Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine the various mechanisms that can be used to integrate new technology into existing products, and to determine some of the conditions under which specific integration mechanisms are most appropriate. Design/methodology/approach The paper adopted an exploratory theory¿building approach based on analysis of data from 12 case studies, each representing companies with varying levels of: technological maturity of the organization and technological advancement of their products. Informants were managers and engineers who had responsibility for, or a significant role in, the integration of software and hardware. At least three interviews were conducted in each company and all interviews were of at least two hours duration. In total, 41 interviews were conducted. The different approaches used for technology integration were examined and subsequently mapped using the twin dimensions outlined above. Findings Cross¿case pattern analysis indicates that for technologically mature organizations, mechanisms based on processes are most appropriate, while for less mature organizations an approach based on structural mechanisms may be more suitable. Similarly, in cases involving high levels of technology advancement in the products, integration mechanisms based on processes and culture are preferable, whereas for low technology products the mechanisms are clustered around resource¿based approaches. Research limitations/implications Multiple cases do not permit as much depth as the classic single case study and tend to yield ¿modest¿ rather than ¿grand¿ theoretical development. The use of scaling to convert qualitative data into quantitative data, and the identification of patterns in cross¿case analysis are both based on interpretive judgements. Future research should examine the proposed model and its constructs in different settings and using alternative research methods. There is also an opportunity to explore the relationships between the integration mechanisms and the outcomes of integration projects, and finally, it would be useful to extend the work to service settings and to integration of process technology. Practical implications The findings provide guidance to managers in selecting alternative approaches to managing the process of technology integration in different contexts. Examples are given of practices associated with each integration mechanism, together with some of the tensions and challenges which arise during implementation. Originality/value The paper provides clear guidance on the approaches that can be used for technology integration for product development. It classifies these according to the level of maturity and experience in the organization and the level of advancement of the product offered by the technology.

This study examines citizens awareness and usage of government e-services. Governments use Web-based Internet applications to enhance their citizens access to government services. However, in a case study in Brunei Darussalam, it was found that the government s initiative in providing e-services in last few years has not been as successful as it could have been as the services have not been citizen-centric. This was due to the availability of e-services being unknown amongst the citizens and that a silo-based approach existed for each government ministry. One notable finding was that although the ICT literacy of Brunei citizens has rapidly improved, this has not been reflected in the citizens interaction with government. There are several challenges for citizens awareness and use of government e-services that occur on e-government initiatives. Failure in managing such problems, results in a high probability of these services becoming a white elephant , with inefficiency, wastefulness and cost overruns on e-government projects. E-government management agencies still do not have an organized citizens awareness strategy approach to managing knowledge in e-government initiatives. The proposed Government e Services Citizens Awareness Strategy (GeS-CAS) framework, incorporating communication, management and education strategies, can effectively be used to enable e-government agencies to deal with e-government projects problems and risks in an organised and efficient way. It is concluded that e-government initiatives management can be improved if the knowledge dimensions of the problems are well understood and are conveyed to the right people, at the right time and the right place, and are appropriately managed. This research has developed an integrated citizens awareness strategy Knowledge Management framework that provides a structured approach to achieving this which is easy to understand and put in to practice by e-government agencies, and can be used to solve citizen awareness problems, explore opportunities and make decisions.

本研究旨在瞭解少子化對教育環境與國民中學學校經營之影響、教育行政機關在政策面及實務面因應少子化之道、少子化下國民中學學校經營之因應策略及其重要性等方面。研究對象為臺北縣市教育行政機關人員及臺北縣市公立國民中學之校長、候用校長與教務主任為訪談及問卷施測之對象。問卷發出277份，回收218份，問卷回收率為78.70%。資料分析採平均數與標準差等方法。 綜合問卷與訪談結果，本研究歸納幾點結論： 一、少子化對教育環境的影響包括對社會整體、學校環境、教師及家長等層面之影響。 二、教育行政機關因應之道，中央行政機關的政策面與實務面因應之道包括：(一)建立裁併校指標、(二)教師方面培養教師第二專長、增加輔導教師人力及規劃教師共聘機制、(三)學校層面降低班級人數提昇教學品質、編列教育補助預算、(四)推動教師及師培機構評鑑機制等層面；地方行政機關的政策面與實務面因應之道包括：(一)學校教師員額管控與聘任新進教師、(二)教師專業成長、(三)偏遠地區學校裁併與新設校之考量、(四)學校空間規劃與硬體之改善等層面。 三、少子化對國民中學學校經營之影響層面包括：(一)少子化對國民中學學校經營之衝擊、(二)少子化對國民中學學校經營之新契機、(三)少子化對國民中學教師帶來之改變。 四、少子化國民中學學校經營之因應策略及其重要性為：(一)建立品牌形象、(二)精進教師專業成長、(三)強化學校招生策略、(四)推動學校創新經營、(五)加強校本課程、(六)運用學校校園閒置空間等層面。 依據上述研究結果，針對中央及地方教育行政機關、對國民中學學校經營、對後續研究提出幾項具體建議，供教育行政機關及學校校長等相關政策規劃及學校經營上之參考。 / The object of this research is focused on exploring and understanding how a birth rate policy affects junior high school education, school management, administrative authorities for education policy and practice ;therefore ,responds the adaption to the changing environment,and concludes the implication and importance for school management strategy . This research was conducted under the questionnaire survey aiming at Taipei public and private authorities staffs , schools principals and its candidates , and academic affair supervisors with sampling size of 277 volunteers and withdrew 218 copies thereof effective, i.e. withdrawing rate 78.70%. Regarding the research tool includes mean and standard deviation analysis. According to the research analysis and discussion, it comes to the conclusions as following： 1.A birth rate policy influences on education environment including society, school, teacher and parent aspects. 2.As regards Central education authorities responding the policy and practice to the changing environment include. (1)establish school close down and consolidation indicators. (2)cultivate and train teachers with secondary specialty , enhance faculty counseling staffs and planning mechanism for co-selecting teachers. (3)scale down the number of a class student , promote education quality, and propose a education supplementary budgets. (4)promote teacher performance and appraisal implement mechanism ; and further,Local education authorities responding the policy and practice are (1)Control the number of faculty and new teachers recruitment. (2)Cultivate and promote teachers specialty. (3)Feasibility study on remote district schools close down or consolidation. (4)Improving the campus space and hardware facility . 3.A birth rate policy influences on junior high school management respects are: (1) Impacting on school administration and management. (2)Emerging incidentally new opportunity from those influences. (3)As far as junior high schools’ teachers are concerned, changing incidentally with those influences. 4.The said policy implication and importance for school management strategy including： (1)To establish brand image. (2)Cultivate and promote teachers specialty. (3)To strengthen the student enrollment strategy. (4)Creating an innovative school management strategy. (5)Upgrade and intensify the course contents and level. (6)To utilize the unused or idle space or facility. Finally, according to the research findings and conclusions, I propose some suggestions regarding practice applications and subsequent studies respectively to school principal and education authorities for implementing the related policy and management strategy.

“Knowledge is the only treasure you can give entirely without running short of it (African proverb cited in IFAD, 2007).” And it has been largely recognised by organisations that knowledge is a resource that they can leverage on. As Bryan (2004) mentioned, the proprietary knowledge that resides in the minds of a company’s top professionals are a source of Competitive Advantage. Therefore, organisations that leverage on Knowledge Management to promote a Knowledge Management Strategy can achieve Competitive Advantage in a world of rapid change and growth where only organisations who keep on learning and adapting will survive. Therefore, this thesis work aims to answer the following research question: “How does leveraging on Knowledge Management promotes the delivery of Knowledge Management Strategy to achieve Competitive Advantage through the Dynamic Capabilities View?” The purpose of this research is to understand more about the practical path which aims to evolve into a dynamic path for organisations to leverage on Knowledge Management (KM) in order that its strategy consecution delivers Competitive Advantage. The authors explore the subject matter by building from existing literature on the main theoretical areas encountered, and then design the research and its approach from the research question. The research followed a qualitative approach and method by utilising semi-structured interviews done to 7 international development organisations, where 13 respondents contributed with their experiences and insights from their involvement in KM in their organisations. Moreover, secondary data was used to complement, support, compare and contrast the findings of the empirical research as the authors used qualitative documents related to the topic published by the organisations. As a result, all primary and secondary data were analysed in an inter-subjective interpretative way deriving from the theoretical framework in order to answer the research question. The research revealed that the identified gap in literature between Knowledge Management and Knowledge Management Strategy is also existing in practice. It was identified that it depends on the maturity of KM in the organisation and/or the organisation’ maturity itself. But is not only restricted to that, the success of a KMS is directly linked to how the organisation articulates KM, and the importance given to it is based on the sense and utilisation of the dynamic nature of KM. Thus, it can turn its organisational capabilities into Dynamic Capabilities and achieve a Competitive Advantage, this is fundamental in international development organisations in the nonprofit sector, which is increasingly striving for resources where every organisation aims to be “the partner of choice.”

綜觀現有的兒童產業界，採取策略性長期投資經營的企業為數並不多，在市場日益競爭及營運規模調節之間，商業利益與身負兒童紮根教育使命的考量經常難兩全，以致兒教經營業者極少數會長期投資建置客戶資訊管理平台及定期提升企業管理優化的解決方案。本論文將以日商個案公司之海外合作為個案，探究個案公司自有的經營模式以及結盟開展的商業互補策略合作模式，朝企業創造最大合作經營綜效方向尋找合作夥伴，讓原有自營的傳統模式，產生了突破性的新會員與營收拉升效益，形成海外子公司之異業通路結盟創新個案模式。與結盟廠商互蒙其利的合作架構與理念下，個案公司期許要在中國市場開展新形態會員服務模式，成為最佳兒童教育服務業的領導品牌。 本研究擬以個案分析法來研究日商個案公司之海外經營策略，了解現行公司面臨的市場競合問題，運用司徒達賢教授之「策略矩陣分析法」策略型態六大構面為分析基礎，藉策略矩陣的形成，來闡述產業價值鏈與經營績效管理上的策略涵義及競爭優勢，提出企業的問題關鍵點，探討企業轉型變革思考。在面對全球景氣循環不穩及日本人口紅利快速下降環境下，兒童產業的多角化經營，讓個案公司重新思考海外市場的通路創新經營，以最佳商業模式、競爭策略來創造其幼兒市場新契機與整合價值。

Submitted by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-04T15:04:33Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_micheli umebayashi.pdf: 1052682 bytes, checksum: bc65a0e9694e23cf43eb7fa1226fb6a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Alves Rodrigues (aalves@espm.br) on 2018-10-04T15:05:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_micheli umebayashi.pdf: 1052682 bytes, checksum: bc65a0e9694e23cf43eb7fa1226fb6a5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Debora Cristina Bonfim Aquarone (deborabonfim@espm.br) on 2018-10-04T18:48:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_micheli umebayashi.pdf: 1052682 bytes, checksum: bc65a0e9694e23cf43eb7fa1226fb6a5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-04T18:49:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_micheli umebayashi.pdf: 1052682 bytes, checksum: bc65a0e9694e23cf43eb7fa1226fb6a5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-15 / Purpose: To analyze if the mechanisms that lead Brazilians to donate organizations (NGOs) are similar to those other countries to have this behavior, in addition to a comparison between the factors contextuals that seek to explain why some countries are more generous than others. Methodology: Case study conducted from 25 interviews in depth (a database of donors and non-donors of a Brazilian organization large) submitted to content analysis and then to Fuzzy analysis Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Conclusion: There are differences between the mechanisms proposed in the literature and what was observed in the interviewee. The presence of a trigger - an internal event or important in the life of the individual - can be determinant for the donation to take place. It was also verified that there is a negative perception about the performance of NGOs, their role and importance in society and the image of an inefficient and corrupt government, factors that may be associated with the country's low performance in the global ranking of Philanthropy. Originality: Contribute to the extension and validity of studies carried out developed countries, insofar as the theories donors from a country in the Southern Hemisphere, with an average HDI and a culture of unrestrained giving. In addition, contributing to the construction of a theoretical framework on donation in Brazil and generate knowledge about Brazilian donors, in order to support professionals working in non-governmental develop their activities in the country / Finalidade: Analisar se os mecanismos que levam brasileiros a doarem para organizações não governamentais (ONGs) são semelhantes aos que levam doadores de outros países a ter esse comportamento, além de uma comparação entre os fatores contextuais que buscam explicar porque alguns países são mais generosos que outros. Metodologia: Estudo de casos realizado a partir de 25 entrevistas em profundidade (base de dados de doadores e não doadores de uma organização brasileira de grande porte) submetidas à análise de conteúdo e, em seguida, à análise Fuzzy Qualitative Comparative Analysis. Conclusão: Há diferenças entre os mecanismos propostos na literatura e o que foi observado no entrevistado. A presença de um trigger – um acontecimento interno ou externo marcante na vida do indivíduo – pode ser determinante para que ocorra a doação. Verificou-se também que há uma percepção negativa sobre a atuação das ONGs, seu papel e importância na sociedade e a imagem de um governo ineficiente e corrupto, fatores que podem estar associados ao baixo desempenho do país no ranking global de Filantropia. Originalidade: Contribuir com a extensão e validade de estudos realizados majoritariamente em países desenvolvidos, na medida em que as teorias foram aplicadas e exploradas a partir de doadores de um país do hemisfério sul, com um IDH médio e uma cultura de doação não fortalecida. Além disso, contribuir para construção de um quadro teórico sobre doação no Brasil e gerar conhecimento sobre os doadores brasileiros, a fim de apoiar os profissionais que atuam nas organizações não governamentais que desenvolvem suas atividades no país.

The purpose of this study was first to determine the satisfaction level of bus drivers pertaining to school building administration, transportation department, and student behaviors, and second to identify the common behavior management strategies used by bus driver in a particular school system in east Tennessee. I also compared the common behavior management strategies used by school bus drivers who are also employed by the school system in some position in addition to this vocation with school bus drivers who are not employed by the school system other than driving the school bus. I also compared behavior management strategies in the following categories: age, years of experience, and gender. For this quantitative element of the study, I requested bus drivers who met the criteria complete an anonymous survey. The survey had 20 items that focus on the bus drivers' satisfaction in areas of school building administration, transportation department, and student behavior. Bus drivers responded to each item by selecting responses on a 5-point scale from extremely dissatisfied to extremely satisfied, with neutral being the middle point. A single sample t-test was conducted and the results showed bus drivers were satisfied to a significant extent with school building administration and transportation department, while bus drivers were neither satisfied or dissatisfied with student behavior. Bus drivers also ranked their top five behavior management strategies. Results were categorized by age, years of experience, gender, and whether they were employed by the school system in another position. The overall top five behavior management strategies by bus drivers were 1) Assigning a student to a particular seat, 2) Reporting students to school building administration, 3) Moving a student to a particular seat during the bus route, 4) Use of video surveillance, and 5) Discussing a student's behavior with a parent or guardian. I also interviewed 10 school building administrators in the same school system for their perspective on student behavior management strategies recommended for bus drivers to use on school buses and also their perspective on the impact student behavior on a school bus has on a student at school. Responses were also solicited from school building administrators of their perspective of driver management practices that seem most and least conducive to managing and preventing behaviors on buses. I recorded the responses given to these questions and listed the responses along with any additional comments from administrators. Most of the responses correspond with the responses bus drivers gave in their interviews. Half of the administrators stated school buses should be operated like a classroom with rules and consequences.

營造業因為產業關聯效果大，素有火車頭工業之稱。然近年營造業面臨了嚴重的衰退；而台灣加入WTO之後，外商將搶食大型公共工程營造市場的大餅；BOT、BOO自償性的建設計畫可能成為大型營造工程的重要來源，以及震災後帶來的商機等環境的快速變遷等等，都將對大型營造業帶來很大的衝擊。業者要如何擬定經營策略以能利用本身的優勢，創造持久的競爭力，是業者當前重要的課題，也是本研究要探討的重點。 本研究係以Aaker的策略市場管理的構成概要模式，採個案研究法，以深入訪談、資料分析及側面調查交互運用方式，探討個案公司所面臨的問題及應採的策略。獲致以下四點結論： 1.台灣大型營造業的關鍵成功因素為公司商譽、財務調度能力、營建管理能力、估價算標能力、應收帳款週轉率及規模經濟，營造業應據以審視本身的競爭力。 2.BOT、BOO建設計畫是未來大型營造業工程的重要來源，且將以統包方式承攬，台灣的大型營造業要及時掌握。 3.台灣加入WTO後，國際性的大型營造工程廠商勢必挾其先進的工法及機具設備大舉滲透國內大型工程營造市場區隔，將壓縮台灣大型工程營造廠商的生存空間，營造業要及早因應。 4.個案公司目前宜採的策略方向為縮減與成長交互運用的綜合策略，最適當的成長策略是多角化策略。進入電子商務相關產業市場，最能達成個案公司亟求成長及獲利的轉型目標，並培養核心能力，以建立持久不敗的競爭優勢。 最後，並分別對個案公司、其他大型營造業及政府部門提出幾點建議以供參考。

The study is based on the views of medical equipment agent industry, to discuss the transition and development of government procurement system and the effect on industry benefits, disadvantages by public policy. Both "political" and "economy" are the purposes of Government Procurement Law (GPL). Government procurement operations have to be political fairness and the economic benefit at the same time. The dilemma for GPL design is to prevent abuse, which is far away from the public policy object, and to avoid interfering with the operation of free market. In this thesis, open information of Ministry of Economic Affairs and Public Construction Commission, data from newspaper, papers, government laws, and the experiments of medical instrument agents were involved to study the relationships and interactions between themselves. This research studies on the operation of GPL through literature review to confirm the questions and framework for the qualification, specification, prices. We interviewed four senior medical equipment suppliers (OEM, agent) for data analysis and collection. Between the competitive structure of market and non-market environment, enterprises are focus to achieve the best business interest and the highest efficiency, however, they are at a loss in the conflict of public policy spirit and the operation of the law. On the limitation of bureaucratic culture and regulatory constraints, how to strengthen government ¡§procurement management", to formulate a integrity, flexible, and authorized procurement system is very important. We think there is very large space to improve whole medical industry, and some advices was brought out in government procurement enhancement, medical instrument industry development, and the benefit of people health. All public policies and rules need to combine with reality and current status. If we only consider theoretical reduction, but ignore the influence of reality, all laws will be a mere formality and useless. GPL is a ¡§law of large numbers¡¨ which has large difference in variety of industries and may need to modify in the change of environment. If GPL was modified roughly, even a good law would be canceled out. Business managers need have ability to manage political environment, to dealing with emergency, and to maintain and create competitive advantages by adapting political environment and laws. The development of medical equipments is a business that is combined with technical innovation, high R&D risk, public interests, and economical interests. Governments need assist and guide the direction of GPL correctly, and only for that, the dreams for building the Taiwan Biological Technology Island can come true.

Traditionally, it is commonly believe that the marine fish stock is renewable and inexhaustible. However, following a dramatic progress of fishing technology, it is proved that the unregulated fishing activity would cause the resource stock deteriorated. It is a necessary evil to design a management procedure, which implements an annual fishing quota system in order to maintain the sustainability of the fish resource. In the most recent years, sudden implementation quota restrictions in many international commissions for management and conservation of marine mammal and fish had posted a challenge to the fishing company of the Far Sea Fishery in Taiwan, which was not used to the quota regulation before. In the short run, the fishing company would react to get more quotas in any necessary ways to ensure their profitability, even though the quota is not obtained in a regular way. Five conservation commissions in the three oceans for the conservation of Tuna and Tuna-like Species have been established. International Commission for the Conversation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT) is the organization of Atlantic. Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission¡]WCPFC¡^and Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission¡]IATTC¡^is the organization of Pacific. The organization of Indian Ocean is Indian Ocean Tuna Commission¡]IOTC¡^which is a sub-organization of FAO(Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna¡]CCSBT¡^is a organization covering three oceans. Three commissions have implemented annual quota among the five. In recent year, the quantity of our fishing vessels have overtaken Japan and become the top rank of the Deep Sea Longline Fishing country in the world. Though there are still 2 commissions do not implement quota restriction, it is believed to be implemented soon. When the quota restriction is implemented by all the commissions, the fishing company can not get additional quota any more, then it will be very difficult to operate by a normal way. In order to avoid the serious influence of insufficient quota, the operating strategy must be made as soon as possibly. First of all, the basic concept of the Ultra Low Temperature Longline Fishery is introduced. Then the background and quota condition of the five tuna fish conservation commissions will be mentioned, especially the Indian Ocean will be discussed with more details. The case of fishing company will be taken as an example for the research. Except the detailed analysis of the case, some related good management will be considered also. A suggestion how to adjust the operation to facing the insufficiency of quota will be proposed as a reference. Keyword¡GTuna, Tuna Conservation, Tuna Long Line Fishing, Tuna Quota, SWOT Analysis, Fishery Management Strategy