A simulação contribui para o aprendizado dos estudantes na transição de ambientes laboratoriais, nos quais os acadêmicos podem experimentar situações práticas para aprimorar os procedimentos, e então executar a assistência real a pacientes. Tal estratégia de ensino tem sido adotada como padrão em profissões altamente técnicas e complexas, nas quais há elevado risco para a vida humana, como, por exemplo, profissões aeroespaciais, militares, energia nuclear, saúde, entre outras. Para que ocorram as práticas simuladas nos laboratórios de ensino são utilizados manequins, modelos anatômicos e equipamentos semelhantes aos das unidades hospitalares, criando um ambiente o mais realista possível. Estudos avançaram no desenvolvimento de simuladores de paciente para a saúde, no entanto para aliar tal desenvolvimento à aprendizagem na enfermagem é necessário o desenvolvimento de artefatos mais realísticos. Para contribuir com esse tema de pesquisa o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi descrever o processo de criação de um novo conceito de manequim simulador de braço para punção venosa, com base na analise de requisitos, para a construção de um protótipo. Assim, foram realizadas buscas em bases científicas, bancos de patentes e sites comerciais. Além disso, foram utilizadas ferramentas do processo inovador no Design e a construção de um protótipo funcional. Como resultado, estabeleceu-se um panorama para o desenvolvimento de manequins simuladores quanto aos aspectos educacionais, comerciais e tecnológicos. A proposta culmina com o desenvolvimento de um conceito inovador de manequim simulador para a prática de punção venosa na educação na saúde e um protótipo definido como braço híbrido. / Simulated situations contribute to students’ learning in the transition of laboratory environments, where academics can experience practical situations to improve techniques and perform procedures for real patient care. Such teaching strategy has been adopted as the standard in highly complex and technical professions, where there is high risk to human life, such as, for example, aerospace, military, nuclear power, healthcare and other professions. The simulated practice in teaching laboratories uses simulators, anatomical models and equipment similar to those of hospital units, thus creating an environment that is as realistic as possible. Studies have advanced in the development of patient simulators in healthcare; however combining such development with learning in nursing requires the development of more realistic artifacts. To contribute to this research topic the overall purpose of this paper is to describe the process of creating a new concept of arm simulaton manikin for venipuncture, based on the analysis of requirements for the construction of a prototype. Thus, searches were conducted in scientific bases, patent databases and commercial websites. In addition, Design thinking tools were used, and a functional prototype was built. As a result, a panorama to develop manikin simulator was established concerning educational, technological and commercial aspects. The proposal culminates in the development of an innovative concept of a simulator to practice venipuncture in healthcare education.

Zur ergonomischen Analyse manueller Arbeitsprozesse wird an der Professur Arbeitswissenschaft ein Modell für dynamische Beanspruchungen entwickelt. Dazu wurden diese analytisch zerlegt und parametrisiert. In einem Laborversuchsstand werden elementare dynamische Beanspruchungen einzelner Körperteile systematisch mittels elektromyografischer Messung der beteiligten Muskeln untersucht und anschließend analysiert. Es konnten Zusammenhänge zwischen den Belastungsgrößen Bewegungsgeschwindigkeit, Bewegungswiderstand (Moment) und Bewegungsrichtung und der Beanspruchungsgröße der elektrischen Muskelaktivität gezeigt werden.

A simulação contribui para o aprendizado dos estudantes na transição de ambientes laboratoriais, nos quais os acadêmicos podem experimentar situações práticas para aprimorar os procedimentos, e então executar a assistência real a pacientes. Tal estratégia de ensino tem sido adotada como padrão em profissões altamente técnicas e complexas, nas quais há elevado risco para a vida humana, como, por exemplo, profissões aeroespaciais, militares, energia nuclear, saúde, entre outras. Para que ocorram as práticas simuladas nos laboratórios de ensino são utilizados manequins, modelos anatômicos e equipamentos semelhantes aos das unidades hospitalares, criando um ambiente o mais realista possível. Estudos avançaram no desenvolvimento de simuladores de paciente para a saúde, no entanto para aliar tal desenvolvimento à aprendizagem na enfermagem é necessário o desenvolvimento de artefatos mais realísticos. Para contribuir com esse tema de pesquisa o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi descrever o processo de criação de um novo conceito de manequim simulador de braço para punção venosa, com base na analise de requisitos, para a construção de um protótipo. Assim, foram realizadas buscas em bases científicas, bancos de patentes e sites comerciais. Além disso, foram utilizadas ferramentas do processo inovador no Design e a construção de um protótipo funcional. Como resultado, estabeleceu-se um panorama para o desenvolvimento de manequins simuladores quanto aos aspectos educacionais, comerciais e tecnológicos. A proposta culmina com o desenvolvimento de um conceito inovador de manequim simulador para a prática de punção venosa na educação na saúde e um protótipo definido como braço híbrido. / Simulated situations contribute to students’ learning in the transition of laboratory environments, where academics can experience practical situations to improve techniques and perform procedures for real patient care. Such teaching strategy has been adopted as the standard in highly complex and technical professions, where there is high risk to human life, such as, for example, aerospace, military, nuclear power, healthcare and other professions. The simulated practice in teaching laboratories uses simulators, anatomical models and equipment similar to those of hospital units, thus creating an environment that is as realistic as possible. Studies have advanced in the development of patient simulators in healthcare; however combining such development with learning in nursing requires the development of more realistic artifacts. To contribute to this research topic the overall purpose of this paper is to describe the process of creating a new concept of arm simulaton manikin for venipuncture, based on the analysis of requirements for the construction of a prototype. Thus, searches were conducted in scientific bases, patent databases and commercial websites. In addition, Design thinking tools were used, and a functional prototype was built. As a result, a panorama to develop manikin simulator was established concerning educational, technological and commercial aspects. The proposal culminates in the development of an innovative concept of a simulator to practice venipuncture in healthcare education.

A simulação contribui para o aprendizado dos estudantes na transição de ambientes laboratoriais, nos quais os acadêmicos podem experimentar situações práticas para aprimorar os procedimentos, e então executar a assistência real a pacientes. Tal estratégia de ensino tem sido adotada como padrão em profissões altamente técnicas e complexas, nas quais há elevado risco para a vida humana, como, por exemplo, profissões aeroespaciais, militares, energia nuclear, saúde, entre outras. Para que ocorram as práticas simuladas nos laboratórios de ensino são utilizados manequins, modelos anatômicos e equipamentos semelhantes aos das unidades hospitalares, criando um ambiente o mais realista possível. Estudos avançaram no desenvolvimento de simuladores de paciente para a saúde, no entanto para aliar tal desenvolvimento à aprendizagem na enfermagem é necessário o desenvolvimento de artefatos mais realísticos. Para contribuir com esse tema de pesquisa o objetivo geral desta dissertação foi descrever o processo de criação de um novo conceito de manequim simulador de braço para punção venosa, com base na analise de requisitos, para a construção de um protótipo. Assim, foram realizadas buscas em bases científicas, bancos de patentes e sites comerciais. Além disso, foram utilizadas ferramentas do processo inovador no Design e a construção de um protótipo funcional. Como resultado, estabeleceu-se um panorama para o desenvolvimento de manequins simuladores quanto aos aspectos educacionais, comerciais e tecnológicos. A proposta culmina com o desenvolvimento de um conceito inovador de manequim simulador para a prática de punção venosa na educação na saúde e um protótipo definido como braço híbrido. / Simulated situations contribute to students’ learning in the transition of laboratory environments, where academics can experience practical situations to improve techniques and perform procedures for real patient care. Such teaching strategy has been adopted as the standard in highly complex and technical professions, where there is high risk to human life, such as, for example, aerospace, military, nuclear power, healthcare and other professions. The simulated practice in teaching laboratories uses simulators, anatomical models and equipment similar to those of hospital units, thus creating an environment that is as realistic as possible. Studies have advanced in the development of patient simulators in healthcare; however combining such development with learning in nursing requires the development of more realistic artifacts. To contribute to this research topic the overall purpose of this paper is to describe the process of creating a new concept of arm simulaton manikin for venipuncture, based on the analysis of requirements for the construction of a prototype. Thus, searches were conducted in scientific bases, patent databases and commercial websites. In addition, Design thinking tools were used, and a functional prototype was built. As a result, a panorama to develop manikin simulator was established concerning educational, technological and commercial aspects. The proposal culminates in the development of an innovative concept of a simulator to practice venipuncture in healthcare education.

Das Menschmodell MANIKIN bietet dem Anwender neue Möglichkeiten in der Analyse des arbeitstechnischen Umfeldes in der bekannten Pro/ENGINEER Umgebung. Dazu kann auf eine anthropometrische Datenbank zurückgegriffen werden. Neben einfachen Analysen, wie Reichweite und Sichtfenster, steht auch ein umfangreiches Angebot an Ergonomie-Analysen zur Untersuchung von Arbeitsprozessen zur Verfügung. Diese basieren auf den bekannten Grundlagen wie RULA, SNOOK und NIOSH91. Weiterhin ist das Modell gut zur Animation von Menschen bzw. Mensch-Maschine-Interaktionen geeignet, wobei hier ein spezielles Wissen über den Aufbau und den Einsatz von Körpersperrbedingungen zuträglich ist.

La littérature sur l’électrophysiologie des émotions ne semble pas trouver de consensus. Certaines études démontrent que les gens réagissent davantage à des stimuli de valence positive, tandis que d’autres concluent le contraire. L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de vérifier les effets de la variable relationnelle sur les réactions physiologiques de sujets issus de la population étudiante. C’est-à-dire, les réactions physiologiques sont-elles influencées uniquement par la valence affective des différentes émotions ou s’ils sont également influencés par le contexte relationnel des stimuli? Le second objectif du projet de recherche proposé est de vérifier s’il existe un effet d’interaction entre la qualité affective des schémas relationnels des participants et la nature relationnelle ou non des stimuli. Pour ce faire, le rythme cardiaque a été pris sur 16 sujets divisés en 2 groupes, basés sur leurs résultats au TAT, analysés sur l’échelle de la tonalité affective du SCORS. Finalement, un troisième objectif est de comparer l’expérience subjective des participants aux mesures physiologiques obtenues. Les résultats démontrent que les gens réagissent davantage aux scénarios non relationnels que ceux relationnels. De plus, les grandes tailles d’effet des deux groupes (tonalité affective haute et basse) semblent indiquer l’importance de prendre en considération cette variable dans de futures recherches. Finalement, d’autres études, notamment avec de plus grands échantillons, seront nécessaires pour montrer l’importance de la qualité relationnelle dans l’expérience émotive. / The literature on the electrophysiology of emotions does not seem to find consensus on people’s responsiveness to emotion inducing stimuli. While some studies show that people are more responsive to stimuli of positive valence, others concluded the contrary. The main objective of this paper is to verify the effects of relational variable on the physiological responses of subjects taken from the student population. That is, are the physiological reactions only influenced by the emotional valence of different emotions or are they also influenced by the relational context of the stimuli? The second objective of the research is to check if there is an interaction between the emotional quality of the relationship patterns of participants and the relational or non relational quality of the stimulus. To do this, the heart rate has been measured in 16 subjects divided into two groups, based on their results in the TAT, analyzed on the scale of the emotional tone of the SCORS. Finally, a third objective was to compare the subjective experience of participants and the physiological measurements obtained. The results show that people are more responsive to non-relational stimuli than to relational scenarios. In addition, the large effect size of the two groups (high and low emotional tone) suggests the importance of taking into account this variable in future research. Finally, other studies, particularly with larger samples, will be needed to show the importance of the quality of relationships in the emotional experience.

La prédiction des conditions thermiques confortables à l'intérieur d'une cabine de véhicule reste un défi en raison du comportement transitoire de cet environnement. Le développement des modèles d'écoulement reste toujours une préoccupation pour les chercheurs en raison de la géométrie complexe de la cabine et de la complexité du système de ventilation (débit, emplacement et géométrie des diffuseurs d'air). Le confort thermique a été largement étudié dans le bâtiment, alors que le confort thermique dans les véhicules est un sujet relativement nouveau, avec peu d'études qui y sont dédiées. La norme actuellement disponible destinée à l'évaluation de l'environnement thermique du véhicule, EN ISO 14505, propose des modèles d'évaluation des bâtiments, qui ne répondent pas aux exigences de l'évaluation de l'environnement cabine. Contrairement à l'environnement intérieur des bâtiments, le climat de la cabine de véhicule est dominé par des conditions transitoires thermiques: environnement thermique fortement non uniforme associé aux vitesses élevées de l'air localisé, des niveaux plus élevés d'humidité relative, le flux de chaleur solaire et le flux de chaleur radiatif des surfaces intérieures, l'intensité solaire et sa diffusion sur les différents types de matériaux et niches de surface de la cabine, les angles d'incidence du rayonnement solaire, etc. En l'absence de modèles d'évaluation adaptés à cet environnement, la littérature disponible est dispersée autour des articles traitant des conditions environnementales dans le véhicule susceptible d'affecter le confort thermique de l'homme ainsi que de celles concernant la réaction de l'homme et la perception de son interaction avec l'environnement. Dans ce contexte, nous avons décidé d'orienter le sujet de la thèse autour de la problématique complexe de l'environnement thermique de la cabine et de ses effets sur l'état thermique du conducteur et du passager. Le manuscrit présente des études numériques et expérimentales des effets de différentes grilles passives sur le confort thermique des passagers. Ainsi, les objectifs généraux du projet de recherche doctorale pourraient être résumés comme suit: approfondir les connaissances et comprendre les phénomènes thermiques qui se produisent dans l'environnement thermique de la cabine; développer un mannequin thermique avancé capable d'évaluer le confort thermique de la cabine; développer et valider un modèle numérique complexe afin de mieux comprendre les phénomènes complexes précédemment évoqués. Ces trois objectifs généraux visaient à soutenir l'objectif principal de la recherche doctorale, à savoir: l'amélioration de la sensation thermique des occupants du véhicule, par la mise en œuvre de diffuseurs d'air innovants. À cette fin, nous avons orienté nos recherches vers des diffuseurs à géométrie spéciale permettant des mécanismes de contrôle du débit et permettant d'améliorer le mélange entre l'alimentation en air par le système de ventilation et l'air ambiant dans la cabine. Au cours de la quête complexe, nous pourrions avoir l'opportunité de nous familiariser avec les phénomènes thermiques, afin d'analyser le rôle réel joué par les paramètres d'environnement transitoires, dans la perception du confort thermique et dans son estimation. Pendant toute cette quête, nous avons essayé de rester sur une ligne qui permettrait finalement de répondre à un ensemble de questions fondamentales, à savoir: dans quelle mesure ce type de paramètres peut affecter la perception du confort, ainsi que les conséquences d'une évaluation "incomplète" proposée par les modèles existants ? Dans ce contexte, comment la conception de la ventilation et de la climatisation est-elle affectée par l'utilisation des modèles actuels pour pré-évaluer le bon fonctionnement des systèmes CVC - en particulier pour les véhicules – et un environnement acceptable pour ses utilisateurs ? / Prediction of comfortable thermal conditions inside a vehicle cabin is still a challenge due to the transient behavior of this environment. Understanding flow patterns is still difficult nowadays for researchers due to the complexity of the interior cabin geometry and of the ventilation system (flow rate, location and geometry of the air diffusers). Thermal comfort has been widely studied in build environments, while thermal comfort in vehicles is a relatively new subject, with fairly few extensive studies that are exploring all possibilities of investigation in this direction. The currently available standard intended for the evaluation of vehicle thermal environment, EN ISO 14505, propose models extensively used for buildings, which do not seem to be entirely adapted for the vehicular space. Unlike the indoor environment from buildings, the vehicular cabin climate is dominated by thermal transient conditions: the strongly non-uniform temperature distributions, both in air and on the surfaces, associated with the high localized air speeds, the relatively higher levels of relative humidity compared to the buildings, the solar radiation intensity, and the radiative heat exchange from the interior surfaces, the angles of incidence of the solar radiation etc. In the absence of the evaluation models adapted to this environment, the available literature is dispersed around those papers dealing with environmental conditions inside the vehicle that might affect the human thermal comfort and those concerning the human’s response and perception of its interaction with the environment. In this context, we decided to orient the research work in this thesis around the complex problematic of cabin thermal environment and its effect on driver’s and passenger’s thermal state. The thesis presents numerical and experimental studies of the effects of an improved set of dashboard air diffusers over passengers’ thermal comfort. The general objectives of the doctoral research project could be summarized as following: to deepen the knowledge and to understand thermal phenomena that occur in cabin thermal environment; to develop and validate a complex numerical model in order to get insight into the complex phenomena previously evoked. These three general objectives were intended to sustain the main goal of the doctoral research that is: improvement of thermal sensation of vehicle occupants, by implementation of innovative air diffusers. To this end we oriented our research towards diffusers with a special geometry that allows flow control mechanisms resulting in the improvement of mixing between air supply by the ventilation system and the ambient air in the cabin. During the complex quest, we could have the opportunity to become familiar to the intricate thermal phenomena, to analyze the real role played by transient environment parameters perceiving thermal comfort and in its estimation. During all this quest we tried to stay on a line that would ultimately allow to respond to a set of fundamental questions, namely: To what extent this kind of parameters can affect the perceiving of comfort, and also the consequences of an "incomplete" assessment proposed by the existing evaluation models ? How is, in this context, affected the ventilation and air conditioning design due to the use of current models for pre-evaluating a good functioning of the HVAC systems – in particular for vehicles - and an acceptable environment for their users ?

La littérature sur l’électrophysiologie des émotions ne semble pas trouver de consensus. Certaines études démontrent que les gens réagissent davantage à des stimuli de valence positive, tandis que d’autres concluent le contraire. L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est de vérifier les effets de la variable relationnelle sur les réactions physiologiques de sujets issus de la population étudiante. C’est-à-dire, les réactions physiologiques sont-elles influencées uniquement par la valence affective des différentes émotions ou s’ils sont également influencés par le contexte relationnel des stimuli? Le second objectif du projet de recherche proposé est de vérifier s’il existe un effet d’interaction entre la qualité affective des schémas relationnels des participants et la nature relationnelle ou non des stimuli. Pour ce faire, le rythme cardiaque a été pris sur 16 sujets divisés en 2 groupes, basés sur leurs résultats au TAT, analysés sur l’échelle de la tonalité affective du SCORS. Finalement, un troisième objectif est de comparer l’expérience subjective des participants aux mesures physiologiques obtenues. Les résultats démontrent que les gens réagissent davantage aux scénarios non relationnels que ceux relationnels. De plus, les grandes tailles d’effet des deux groupes (tonalité affective haute et basse) semblent indiquer l’importance de prendre en considération cette variable dans de futures recherches. Finalement, d’autres études, notamment avec de plus grands échantillons, seront nécessaires pour montrer l’importance de la qualité relationnelle dans l’expérience émotive. / The literature on the electrophysiology of emotions does not seem to find consensus on people’s responsiveness to emotion inducing stimuli. While some studies show that people are more responsive to stimuli of positive valence, others concluded the contrary. The main objective of this paper is to verify the effects of relational variable on the physiological responses of subjects taken from the student population. That is, are the physiological reactions only influenced by the emotional valence of different emotions or are they also influenced by the relational context of the stimuli? The second objective of the research is to check if there is an interaction between the emotional quality of the relationship patterns of participants and the relational or non relational quality of the stimulus. To do this, the heart rate has been measured in 16 subjects divided into two groups, based on their results in the TAT, analyzed on the scale of the emotional tone of the SCORS. Finally, a third objective was to compare the subjective experience of participants and the physiological measurements obtained. The results show that people are more responsive to non-relational stimuli than to relational scenarios. In addition, the large effect size of the two groups (high and low emotional tone) suggests the importance of taking into account this variable in future research. Finally, other studies, particularly with larger samples, will be needed to show the importance of the quality of relationships in the emotional experience.

Emotions have become an important research topic in both the behavioural sciences and advertising. Nowadays, emotions are acknowledged as an important mediator of cognitive and behavioural consumer responses to advertising. Consequently, researchers in marketing and advertising have emphasised the need to consider emotions as a crucial factor in the advertising process. To test the viability of this assumption, an empirical research study was conducted at the Behavioural and Communication Research Division of the Bureau of Market Research (BMR). More specifically, the research study used a three–dimensional approach to measure generational differences in consumers’ emotional response to television advertisements. To capture immediate, positive and negative emotive responses towards a pre–selected test advertisement, the study used three research instruments, namely AdSAM, PrEmo (both non–verbal measurement instruments) and the List of Emotions (LoE) (verbal measurement instrument). Gauteng consumers (n = 102) who view television participated in the study, which revealed that ageing appears to be a significant antecedent in measuring emotive response to advertisements. In this regard, the study showed, among others, that Baby Boomers (older generation) were inclined to react to the advertisement in a different manner than younger generations (Millennials and Xers). For example, Baby Boomers found it easier to acknowledge higher levels of engagement with the test advertisement, as was noted in the high Arousal ratings. No significant differences were, however, evident between generations on the Pleasure dimension as all generations seem to have felt positively towards the test advertisement. Furthermore, although all generations felt positive emotive reactions when viewing the test advertisement, Millennials feel more Comfortable, whereas the Xers and Baby Boomers feel stronger Warmed emotions. Overall, older people tend to purposefully seek to experience positive emotions and avoid or limit negative emotions. In summary, both non–verbal and verbal measures reflected generational differences that seem to be more apparent when analysing negative emotions. The study also revealed that the AdSAM instrument appears to be advantageous when measuring emotions in television advertising due to its non–verbal properties. However, greater generational differences seem to be evident when emotions are measured with a verbal rather than non–verbal instrument. Against this background, certain recommendations for future research were made, amongst others, the need for further research on emotive reaction to television advertisements and the need for innovative research models that are customised for the diverse South African consumer market. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.

Emotions have become an important research topic in both the behavioural sciences and advertising. Nowadays, emotions are acknowledged as an important mediator of cognitive and behavioural consumer responses to advertising. Consequently, researchers in marketing and advertising have emphasised the need to consider emotions as a crucial factor in the advertising process. To test the viability of this assumption, an empirical research study was conducted at the Behavioural and Communication Research Division of the Bureau of Market Research (BMR). More specifically, the research study used a three–dimensional approach to measure generational differences in consumers’ emotional response to television advertisements. To capture immediate, positive and negative emotive responses towards a pre–selected test advertisement, the study used three research instruments, namely AdSAM, PrEmo (both non–verbal measurement instruments) and the List of Emotions (LoE) (verbal measurement instrument). Gauteng consumers (n = 102) who view television participated in the study, which revealed that ageing appears to be a significant antecedent in measuring emotive response to advertisements. In this regard, the study showed, among others, that Baby Boomers (older generation) were inclined to react to the advertisement in a different manner than younger generations (Millennials and Xers). For example, Baby Boomers found it easier to acknowledge higher levels of engagement with the test advertisement, as was noted in the high Arousal ratings. No significant differences were, however, evident between generations on the Pleasure dimension as all generations seem to have felt positively towards the test advertisement. Furthermore, although all generations felt positive emotive reactions when viewing the test advertisement, Millennials feel more Comfortable, whereas the Xers and Baby Boomers feel stronger Warmed emotions. Overall, older people tend to purposefully seek to experience positive emotions and avoid or limit negative emotions. In summary, both non–verbal and verbal measures reflected generational differences that seem to be more apparent when analysing negative emotions. The study also revealed that the AdSAM instrument appears to be advantageous when measuring emotions in television advertising due to its non–verbal properties. However, greater generational differences seem to be evident when emotions are measured with a verbal rather than non–verbal instrument. Against this background, certain recommendations for future research were made, amongst others, the need for further research on emotive reaction to television advertisements and the need for innovative research models that are customised for the diverse South African consumer market. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.