Composante importante de l’écosystème marin benthique, les bivalves exploités sont surtout situés dans la zone littorale dont les caractéristiques spatiales et temporelles engendrent des fluctuations populationnelles naturelles et contribuent à de fortes variations de biomasse et de structure démographique s’ajoutant aux effets d’activités anthropiques. La compréhension des interactions entre l’espèce, son environnement et son exploitation est cruciale. Leur formalisation, y compris pour la gestion, passe par le développement de modèles mathématiques qui visent à décrire le fonctionnement du système, expliquer des phénomènes observés en termes de cause à effet ou prédire l’effets de nouvelles causes. Espèce introduite en France dans les années 1980, la palourde japonaise (Venerupis philippinarum) constitue une ressource économique importante pour des zones littorales. Pour le bassin d’Arcachon, les pêcheurs à pied professionnels capturent quelques 600 tonnes par an. Outre la réglementation européenne qui fixe une taille minimale de capture, des mesures de gestion complémentaires sont établies par les structures professionnelles locales de la pêche dans un cadre de cogestion impliquant ces structures, scientifiques et administration.Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans ce contexte en intégrant les traits d’histoire de vie de la population dans le modèle de simulation utilisé à des fins de gestion. A l’échelle locale, l’analyse de forme conventionnelle basée sur des mesures métriques et pondérales établit des relations d’allométrie entre des paires de descripteurs avec un changement significatif de morphologie à partir d’une longueur de 16-20 mm. La variabilité phénotypique intra-site s’articule en trois patrons morphologiques. Dans le bassin d’Arcachon, le caractère globuleux, décrit pour la première fois ici, est associé à de faibles densités et à de fortes proportions d’individus affectés par la maladie du muscle marron, maladie émergente sur le bassin. A l’échelle de la façade atlantique française, trois ratios morphométriques (indices d’élongation, de densité de la valve et de poids de la valve sur sa longueur) discriminent les populations des sites nord (Banc du Guer, golfe du Morbihan) de celles des sites sud (Bellevue, bassin d’Arcachon). Une corrélation significative entre ces ratios et les conditions trophiques approchées par la concentration en chlorophylle a ainsi qu’un lien entre l’indice de densité de la valve et le pourcentage de températures comprises entre 12 et 20°C sont démontrés. La complexité des facteurs intervenant sur la morphologie intra et inter-sites laisse supposer l’intervention d’autres facteurs comme la nature du substrat, ce qui est conforté par des premières analyses de contours. Les travaux ont confirmé l’importance de la température sur les variables d’état du stock notamment lors de la période de reproduction. Pour ces mêmes variables, un rôle majeur des ressources trophiques a aussi été démontré avec des réponses différant selon les stades. Une partie de ces résultats a contribué à des modifications dans le modèle de simulation. Elles ont surtout concerné l’intégration de l’effet des ressources trophiques sur le recrutement, la révision de la production de juvéniles et des taux de croissance par classe de taille, la précision de données de captures et l’ajout d’un effet prix sur les stratégies de pêche. En parallèle à la validation du modèle, l’analyse de sensibilité a mis en évidence la sensibilité du modèle aux paramètres environnementaux et aux variables relatives aux stades les plus jeunes. Dans un contexte de cogestion, l’outil a été utilisé pour réaliser des projections sur le devenir de la population selon différents scénarios de gestion. Les différences de tendances d’évolution de la biomasse en réponse à ces dispositifs d’action ont servi aux gestionnaires pour la définition des mesures de gestion actuellement en vigueur. Au final, le modèle renforce la démarche participative engagée. / Significant component of the marine benthic ecosystem, exploited bivalves are mainly located inside the coastal area, which temporal and spatial features generate natural population fluctuations and contribute to considerable biomass and demographic structure changes added to anthropogenic activities’ effects (fishing, pollution,…). Understanding of the relationships between the species, its environment and its exploitation is crucial and their formalization, including for management purposes, requires development of mathematical models that aim at describing the functioning of the system, to explain the observed phenomenon in terms of cause and effect or predict effects of new causes. Originating from venerid culture trials carried out in France in the 80s, Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) is an important economic resource for coastal areas. Inside the Arcachon Bay, professional fishermen catch about 600 tonnes annually. Whereas the minimum legal harvest size is set by European legislation, complementary management measures are established by regional and departmental professional organizations in the framework of a co-management approach involving professional, scientists and administration. This doctoral thesis is part of this objective of co-management by integrating life history traits of the population in a simulation model used for management purposes. At local scale, conventional shape analysis methods using metric weights and measures establish allometric relationships between pairs of descriptors with a significant morphological change detected from a length of ca. 16-20 mm. Intra-site phenotypic variability is structured in three morphological patterns. Occurrence of globular character inside the Arcachon Bay, described here for the first time, is associated to low densities and to high proportions of individuals affected by brown muscle disease, an emerging disease in the Bay. At the scale of the French Atlantic coast, three morphological ratios (elongation, valve density and weight related to length indices) discriminate populations from northern (Banc du Guer and Morbihan Gulf) and southern sites (Bellevue and Arcachon Bay). Significant relationships between those ratios and trophic conditions expressed by chlorophyll a concentrations, as well as a link between weight surface ratios and percentage of seawater temperature ranging from 12 to 20°C are demonstrated. Complexity of factors involved in intrasite and intersite morphology suggests intervention of other factors such as sediment characteristics, which is supported by a first outlines analysis. This work confirmed the importance of seawater temperature on stock state variables particularly during the reproduction period. For those same variables, a major role of trophic conditions has also been demonstrated with answers depending on development stages. Part of this result contributed to modifications within the simulation model dedicated to this population. The modifications mainly concerned integration of trophic resources effect on recruitment level, juveniles’ production and growth rates per length class revision, accuracy of catches by professional fishermen and addition of a price effect on the fishing strategies. In conjonction with the model validation, the sensitivity analysis undertaken highlighted the sensitivity of the model to environmental parameters and to variables related to the younger stages. In a co-management context, this tool was used to perform projections on the future of the population according to various management scenarios. The differences in the patterns of biomass evolution in response to those action schemes were used by the stakeholders to identify management measures currently in force. In the end the model reinforces the engaged participatory process.

Arc-continent collisions are believed to be an important mechanism for the growth of continents. Taiwan is one of the modern day examples of this process, and as such, it is an ideal natural laboratories to investigate the uncertain behavior of continental crust during collision. The obliquity of collision between the northern South China Sea (SCS) rifted margin and Luzon arc in the Manila trench subduction zone allows for glimpses into different temporal stages of collision at different spatial locations, from the mature mountain-belt in central-northern Taiwan to the 'pre-collision' rifted margin and subduction zone south of Taiwan. Recently acquired seismic reflection and wide-angle seismic refraction data document the crustal-scale structure of the mountain belt through these different stages. These data reveal a wide rifted margin near Taiwan with half-graben rift basins along the continental shelf and a broad distal margin consisting of highly-extended continental crust modified by post-rift magmatism. Magmatic features in the distal margin include sills in the post-rift sediments, intruded crust, and a high-velocity lower crustal layer that likely represents mafic magmatism. Post-rift magmatism may have been induced by thermal erosion of lithospheric mantle following breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading. Geophysical profiles across the early-stage collision offshore southern Taiwan show evidence the thin crust of the distal margin is subducting at the Manila trench and structurally underplating the growing orogenic wedge ahead of the encroaching continental shelf. Subduction of the distal margin may induce a pre-collision flexural response along the continental shelf as suggested by a recently active major rift fault and a geodynamic model of collision. The weak rift faults may be inverted during the subsequent collision with the continental shelf. These findings support a multi-phase collision model where the early growth of the mountain belt is driven in part by underplating of the accretionary prism by crustal blocks from the distal margin. The wedge is subsequently uplift and deformed during a collision with the continental shelf that involves both thin-skinned and thick-skinned structural styles. This model highlights the importance of rifting styles on mountain-building. / text

This descriptive and correlational study examined the applicability of major U.S. college choice factors to Philippine high school seniors. A sample of 226 students from a private school in Manila completed the College Choice Survey for High School Seniors. Cronbach's alpha for the survey composite index was 0.933. The purposes of this nonexperimental, quantitative study were (1) to describe the relative importance of major college choice factors (as identified in U.S. research) to Philippine high school seniors, and (2) to determine whether there were statistically significant differences in the importance ascribed to these factors, according to students' demographic attributes. For all statistical analyses, SPSS 16.0 software was used. To address the first purpose, the mean and standard deviation were calculated for each college choice factor addressed in the survey. To address the second purpose, ANOVAs, Mann-Whitney U tests, and Kruskal-Wallis tests were run, in order to study the relationship between each of the major college choice factors and students' demographic attributes. This study found that all of the major U.S. college choice factors were important, to some degree, in the Philippine context. Other factors were added based on pilot studies. This study also found that some of the U.S.-literature-generated demographic choice attributes functioned similarly in the Philippine setting (e.g. academic ability, gender), while others did not (e.g. educational level of fathers and of mothers). Moreover, students' academic ability was the primary demographic attribute, accounting for statistically significant differences in assessment of the importance of college choice factors for most (12 out of 13) of the factors. The major U.S. college choice factors appear to be important to Philippine private high school students. Two choice attributes (academic ability, gender) appear to apply to private high school students in the Philippines, while the attributes of father's and mother's education levels do not appear to apply. Among Philippine private high school students, academic ability may account for differences in assessment of the importance of college choice factors. Using a survey method alone to study college choice is limiting. Future studies should utilize a variety of methods to collect data and should involve several schools.

Includes bibliographical references

La reapertura de Japón y la transformación del período Meiji tuvieron implicaciones regionales que llevaron al reforzamiento de los vínculos con las colonias asiáticas del imperio español durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. En el marco de las relaciones iniciadas con el proyecto para la firma del tratado hispano-japonés de 1868, destacaron tres procesos históricos. El primero fue la incorporación del gobierno español al sistema de “tratados desiguales” vigente en Japón. En segundo lugar, el papel de las islas Filipinas, Marianas y Carolinas en la nanshin-ron 南進論 o “teorías del avance hacia el sur” a la hora de fomentar la penetración de los intereses japoneses en el Nanyō 南洋o región de los “mares del sur”. Finalmente, destacó la intensificación de las relaciones entre los archipiélagos japonés y filipino durante la última década de este siglo. El análisis de estos procesos permite observar cómo el declive de un imperio español que trataba de conservar sus colonias asiáticas, discurrió paralelamente al ascenso de Japón como una nueva potencia que exploraba las posibilidades de expandir sus intereses en la región donde estaban localizadas dichas colonias. / The reopening of Japan and the transformation during the Meiji period had regional implications linked to the intensification of the relationship with the Asian colonies of the Spanish empire during the second half of the 19th century. In the context of the relationships initiated with the project for the Japanese-Spanish treaty of 1868, it is possible to highlight three historic processes. First is the Spanish project to join the unequal treaty system established in Japan. Secondly is the role of the Philippine, Marianas and Caroline islands within the nanshin-ron 南進論 or “theories of the advance towards the South Seas” to promote the penetration of the Japanese interest in the Nanyō 南洋 or “South Seas”. Lastly is the process of strengthening linkages between Japan and the Philippines during the last decade of this century. The analysis of these processes allows us to observe how the decline of a Spanish empire trying to maintain its Asian colonies was parallel to the rise of Japan as a new power, which explored new possibilities to expand its interests in the region where these colonies were located.

[EN] As it happens with any wearable accessory, Manila embroidered silk shawls usually evidence pathologies that have mainly to do with mechanical weakness and failure. This research emerged after studying several Manila shawls that needed treatment. Having to consolidate and reinforce them to re-establish their functionality, an auxiliary textile had to be chosen. Consolidation is one of the most delicate and decisive process to preserve any fabric. The addition of new sewed fabrics to the original textiles is a common practice nowadays to consolidate, reinforce and compensate losses in historic textiles. Results obtained from this research focus on the physic-chemical characterization of consolidation textile. Data from specimens subjected to artificial accelerated ageing (dry and wet heat and UV radiation) are also shown. A multimethod approach is proposed combining microscopy (LM and SEM/EDX) and spectroscopy (reflectance, FTIR) techniques and traction tensile tests in order to characterize the overall behavior of their before/after ageing processes. Tensile tests were run in weft and warp directions. Comparison of IR spectra obtained in ATR mode from different areas of the textile has evidenced that the yellowness and oxidation. About LM and SEM examination enabled the identification of empty fiber and micro fissures in different areas on the surface. Other purpose of this study is to establish an optimum method for the consolidation of 'Manila shawls'. Transparency and strength are common requirements for any consolidation process. This research will show results obtained with Chinese crepe as base fabric and two types of techniques: couching and basting. Specimens were prepared with different fabrics in both weft and warp directions and were sowed uniformly in order to minimize differences among samples. Specimens were subjected to tensile tests with a dynamometer. Results obtained allowed to establish the suitability of each consolidation method in this specific case. / [ES] Los mantones de Manila tienen como material constituyente la seda presentando las patologías de deterioro de esta, como son debilidad mecánica y degradación natural y debido al uso. Esta investigación surgió después de estudiar varios mantones de Manila que necesitaban tratamiento de consolidación, tener que consolidar y restablecer su funcionalidad, fue lo que llevo al estudio de soluciones y métodos de actuación. La consolidación es uno de los procesos más delicados y decisivos para preservar cualquier tipo de tejido. La adición de nuevas telas cosidas a los textiles originales es una práctica común hoy en día para consolidar, reforzar y compensar las pérdidas de los textiles históricos. Los resultados obtenidos de esta investigación se centran en la caracterización físico-química de tejidos y sistemas para la consolidación centrándonos en las características especiales de esta tipología. Los datos de los ensayos sobre las probetas que fueron sometidas a envejecimientos artificiales acelerados (radiación de calor y UV seco y húmedo) fueron analizados mediante un enfoque multidisciplinar combinando la microscopía (LM y SEM / EDX) y espectroscopia de reflectancia (FTIR), con ensayos de tracción para caracterizar el comportamiento mecánico antes y después del envejecimiento. Los ensayos de tracción se llevaron a cabo en tramas y urdimbres. Con la comparación de los espectros de IR y ATR de diferentes áreas para evidenciar los grados de oxidación y amarilleamiento. Mediante las imágenes obtenidas por LM y SEM se identificaron los deterioros en diferentes áreas de la superficie. De los resultados obtenidos se ha realizado una descripción de las aplicaciones más adecuadas en cuanto a los materiales y en correspondencia con los deterioros de estas obras Otro propósito de este estudio ha sido establecer un método óptimo de puntadas de consolidación. Valorando la transparencia y la fuerza como requisitos esenciales. Esta investigación mostrará los resultados obtenidos con probetas realizadas con crespón como tela de base y dos tipos de técnicas: el "punto de restauración" y la puntada de hilván o bastilla . Las muestras se prepararon con los diferentes tejidos analizados, en ambas direcciones de urdimbre y de trama y se cosieron de manera uniforme con el fin de minimizar las diferencias entre las muestras, sometiéndose a ensayos de tracción con un dinamómetro. Los resultados obtenidos ayudaron a establecer la idoneidad de cada método de consolidación. / [CA] Els mantons de Manila tenen com a material constituent la seda presentant les patologies de deteriorament d'aquesta, com són debilitat mecànica i degradació natural i causa de l'ús. Aquesta investigació va sorgir després d'estudiar diversos mantons de Manila que necessitaven tractament de consolidació, haver de consolidar i restablir la seva funcionalitat, va ser el que porto a l'estudi de solucions i mètodes d'actuació. La consolidació és un dels processos més delicats i decisius per preservar qualsevol tipus de teixit. L'adició de noves teles cosides als tèxtils originals és una pràctica comu avui dia per consolidar, reforçar i compensar les pèrdues dels tèxtils històrics. Els resultats obtinguts d'aquesta investigació se centren en la caracterització fisicoquímica de teixits i sistemes per a la consolidació centrant-nos en les característiques especials d'aquesta tipologia . Les dades dels assaigs sobre les provetes que van ser sotmeses a envelliment artificials accelerats (radiació de calor i UV sec i humit) van ser analitzats mitjançant un enfocament multidisciplinari combinant la microscòpia (LM i SEM / EDX) i espectroscòpia de reflectància (FTIR), amb assaigs de tracció per caracteritzar el comportament mecànic abans i després de l'envelliment. Els assajos de tracció es van dur a terme en trames i ordits. Amb la comparació dels espectres d'IR i ATR de diferents àrees per evidenciar els graus d'oxidació i engroguiment. Mitjançant les imatges obtingudes per LM i SEM es van identificar les degradacions en diferents àrees de la superfície. Dels resultats obtinguts s'ha realitzat una descripció de les aplicacions més adequades pel que fa als materials i en correspondència amb els deterioraments d'aquestes obres. Un altre propòsit d'aquest estudi ha estat establir un mètode òptim de puntades de consolidació. Valorant la transparència i la força com a requisits essencials. Aquesta investigació mostrarà els resultats obtinguts amb provetes realitzades amb crespó com a tela de base i dos tipus de tècniques: el "punt de restauració" i la puntada de embasta o bastilla. Les mostres es van preparar amb els diferents teixits analitzats, en ambdues direccions d'ordit i de trama i es van cosir de manera uniforme per tal de minimitzar les diferències entre les mostres, sotmetent-les a assajos de tracció amb un dinamòmetre. Els resultats obtinguts van ajudar a establir la idoneïtat de cada mètode de consolidació. / Arbues Fandos, NC. (2016). El Mantón de Manila. Examen morfológico, iconográfico y material, en pro de su conservación y restauración. Criterios y metodología de intervención para su consolidación [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/61490 / TESIS

U.S. naval expansion is considered to be inevitable. When it is discussed at all, especially in recent scholarly works, it merits at most a few paragraphs briefly mentioning that in the late nineteenth century the United States constructed a modern navy. It is portrayed as if U.S. leaders mostly favored greatly expanding the nation’s naval power and that little to no serious opposition existed among government leaders. Naval expansion, however, fundamentally altered U.S. foreign policy. It represented one of the most significant shifts in the Gilded Age, an era often thought of as a forgettable period in U.S. politics with no major political events taking place. If anything, naval expansion should be the single most discussed political decision to come out of this period and President Benjamin Harrison should be remembered for his role in this development. After all, there are few presidential actions from this period that continue to greatly affect U.S. policy today, and Harrison and his fellow naval expansionists deserve more than a footnote in history.

This thesis examines the missiological writings of Orlando E. Costas (1943-1987), particularly The Church and Its Mission: A Shattering Critique from the Third World (1974); Theology of the Crossroads in Contemporary Latin America (1976); Christ Outside the Gate (1982); and Liberating News: A Theology of Contextual Evangelization (1989). From the early 1970s until his death in 1987 he wrote over 130 articles and 12 books in both Spanish and English that addressed key missiological concerns. A careful reading of a selection of Costas's texts oriented around a hymn, a gospel song, a psalm, and a poem provides the shape of this thesis. This thesis argues that Costas formulated a Third World evangelical missiology. Chapter one investigates what Costas's autobiographical material expressed about his positions on conversion, Protestant evangelicalism, missiology, and those living on the ‘periphery' of life. Chapter two recognises his commitment to the peoples of Latin America and the Caribbean in particular and the Third World in general. Chapter three explores Costas's analysis of the Latin American Protestant Church in a revolutionary situation in the continent and chapter four examines his survey and critical appraisal of Latin American liberation theology. Chapter five recognizes the pastoral shape of Costas's missiology. Chapter six explores his critical interaction with two more conservative evangelical missiological positions, the Church Growth Movement and Peter Beyerhaus and the Frankfurt Declaration, and chapter seven surveys the discussion within the international evangelical community regarding the relationship between evangelism and social responsibility. Chapter eight examines Costas's Liberating News as an expression of Third World evangelical missiology. Chapter nine considers the theological issue of penal substitutionary atonement and his missiology. The thesis concludes with an appraisal of the issues and contributions of Costas's Third World evangelical missiology to current missiological discussion.