SELinux ist eine Erweiterung für das Betriebssystem Linux, deren Einsatz eine Erhöhung der Systemsicherheit verspricht. Dieses Tutorial stellt einige der Grundlagen und Mechanismen von SELinux vor. Es gibt einen Einblick in Nutzung und Konfiguration. / SELinux is an extension to the Linux operating system. It promises an increase in system security. This tutorial introduces some of the principles and mechanisms of SELinux. It provides insight into its usage and configuration.

This dissertation develops three game-theoretic models in each of its three chapters to explore the strategic implications of transparency in the administrative state. Each model contains a similar set of three players: a political principal, an agent representing an agency or a bureaucrat, and an interested third party. The models consider the utility of transparency as a tool for mitigating regulatory capture, in which the third party influences the agent to serve its interest rather than the principal's. Chapter 1, "Transparency and Media Scrutiny in the Regulatory Process," models transparency as the volume of records that the media receives from the agent, which raises the likelihood of news alleging low costs to the interest group after the agent's proposal of lax regulation. Such reports cost these two players and may deter the group from capturing the agent. Among other things, the model describes costs due to distorted policy proposals and loss of information when greater transparency causes inaccurate reports to increase along with accurate ones. In Chapter 2, "Transparency and Power in Rulemaking," transparency is a requirement for the agent to disclose an item of information, such as his message from the regulated party or his signal about the cost of regulation. The agent can always disclose this information, but doing so may increase the principal's power to set regulation higher than he or the regulated party desires. A key result is that transparency is not necessary for the principal to know as much as the agent does but may discourage the generation of the message or signal. Chapter 3, "A Reverse Rationale for Reliance on Regulators," suggests that an agent can benefit a principal not by gathering information from an outsider that she cannot access, but by preventing her from obtaining or acting on this information. The agent benefits the principal when he induces additional effort in the outside party's information generation because he is more adversarial toward that party than she is. Mandatory disclosure of the agent's information is harmful because it effectively allows the outsider to communicate directly with the principal and provide lower quality information.

When anyone acquires control over a listed company the mandatory bid rule is triggered. This means that the person who acquires the control has to make an offer to buy the remaining shares in the company. The purpose of the rule is to protect the minority shareholders from the buyers. This rule has been considered to be burdensome and thus it is followed by an exemption rule which under some special circumstances may make the mandatory bid rule void. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze if the exemptions given by the Swedish securities council (in Swedish Aktiemarknadsnämnden) are in accordance with the purpose of the mandatory bid rule and if a review of these rules are needed. To answer the purpose, the Swedish securities councils statements has been analyzed, to determinate if the exemptions are in accordance with the purpose of the mandatory bid rule. The result of the analysis is that the rules need to be changed because exemptions from the mandatory bid rule are given to arbitrary in Sweden.

Bakgrund Svensk media uppmärksammade i början av 2000-talet brott mot livsmedelslagstiftningen inom både Sverige och andra länder i Europeiska unionen. Köttbedrägerier och fusk med ursprungsmärkning hade förekommit. Syfte Studiens syfte var att undersöka konsumenters läsande av och förtroende för obligatorisk livsmedelsinformation, att se om det fanns skillnader beroende på kön eller grad av utbildning, samt om det fanns samband mellan läsfrekvens och förtroende för informationen. Metod En enkät utformades i Google Documents och delades ut i Sverige hösten 2013 via forumet Facebook. Totalt samlades 159 enkäter in och analyserades i SPSS 21.0, med p=<0,05. Resultat Av den studerade livsmedelsinformationen läste deltagarna beteckning och bäst före-datum/sista förbrukningsdag mest frekvent. Förtroendet för obligatorisk livsmedelsinformation var överlag högt men signifikanta skillnader sågs varken beroende på kön eller utbildningsnivå. Kvinnor läste allergimärkning och ursprungsmärkning signifikant oftare än män. Högutbildade läste mängddeklaration signifikant oftare och förvaringsanvisning signifikant mer sällan än lågutbildade. Det fanns en signifikant positiv korrelation mellan hur ofta informanterna läste och hade förtroende för bäst före-datum/sista förbrukningsdag. Slutsats Den obligatoriska livsmedelsinformationen lästes med varierande frekvens men totalt sett oftare av kvinnorna än av männen. Skandalerna som uppmärksammats i media har inte orsakat lågt förtroende för informationen. För att bedöma om skandalerna har påverkat förtroendet i någon riktning bör studier som jämför situationen före med efter de skett göras. Huruvida läsfrekvens och förtroende för informationen har samband bör även det studeras ytterligare. / Background In the early 2000s the Swedish media reported violations of food law regulations in Sweden as well as in other countries in the European Union. Meat fraud had been observed and country of origin labeling manipulated. Objective The purpose of the study was to investigate consumers reading of and confidence in mandatory food information, to find out if there were differences according to gender or level of education. Furthermore the intention was to investigate if there were correlations between frequency of reading and having confidence in the information. Method A questionnaire was designed in Google Documents and handed out via the Facebook community in Sweden in the autumn of 2013. In total 159 questionnaires was collected and analyzed in SPSS 21.0 with p=<0,05. Results The participants read the name under which a product is sold and the date of minimum durability most frequently. Confidence in the mandatory food information was generally high but there were no significant differences according to gender or level of education. Women read allergy labeling and country of origin labeling significantly more often than men. Highly educated people read quantity declaration significantly more often and storage condition significantly less often than people at a lower level of education. There was a significant positive correlation between how often the participants read and had trust in the date of minimum durability.  Conclusion The mandatory food information was read with varying frequency but overall more often by women than men. The scandals reported in the media have not caused low trust in the information. In order to assess whether the scandals have affected the trust in any direction studies should be made comparing the situation before with after they occurred. Whether frequency in reading is correlated with trust in the information should also be further studied.

Sandorio, prieštaraujančio imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms, negaliojimas įtvirtinamas tiek Lietuvos, tiek užsienio valstybių nacionalinėje teisėje. Šis negaliojimo pagrindas valstybių nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose, o taip pat ir Europos sutarčių teisėje siejamas su itin svarbių teisės normų pažeidimu, kurių tikslas apsaugoti visos visuomenės mastu reikšmingas vertybes. Sandorio, prieštaraujančio imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms, negaliojimo pagrindas Lietuvos nacionalinėje teisėje įtvirtinamas CK 1.80 straipsnio 1 dalyje. Tai viena iš sutarties laisvės išimčių, nustatytų, siekiant užtikrinti teisėtumą civiliniuose santykiuose, apginti asmens teises ir teisėtus interesus. Sandorio negaliojimas minėtu pagrindu dažniausiai konstatuojamas, esant suinteresuoto asmens prašymui. Be teisės, suteikiamos suinteresuotiems asmenims, teisė ex officio konstatuoti sandorio negaliojimą įtvirtinama teismui, tačiau svarbu, tačiau turi būti nustatyta šio pagrindo taikymui būtina aplinkybių visuma: aplinkybė, kad teisės norma yra imperatyvi, kad ši teisės norma yra pažeista ir, kad pažeidimas lemia sandorio negaliojimą. Europos sutarčių teisėje taip pat atsižvelgiama į pažeidimo pasekmes, sandorio šalių tyčią, pažeidimo rimtumą ir kitas reikšmingas aplinkybes. Teismas, nustatęs šią aplinkybių visumą, t.y., kad sandoris prieštarauja imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms, gali ji pripažinti negaliojančiu ab initio, arba ex nunc, jeigu pagal bylos aplinkybes ab initio sandorio pripažinti negalima. Teismo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Invalidity of transactions contrary to mandatory rules is recognized in European Contract Law, also in national legal systems. Ground of invalidity of the contract contrary to the imperative rules is introduced at Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania paragraph 1.80. This is one of exceptions of contracts freedom set out in order to ensure the legitimacy of civil relations, to protect individual rights and legitimate interests. The mostly transactions contrary mandatory rules are invalidated as a consequence of being concerned person request. In addition despite of the rights granted to persons, the right to invalidate transaction ex officio is provided to court at paragraph 1.78. The using of the right ex-officio invalidate the transaction is based on the obvious invalidity of the transaction. Therefore, the court decision by its own initiative to invalidated contact contrary to the imperative norms can be made only when all the circumstances by which is based the invalidity of the transaction are investigated and determined. When the court finds existing all the circumstances that the transaction infringes the mandatory rules of the law, it may be declared that transaction is void ab initio or ex nunc. Application of court right ex officio invalidate transaction is especially needed when the transaction violated mandatory rules ensuring the needs of society and protecting the public interest. A lot of such rules regulate state-owned land purchase agreements. Infringement... [to full text]

Sverige har en lagstadgad anmälningsplikt som är obligatorisk för alla som i sitt arbete kommer i kontakt med barn. Lagen är tydlig med att alla misstänka missförhållanden skall anmälas. Forskning visar att anmälningsplikten inte alltid fungerar och att det bara är en liten del av de barn som riskerar att fara illa som kommer till socialtjänstens kännedom. Vidare forskning visar att få anmälningar kommer från hälso- och sjukvården. Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter i mötet med barn som far illa eller riskerar att fara illa. Litteraturstudien genomfördes med kvalitativ design och sökningar har gjorts i CINAHL, MEDLINE och PsycINFO. Åtta artiklar ansågs relevanta. Under analysen framkom tre teman: en emotionell utmaning, att känna sig begränsad och att våga agera. Resultatet visar att sjuksköterskan blir berörd i mötet med barn som far illa. Vidare beskriver sjuksköterskan osäkerhet, bristande kunskap och brister i organisationen. Sjuksköterskans professionella trygghet beskrivs utifrån kunskap och förvärvad erfarenhet. Det är angeläget att sjuksköterskans yrkeskompetens upprätthålls samt att det finns stöd att tillgå för att utveckla omvårdnaden kring barn som far illa. / In Sweden, everyone who comes in contact with children through their work has a statutory obligation to report child abuse. The law clearly states that any suspected child abuse must be reported. Research shows that the reporting does not always work. Only a small proportion of the children who might be victims of abuse come to the knowledge of Social Services. Further research shows that few notifications come from individuals within the health care system. The aim of this literature review was to describe nurses’ experiences of encounters with chil-dren who are victims of abuse or who are at risk of being abused. A qualitative design was used. CINAHL, MEDLINE and PsycINFO were used to select the articles, eight of which met the selection criteria. During the analysis, three themes emerged: An Emotional Challenge, Feeling Limited, and Daring to Act. The results show that the nurses are emotionally affected by their contact with abused children. The nurses also describe feelings of insecurity, a lack of knowledge, and organizational deficiencies. The nurses’ professional security is described as stemming from knowledge and experience. It is very important that the nurses’ professional competence is maintained and that there is support available in order to develop the care of abused children.

Valstybė, vykdydama nusikaltimų kontrolės ir prevencijos funkcijas, nepajėgi numatyti ir užkardyti kiekvieną konkretų nusikaltimą, taip pat negali padaryti to, kas neįmanoma – apsaugoti kiekvieną individą kiekvienu jo gyvenimo momentu. Asmens teisė į būtinąją gintį yra išvestinė iš Konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių į gyvybę (21 str.), į laisvės ir asmens neliečiamybę (20, 21 str.), nuosavybės ir būsto neliečiamybę (23, 24 str.), kitų prigimtinių teisių ir yra šių teisių gynimo priemonė. Taip pat teigiama ir Europos Konstitucijoje įtvirtintų žmogaus teisių į gyvybę (2 str.), kiekvienas turi teisę į pagarbą jo fizinei ir protinei neliečiamybei (3 str.), kiekvienas turi teisę į laisvę ir asmens saugumą (6 str.). Kiekvienas mūsų, nepaisant socialinės padėties, esame suinteresuoti gyventi saugioje visuomenėje. Nusipirkti ginklą šiandien nėra labai sudėtinga. Vertinant ginklų gausą, nesunku nuspėti, kad ne visi jų savininkai supranta atsakomybę. Ginklavimasis visų asmens ir turto saugumo problemų neišsprendžia, nors turi neabejotiną prevencinę naudą. Asmuo, įsigydamas ginklą, įgyja ne vien daiktą, jis kartu prisiima ir didelę atsakomybę: įgijęs ginklą, jis privalo užtikrinti, kad su juo bus saugiai elgiamasi, kad ginklas nepateks į svetimas rankas ir, naudojantis įgytu ginklu, bus išvengta nelaimingų atsitikimų. Todėl ginklų ir šaudmenų įgijimas, bet koks disponavimas jais yra griežtai reglamentuoti teisės aktais. Tyrimo problema: dabartinėje Lietuvoje nemažėja agresyvumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Executing the functions of control and prevention of crimes the state is not able to foresee and prevent each certain crime as well as to do what is impossible, i.e. to protect each individual at each moment in his life. A person’s right to mandatory defence is a derivative from the human right to life (art. 21), freedom and personal immunity (art. 20, 21), property and home immunity (art. 23, 24) established in the Constitution, other natural rights and is the means of defence of these rights. It is also stated by the human rights to life established in the European Constitution (art. 2), that everybody has a right to respect of his physical and mental immunity (art. 3), everybody has a right to freedom and personal safety (art. 6). Regardless of the social status each of us is interested in living in a safe society. To buy a gun nowadays is not very complicated. Evaluating the abundance of guns it is not very difficult to guess that not all of their holders understand the responsibility. The armament does not solve all the personal and property safety problems even though it has undeniable preventive benefit. A person obtaining a gun obtains not only a thing, he also takes a great responsibility: obtaining a gun he must ensure that it shall be used safely, the gun does not get into the other hands and using a gun accidents shall be avoided. Therefore, acquisition of guns and ammunition, any disposal of them is strictly regulated by the legislation. The problem of the... [to full text]

Bakgrund: År 2006 så initierade regeringen en utredning gällande slopandet av revisionsplikten i Sverige, som en del i att anpassa sig till EU:s direktiv. Regeländringen gick igenom år 2010 och små aktiebolag i Sverige fick möjligheten att välja bort revision. Efter slopandet av revisionen har diskussioner angående en ytterligare harmonisering mot det högre gränsvärdet i EU förts. Detta ledde in oss på forskningsfrågorna: Hur kan intressenter i Sverige påverkas av en eventuell framtida höjning av gränsvärdet? Vilka möjligheter har intressenterna att anpassa sig till effekterna av en höjning av gränsvärdet? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka de effekter en höjning av gränsvärdet för revision har för de tre signifikanta intressenterna; kreditgivare, Skatteverket och aktiebolag. Detta gör vi genom att jämföra förväntade effekter med de verkliga effekter som uppstod i EU länderna Storbritannien och Danmark. Vi ämnar att analysera tre intressenter som berörs av regeländringen. Den här studien fokuserar på hur intressenterna har påverkats i respektive land för att sedan bidra med ny kunskap om intressenters påverkan av revisionsplikt i Sverige inför en framtida höjning. De intressenter som undersöks i studien är kreditgivare, Skatteverket och aktiebolag. Metod: I vår studie har vi använt oss av kvalitativ metod och samlade in större delen av vårt data genom tidigare rapporter, utredningar och undersökningar från Sverige, Danmark och Storbritannien. Dessa har kompletterats med expertutlåtanden från två personer från Svenskt Näringsliv och Skatteverket. Slutsats: En höjning av gränsvärdet för revisionsplikten kommer att påverka vår studies intressenter på olika sätt. Ingenting i de rapporter vi tagit del av tyder på att skattebortfall kommer att öka tillsammans med en höjning. Inte heller Skatteverkets legitimitet och relationsberoende kommer påverkas nämnvärt av en höjning. Kreditgivare kommer vid förändringen uppleva en ökad osäkerhet vid kreditgivning. De kommer i högre utsträckning behöva ställa krav på de större aktiebolagen som väljer bort revision. Den direkta påverkan för aktiebolagen är att ett större antal aktiebolag kommer få möjligheten avstå från revision. En stor del av de större aktiebolagen som kommer omfattas av en höjning av gränsvärdet, kommer att fortsätta använda sig av revision trots valmöjligheten att välja bort det. Men dessa måste hitta nya metoder för att minska osäkerhet som intressenter kan känna när aktiebolagen väljer bort att revidera deras finansiella information. / Setting: In the year of 2006 the Swedish government initiated an investigation concerning the repeal of the mandatory auditing in Sweden, as a start of an adaption towards the EU directives. The repeal of the mandatory audit legislation was passed in 2010 and small companies in Sweden got the opportunity for audit exemption. After the repeal of the mandatory audit, discussions started whether Sweden should raise the threshold of the audit exemption or not. This leads us into the problem definition: How can the stakeholders in Sweden be effected by a raise of threshold of the audit exemption in the future? What opportunities does the stakeholders have to adapt to the effects of a raise of threshold? Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine what effects a raise of threshold for auditing has on our community and its stakeholders. We compare the expected effects with the real outcome of effects in the EU-countries Great Britain and Denmark. We intend to analyze the three stakeholders that is among the affected of the legislation change. Our focus in this study is to find out how stakeholders are affected in each of every country listed above and contribute with new knowledge regarding stakeholders’ impact by the mandatory audit in Sweden for a future raise of threshold. The stakeholders being examined in this study is creditors, the Swedish tax authority and small companies. Method: In this study we used a qualitative method and the major part of our collected data is from earlier reports, investigations and studies from Sweden, Denmark and Great Britain. These was supplemented with statements from two experts, one of them representing Svenskt Näringsliv and the other one representing the Swedish tax authority. Conclusion: A raise of threshold for the mandatory audit will affect the stakeholders of our study in different ways. None of the reports presented in this study shows that the tax loss will increase together with a raise of threshold. Nor will the Swedish tax authority’s legitimacy- and relationship-dependence be affected substantially. Creditors will experience increased insecurity regarding lending and financing. They will in higher extent need to set demands on bigger companies that opt out auditing. The direct effect on companies will be that a greater proportion of bigger companies will be able to opt out auditing. A greater proportion of these bigger companies that will be a subject of the raise of threshold, will continue using audit although the opportunity to opt out. These will have to find new methods to decrease insecurity that stakeholders can find in the companies when they choose to opt out auditing.

In this work, we propose Tags, an e cient mechanism that augments microkernel interprocess messages with lightweight metadata to enable the development of new, systemwide functionality without requiring the modi cation of application source code. Therefore, the technology is well suited for systems with a large legacy code base and for third-party applications such as phone and tablet applications. As examples, we detailed use cases in areas consisting of mandatory security and runtime veri cation of process interactions. In the area of mandatory security, we use tagging to assess the feasibility of implementing a mandatory integrity propagation model in the microkernel. The process interaction veri cation use case shows the utility of tagging to track and verify interaction history among system components. To demonstrate that tagging is technically feasible and practical, we implemented it in a commercial microkernel and executed multiple sets of standard benchmarks on two di erent computing architectures. The results clearly demonstrate that tagging has only negligible overhead and strong potential for many applications.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2007. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.