i.e., removing the natural areas and detecting the small targets. In Paper 4, the edge detection of PolSAR data was investigated using SIRV model and Gauss-shaped filter. This detector can locate the edge pixels accurately with fewer omissions. This could be useful for speckle noise reduction, superpixel generation and others. Paper 5 investigates an unsupervised classification method for PolSAR data in urban areas. The ortho and oriented buildings can be discriminated very well. Paper 6 proposes an adaptive superpixel generation method for PolSAR images. The algorithm produces compact superpixels that can well adhere to image boundaries in both natural and urban areas. / Polarimetriska Synthetic Aperture Radar (PolSAR) har använts för olika fjärranalystillämpningar för, eftersom mer information kan erhållas från multipolarisad data. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka informationshämtning över urbana områden från PolSAR data med följande särskilda mål: (1) att utnyttja polarimetrisk spridningsmodellbaserade nedbrytningsmetoder för stadsområden, (2) att undersöka effektiva metoder för upptäckt av konstgjorda objekt, (3) att utveckla metoder som kantavkänning och superpixel generation, och (4) för att undersöka klassificering och segmentering av stadsområden. Artikel 1 föreslår en ny spridnings-koherens matris för att modellera korspolariserade spridningskomponent från tätorter, som adaptivt utvärderar polariseringsorienteringsvinkel av byggnader. Artikel 2 presenterar nedbrytningstekniken över två urbana områden med hjälp av denna spridningsmodell. Efter nedbrytningen kunde urbana spridningskomponenter effektivt extraheras. Artikel 3 presenterar en förbättrad detekteringsmetod för konstgjorda mål med PolSAR data baserade på icke-stationaritet och asymmetri. integrerades reflektionsasymmetri i icke-stationaritetsmetoden för att förbättra noggrannheten i upptäckten av konstgjorda föremål, dvs. att ta bort naturområden och upptäcka de små föremålen. I artikel 4 undersöktes kantdetektering av PolSAR data med hjälp av SIRV modell och ett Gauss-formad filter. Denna detektor kan hitta kantpixlarna noggrant med mindre utelämnande. Detta skulle den vara användbar för reduktion av brus, superpixel generation och andra. Artikel 5 utforskar en oövervakad klassificeringsmetod av PolSAR data över stadsområden. Orto- och orienterade byggnader kan särskiljas mycket väl. Baserat på artikel 4 föreslår artikel 6 en adaptiv superpixel generationensmetod för PolSAR data. Algoritmen producerar kompakta superpixels som kan kommer att följa bildgränser i både naturliga och stadsområden. / <p>QC 20160607</p>