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La rumeur s'est répandue depuis plus d'un siècle dans le monde juridique que la société aurait quitté la sphère contractuelle provoquant ainsi la rupture du droit des contrats et du droit des sociétés. Et les auteurs, qui n'en sont pas convaincus, pensent néanmoins que la société se serait recluse dans une catégorie contractuelle singulière, celle des contrats-organisation au régime bien spécifique. Une des principales raisons de la remise en cause de la nature de la société réside dans l'avènement de la loi de la majorité jugée incompatible avec la conception volontariste de la force obligatoire du contrat forgée par le droit commun.Une étude approfondie de la force obligatoire du contrat de société révèle cependant que la société souffre d'une marginalisation excessive. Ses particularités ne l'empêchent pas en effet d'appliquer le principe de la force obligatoire : la société est soumise au principe d'intangibilité contractuelle et toute atteinte se résout par une sanction effective, exécution forcée ou résiliation.Mieux encore, à l'analyse, on constate qu'un certain nombre des spécificités dénoncées de la société, en particulier la durée, l'intérêt commun et l'intérêt social, se retrouvent en réalité à des degrés différents dans les autres contrats. Aussi, cette nouvelle perception du contrat à l'image de la société incite à une appréhension moins rigoureuse de la force obligatoire et de ses corollaires que sont l'immutabilité et l'irrévocabilité contractuelles. L'alliance du droit des contrats et du droit des sociétés favorise, ce faisant, l'élaboration d'une force obligatoire renouvelée plus adaptée à la réalité contractuelle. / For more than a century, rumors have been widespread throughout the legal academic world that companies are departing from established contractual sphere bringing about a split between Contract Law and Company Law. Even authorities who remain not convinced by such an assumption believe that companies have been cloistered into a singular contractual category, the so-called ‘organization-contracts' whose scheme funnel the range of contractual possibilities into an utterly specific result. One of the main reasons of the calling into question of companies regime lies in the adoption of the concept of ‘majority rule', which is regarded as inconsistent with the ‘voluntarist' conception of established contractual obligatory forces at work.Thorough studies of company contractual obligatory force however reveal that companies suffer an excessive marginalization within the historic regime. Distinctive features in place do not prevent companies from implementing obligatory force principles: companies continue to be subject to the contractual ‘inviolability' principle whereas breaches of contractual ‘norms' are settled by effective sanctions (for example, forced execution or resolutions).Furthermore, analysis reveals that several denounced specificities which are intrinsically part of the character of companies (for example ‘length', common interest and social interest), are in fact also encountered at various extents within other contracts. Therefore, a new perception of contracts, inspired by companies, drives to a less rigorous apprehension both of obligatory forces, including corollaries such as contractual ‘immutability' and ‘irrevocability'. Thus, the combination of Contract Law and of Company Law must contribute to establishing renewed obligatory forces more appropriate to contractual realities.

This study examined periodontists' ability to self-assess their knowledge of periodontics. Self-assessment was measured as the difference between actual knowledge and perceived knowledge of two topics of clinical practice of periodontics: periodontal disease therapy and dental implant therapy. Other variables included were learning needs, motivation to learn, and background characteristics (number of years since graduation from a periodontics training program, classification as Diplomate or non- Diplomate, number of years since achieving Diplomate status, classification as private practitioner, academician, or private practitioner with a part-time academic position, and number of credit hours spent in continuing education per year). A questionnaire was e-mailed to 1,800 periodontists practicing in the USA. Two hundred and nineteen subjects participated in the periodontal disease therapy questionnaire and 200 in the dental implant therapy questionnaire. The results showed a significant difference between actual and perceived knowledge for both topics. Correlation coefficients showed no correlation between participants' actual knowledge and perceived knowledge of periodontal disease therapy and a low to moderate correlation between actual and perceived knowledge of dental implant therapy. Also, the results showed that need and motivation are not related to self-assessment ability, but actual knowledge may be related to moderate-high need and motivation; and, that among the background characteristics, Diplomate status is related to a better ability to self-assess, and fewer years since achieving Diplomate status is related to higher actual knowledge and perceived knowledge. In conclusion, periodontists' ability to selfassess their knowledge of periodontics is at best moderate. The concern that practitioners believe that they have higher knowledge in areas in which objectively measured knowledge is significantly lower continues to be valid.

Political participation is paramount to the well being of a democracy. Concerns over low turnout rates across the world have prompted a growing body of research on the potential for political institutions to foster electoral participation. Amongst those institutions, compulsory voting is found to have the largest and most robust impact on maximizing participation rates. Under this system, eligible citizens are required by law to go to the polls on election day, and are subject to penalties if they fail to do so. Beyond its positive impact on turnout, we know far less about what other aspects of the democratic process are influenced by compulsory voting. The main goal of this dissertation is to inform the debate on how and when the effects of compulsory voting extend beyond voter turnout. Specifically, I draw on numerous sources of survey data across the world to investigate the impact of compulsory voting (herein CV) on three distinct political aspects: citizen attitudes towards voting, political engagement, and elite campaigning. The first step in understanding the broader effects of CV is to examine whether it influences citizens’ perceptions of the democratic act of voting. In chapter two, I develop a detailed theoretical framework that highlights whether compulsory voting increases citizens’ feelings of civic duty, or generates resentment amongst eligible voters. I also argue that the impact of CV on attitudes could be neutral—by devaluing the act of voting and making individuals indifferent towards the democratic process. Using a hierarchical modeling technique and survey data from Latin America, I show that voters living under CV are no more likely to report either increased feelings of civic duty or higher rates of resentment, compared to their counterparts under voluntary voting. Instead, individuals who are required to turn out by law are slightly more likely to feel indifferent towards electoral participation. Then, chapter three takes advantage of the recent abolition of compulsory voting in Chile to evaluate whether CV laws promote political engagement beyond election day. An empirical analysis of public opinion surveys over a 10-year period pre and post reform shows that rates of political engagement—specifically, watching and reading political news and discussing politics with family—are significantly higher under compulsory than under voluntary voting, and this is especially the case for those with lower levels of education. These findings suggest that when presented with the task of turning out at the polls, citizens seem to incur the extra costs necessary to make an informed decision. Finally, in chapter four I investigate whether mandatory voting laws alter the way political parties decide to engage in outreach during political campaigns. Using a comprehensive dataset of post-election surveys of over 40,000 individuals in 27 different countries, I find that political elites do adjust to their institutional context—when voting is mandatory, parties invest in campaign outreach at similar levels (not less) than when voting is voluntary, and that this outreach is much less skewed towards individuals of higher socioeconomic status compared to when voting is voluntary. I also show evidence that parties under CV are more likely to engage in persuasion rather than mobilization via party outreach. Taken together, this dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of how maximizing electoral participation through a legal requirement to vote shapes individual and elite behavior, contributing to our understanding of the implications of political institutions for the quality of representative democracy worldwide.

This thesis is devoted to an analysis of mandatory expenditures in the Czech Republic, their evolution, structure and quantification. During the past fifteen years, the mandatory expenditures more than tripled, and cause a serious fiscal problems. The main reason is the huge increase in social sphere expenditures in relation to domestic debt. The main attention is focused mostly on social transfers to the people, especially on pension benefits. Another part provides a description of current pension system and the main causes of the pension reform. It also contains a comparison of two basic ways of financing pensions, PAYG and FF systems. The final part is devoted to evaluation of government proposal for pension reform and its problems that go with it. The analysis is subject to capital system from perspective of profitability and fees at private pension funds.

The dissertation thesis deals with choice of law and choice of court in the area of international trade, as governed by the EU and international legal instruments. The thesis is divided into 4 basic chapters, its centerpiece being chapters II and III, which contain a detailed analysis of choice of law and choice of court in the EU legal instruments and also in international agreements. Chapter I is an introduction of the topic, while chapter IV brings a summary of findings and conclusions made throughout the thesis. The introductory chapter brings about the justification, why it was choice of law and choice of court, which have become the subject matter of the thesis. Right at the beginning, the importance of these tools for international transactions is demonstrated; principle of party autonomy, which is reflected in these tools, plays a key role here. It is party autonomy principle and its history, what is analyzed in the first part of this chapter, while the author comes back to this pivotal (and nowadays in principle universally respected) principle also in other chapters, always in relation to the specific legal instruments dealt with therein. The introductory chapter also discusses the reasons, why parties conclude choice of law agreements and it also analyses under which circumstances they...

The aim of this study was to understand how teachers in Sweden act when they suspect child abuse. Eight semi-structured interviews were conducted with teachers from six different schools teaching at various grades. A qualitative method was applied in order to reach broader answers and enabling the possibility of follow-up questions. The collected data was analyzed with the new institutional theory and the theoretical concepts about street-level bureaucratsand discretion. Earlier studies within the area has been found by using the keywords: teacher, child abuse, report, mandatory report, consequence andneglect. The empirical data resulted in three large categories, which further contained several subcategories explaining why the teachers took action or not when suspecting child abuse. The results indicated that the teachers act in different ways within their discretion, and sometimes against the law. Furthermore, the majority of the teachers have knowledge about the notification requirements according to the social services act (SFS 2001:453), but that some schools use their own policies and guidelines that the teacher choose to apply instead. Concludingly, the current study aligns with the new institutional theory illustrating that the solution for some organizations is to detach practical actions from formal structures and thereby ignoring laws.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-04-01T13:33:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Natacha Hennemann de Oliveira.pdf: 602395 bytes, checksum: 69e665641c51e1a89cfa3f725c7a0ecc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-01T13:33:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Natacha Hennemann de Oliveira.pdf: 602395 bytes, checksum: 69e665641c51e1a89cfa3f725c7a0ecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta dissertação de mestrado volta-se para o conhecimento, aprimoramento e aplicação de questões relativas ao vínculo que se estabelece entre paciente e terapeuta durante a psicoterapia, a chamada aliança terapêutica (AT). O trabalho está organizado em dois artigos, um teórico e outro empírico. O artigo teórico trata de um levantamento assistemático, que dirige-se ao conhecimento da origem histórica do conceito da aliança terapêutica, desde sua origem na psicanálise até sua concepção atual de constructo ateórico. A partir dessa concepção, a aliança terapêutica (AT) é apresentada como um constructo imprescindível tanto para o andamento da psicoterapia como para a obtenção de resultados positivos. Além disso, são discutidos uma série de fatores que podem contribuir ou prejudicar o estabelecimento da aliança, tais como características do paciente e do terapeuta. Dessa forma, o artigo mostra que se esses fatores não forem observados, pode ocorrer o que chamamos de rupturas da AT. Essas rupturas podem se manifestar por distanciamento ou por confrontação do paciente, e cabe ao terapeuta identificá-las e trabalhá-las para evitar o abandono precoce do tratamento. O segundo artigo busca de uma forma empírica entender como se estabelece a AT em um contexto específico que é a psicoterapia obrigatória. Para isso, foram avaliados 51 pacientes, divididos em dois grupos: psicoterapia obrigatória (N=15) e psicoterapia buscada de forma voluntária (N=36). Os pacientes de ambos os grupos estavam em psicoterapia na mesma instituição e, antes de iniciarem a psicoterapia, foram avaliados em relação aos mecanismos defensivos (DSQ-40), às representações objetais (BORRTI - O) e ao nível de gravidade dos sintomas (SCL-90-R). Após a quinta sessão, os pacientes foram novamente avaliados em relação à AT (CALPAS-p) e à percepção de coerção (através de um questionário baseado no MacArthur Admission Scale- AES-15). Os resultados apontam que apesar do grupo obrigatório apresentar sintomas mais graves, e um maior número de sujeitos ter se sentido obrigado a ingressar na psicoterapia que o grupo obrigatório original, não houve diferenças significativas entre os grupos obrigatório e não obrigatório em relação à AT. Dessa forma, verificou-se que é possível o estabelecimento da AT, mesmo no contexto obrigatório de atendimento psicoterápico. / This dissertation addresses itself to the knowledge, improvement and implementation of issues related to the bond that is established between patient and therapist during psychotherapy, called the therapeutic alliance (TA). The work is organized in two papers, one theoretical and one empirical. The theoretical paper addresses the knowledge of the historical origin of the concept of the therapeutic alliance, from its origins in psychoanalysis until its current conception of atheoretical construct. Based on this concept, the therapeutic alliance (TA) is presented as an essential construct for both the progress of psychotherapy as to obtain positive results. In addition, a number of factors are discussed that can help or hinder the establishment of the alliance, such as characteristics of the patient and the therapist. Thus, the paper shows that if these factors are not observed, TA ruptures may occur. These ruptures may manifest by detachment or by patient confrontation, and it is responsibility of the therapist to identify the ruptures and work with them to prevent early abandonment. The second paper seeks an empirical manner of understanding how TA is established in a specific context that is the mandatory psychotherapy. To this end, 51 patients divided into two groups have been evaluated: mandatory psychotherapy (N = 15) and psychotherapy sought voluntarily (N = 36). Patients in both groups were in psychotherapy at the same institution, and before beginning psychotherapy, they were evaluated in relation to defensive mechanisms (DSQ-40), the object representations (BORRTI - O) and the level of severity of symptoms (SCL-90-R). After the fifth session, the patients were again assessed for TA (CALPAS-p) and coercion perception (through a questionnaire based on the MacArthur Admission Scale-AES-15). The results show that although the mandatory group presents more severe symptoms, and a greater number of individuals have felt compelled to join psychotherapy rather than the original mandatory group, there were no significant differences between mandatory and non-mandatory groups in relation to the TA. Thus, it has been found that it is possible to establish the TA, even in the context of mandatory psychotherapy.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-25T12:53:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maricéia Machry.pdf: 1513113 bytes, checksum: b5aae628664c5a6bc9a822b54b58eefa (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T12:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maricéia Machry.pdf: 1513113 bytes, checksum: b5aae628664c5a6bc9a822b54b58eefa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-11-05 / Nenhuma / A dissertação analisa o processo de estágio curricular não obrigatório, realizado em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior, sendo que o enfoque central é o seu acompanhamento. Os autores que embasam o estudo são: Pimenta, Buriolla, Piconez, Kuenzer, Larrosa e Tardif, e a metodologia utilizada é a abordagem quali e quantitativa, desenvolvida em quatro etapas: diagnóstico (exploratória), focalização, analítica e conclusiva. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados são a análise documental, a entrevista piloto com um professor orientador, e questionários – aplicados a 214 alunos em estágio e 30 professores orientadores. A análise empreendida sob o enfoque de dois públicos, alunos e professores, apontou 5 categorias. A primeira delas apresenta a importância do estágio para a formação, dividida em cinco dimensões principais: relação teoria/prática, desenvolvimento profissional/mercado/contatos, relações interpessoais, impactos do estágio para o curso e para a área de conhecimento e regulamentação/legislação/fiscalização. A segunda categoria destaca o processo de acompanhamento do estágio. A terceira, por sua vez, traz sugestões de melhorias para o processo em questão. A avaliação do setor Unisinos Carreiras é a quarta categoria elencada. Por último, analisa-se o novo sistema de estágios. Os resultados identificaram problemas de ordem administrativa e pedagógica, na condução do processo de estágio não obrigatório, apontando para um distanciamento entre a relação aluno e professor orientador, mostrando que os alunos realizam a prática profissional, sem uma aproximação com a Instituição de Ensino, a fim de significá-la, qualificá-la, favorecendo a construção do conhecimento. Observa-se também que o aluno tem dificuldade de perceber que a Instituição de Ensino tem um papel formativo, nesta modalidade de estágio, que é um espaço de aprendizagem para o estudante. / This dissertation analyzes the process of the non mandatory internship held in an Institution of Higher Education, and its central focus is the monitoring. The authors who were the base of the study are: Pimenta, Buriolla, Piconez, Kuenzer, Larrosa and Tardif, and the methodology used is a qualitative and quantitative approach, developed in four stages: diagnosis (exploratory), focusing, analytical and conclusive. The research instruments used are: document analysis; a pilot interview with a mentor teacher; and questionnaires - applied to 214 students on internship and 30 mentor teachers. The analysis taken under the focus of two targets, students and teachers, pointed out five categories. The first shows the importance of the internship for the education, divided into five main dimensions: the relationship between theory/practice, professional development/market/contacts, interpersonal relationships, internship impacts on the education and field of knowledge and regulation/legislation/supervision areas. The second category highlights the process of monitoring the internship. The third, on the other hand, brings suggestions for improvements to the process in question. The evaluation of the sector Unisinos Careers is the fourth listed category. Finally, we analyze the new internship system. The results identified administrative and educational issues in the conduction of the non mandatory internship, pointing to a gap between the student and mentor teacher relationship, showing that students perform professional practice without coming closer to the Educational Institution, in order to really mean and qualify it, facilitating the knowledge construction. It is also evident that the student has difficulty realizing that the Educational Institution has a formative role in this kind of internship, which is a learning site for the student.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-05-15T16:25:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Yara Diwonko Brasil Chaves.pdf: 10196215 bytes, checksum: bffb6f3c20d18e2222b30c46327a6eeb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T16:25:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yara Diwonko Brasil Chaves.pdf: 10196215 bytes, checksum: bffb6f3c20d18e2222b30c46327a6eeb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-03 / This paper aims to demonstrate how the State actively interferes in the lives of its citizens, independent of the will and legitimacy of actions towards the protection of rights. The reduction of what is considered private gives rise to greater State incidence regulating what, at first glance, would be the exclusive choice of the human being as capable agent. Marriage is more than a union of souls, it is also a form of acquire goods. Although the state does not force anyone to get married, in some cases, requires the specific property regime. The implication of this forced choice, despite having justification in the protection of certain legal situations, eliminates the will and injures a right of personality, that is, freedom. The donation enters this merit to the extent that the citizen married in the scheme of compulsory separation of property is often hindered their right, because there is a very heterogeneous understanding of the donor's good faith in this type of asset transfer / O presente trabalho objetiva demonstrar como o Estado interfere ativamente na vida dos cidadãos, independente da vontade e da legitimidade das ações no sentido da proteção ou defesa de direitos. A diminuição do que se considera particular ou privativo dá ensejo a ampliação da incidência estatal para regulação daquilo que, num primeiro olhar, seria da escolha exclusiva do ser humano como agente capaz. O casamento, mais do que uma união de almas, é também uma forma de aquisição de bens. Apesar do Estado não obrigar ninguém a casar, ele, em alguns casos, obriga o regime de bens. A implicação dessa escolha forçada, em que pese ter justificativa na proteção de algumas situações jurídicas, elimina a vontade e fere um direito da personalidade, qual seja, a liberdade. A doação entra nesse mérito na medida em que o cidadão casado no regime da separação obrigatória de bens é muitas vezes obstado de seu direito, por haver um entendimento bastante heterogêneo sobre a boa-fé do doador nesse tipo de transferência patrimonial