This thesis focuses on the Summa Angelica de casibus conscientie written by Angelo da Chivasso (d. 1495), first printed in 1486. Angelo belonged to the Observantine branch of the Franciscan Order and was its vicar general four times. Having documented Angelo's life and career, the thesis centres on the construction and purpose of his Summa. It assesses its originality within the tradition of confession manuals and the reasons for its popularity. It argues that the structure is very clear because Angelo intended it for the use of simplices confessores, by which he probably meant priests who did not have a university degree. He arranged his material alphabetically and in the longer sections, paragraphs were numbered, making cross-referencing easy. He included a list of authorities and explained the manner of quoting from them. Not all these features were original, but together they helped to make the Summa popular. There are several noteworthy features of Angelo's Summa. The procedures described had been laid down in earlier manuals, including the need for more rigorous questions - ad status – relating to the profession of each penitent and where this might lead to sin. Angelo however diverged from some earlier authorities by warning about excessive rigour. Circumstances were to be taken into account, and where possible penitents to be given the benefit of the doubt. The number of copies of Angelo's Summa printed throughout Western Christendom during his lifetime and following his death are a tribute to its importance. The period of fame however, was short. Martin Luther was a particularly virulent critic of the Summa, and the Catholic Church changed the method of hearing confessions, making much of it redundant, though it survived for some centuries more as a work of reference for confessors.

Laboratory work is considered important for student achievements in science education. This thesis will contribute with increased knowledge about lab work in science education in Swedish secondary school. The main purposes are to describe secondary school science teachers’ objectives for lab work and to describe how these objectives are implemented during laboratory exercises. The thesis shows and discusses, from a teacher perspective, the complexity involved in lab work.The thesis is comprised of four papers based on empirical analysis of teacher interviews, laboratory manuals and laboratory exercises. Two interview studies identified which objectives the teachers consider important and compared these to international studies. Two case studies identified how the teachers’ objectives are put forward during lab work and what factors are important for the implementation of objectives.The results from the interview studies show that Swedish secondary school science teachers express general objectives including the development of students’ understanding of concepts and phenomena, of their interest in science and ability to think and reflect upon labwork. This is to a large extent in accordance with objectives identified in international studies. However, when the teachers describe specific laboratory exercises they emphasize the activity and the laboratory skills. Some of the teachers describe lab work that includes scientific inquiry but not specifically, knowledge about the nature of science. Scientific inquiry was mostly used to develop interest in science and not to develop knowledge about how to systematically investigate phenomena in nature. The teachers express their objectives differently in different contexts. The laboratory manuals mostly put forward objectives to help students identify objects and phenomena and to learn facts, which is not always in accordance with the teachers objectives. Results from the case studies show that the teachers’ objectives do not always correspond to the students’ views of important things to learn. It is not obvious that lab work in itself make students understand a certain scientific content, they need help to “see what is intended to be seen”. Interactions between the teacher and the students are important to help students perceive the teacher’s objectives. Many interactions have a starting point in the laboratory manuals, and if the objectives in the manual correspond to the teacher’s objectives it makes it easier for both the students and the teacher to reach the intentions for the laboratory exercise. Implications for science teaching are discussed. / Att laborationer har en naturlig och central plats i naturvetenskaplig undervisning håller de flesta med om men hur stor vikt svenska grundskollärare lägger på det laborativa arbetet och dess betydelse för elevers lärande i naturvetenskap är inte klarlagt. Denna avhandling ska ge ytterligare kunskap om det laborativa arbetet i svensk grundskola. Avhandlingen har två huvudsyften. Det ena är att ge en beskrivning av de mål för laborativt arbete som lärare i den svenska grundskolans senare år anser viktiga. Det andra är att beskriva hur laborationer som genomförs i skolpraktiken förverkligar de uppsatta målen. Avhandlingen uppmärksammar och diskuterar det laborativa arbetets komplexitet utifrån ett lärarperspektiv.De fyra delstudierna bygger på empiriska undersökningar av intervjuer med lärare, deras laborationsinstruktioner och av det laborativa arbetets genomförande. I två intervjustudier analyseras vilka mål som anses viktiga och hur dessa förhåller sig till internationell forskning om mål med laborationer. I två fallstudier analyseras hur lärarens mål framträder under det laborativa arbetet och vilka faktorer som har betydelse för hur målen implementeras.Resultaten från intervjustudierna visar bland annat att lärare i den svenskagrundskolan uttrycker generella mål för laborativt arbete som att eleverna skautveckla sin förståelse av naturvetenskapliga begrepp och fenomen, sitt intresse för naturvetenskap, och sitt reflekterande över laborativt arbete. Detta överensstämmer i stor utsträckning med mål som framträder i internationella undersökningar. När lärarna talar om specifika laborationer betonar de istället själva aktiviteten och de laborativa färdigheterna. Lärarna uttrycker således sina mål olika i olika sammanhang. Lärarna erbjuder laborationer där undersökande arbete förekommer men de utnyttjar inte laborationerna till att skapa förståelse av naturvetenskapens karaktär. Det undersökande arbetet utnyttjas främst för att öka intresset för naturvetenskap och inte för att ge kunskap om metoder för naturvetenskapliga undersökningar. Laborationsinstruktionerna innehåller i stor utsträckning mål för att hjälpa elever att identifiera objekt och att lära sig fakta. Instruktionernas mål stämmer inte alltid överens med lärarnas mål med laborationerna. Resultaten från fallstudierna visar att lärarna ofta har fler mål med laborationerna än de som kommer fram under genomförandet och att lärarnas mål inte alltid överensstämmer med vad eleverna uppfattar som viktigt. Det är inte självklart att det laborativa arbetet i sig medför att eleverna förstår ett visst naturvetenskapligt innehåll, eleverna behöver hjälp att ”se vad som är avsett att se”. Interaktionerna mellan lärare och elever och mellan elever och elever är mycket viktiga för att eleverna ska uppfatta målen. Mycket av interaktionerna tar sin utgångspunkt i laborationsinstruktionen. Om målen i denna överensstämmer med de mål läraren vill eftersträva underlättar det både för läraren och för eleverna. I avhandlingen diskuteras konsekvenser för undervisningen.

The focus of the research reported on in this dissertation is an evaluation of the Language in Learning and Teaching project (LILT), in terms of its ability to facilitate English language development in schools where both educators and learners are second language speakers and where the Language of Learning and Teaching (LoLT) is English. The research involved two main phases. During the first phase I established evaluation criteria from the literature review, from another project the English Language Education Trust, (ELET) and from my own experience and feedback from the end-users (Le. teachers) and the observation of workshops. In the second phase I evaluated the LILT materials against the criteria developed in the literature review, analysed the feedback from end-users in the form of a questionnaire and made recommendations. In this dissertation the following terms will be used interchangeably: teacher, educator, facilitator and tutor because in the quoted passages, the term teacher is largely used. However, in Outcomes-Based Education (OBE) the terms educator, facilitator and tutor are used. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2001.

O imageamento por tensor de difusão (DTI) por ressonância magnética (RM) é um método de aquisição recente e de utilização bastante reduzida nos serviços que possuem equipamentos os softwares paro DTI. A partir desta situação notou-se a necessidade de um guia para os profissionais envolvidos RM; que servisse como fonte de consulta para auxiliar na aquisição do DTI. Para criação deste guia um referencial fez necessário e foi obtido apenas como norteador por meio de um questionário aplicado a profissionais que trabalham com RM, de uma clínica de Curitiba. Através do questionário foi possível levantar que conceitos e parâmetros o guia poderia explanar, notoriamente precisando dar ênfase aos parâmetros básicos da técnica, as formas de reconstrução dos dados e as formas de visualização. O guia foi montado explicando o processo de aquisição do DTI, os principais parâmetros envolvidos e os termos comuns aos exames desta natureza. Também foram elaboradas 15 perguntas frequentes sobre o DTI, com tabelas de consulta rápida. O resultado final é um guia de fácil manuseio e entendimento que visa auxiliar os profissionais da área a pesquisarem, apreenderem e utilizarem a técnica de imageamento por tensor de difusão. Apesar de pronto, existe ainda a necessidade de introduzir o guia e coletar sugestões e ainda aprimorar os questionamentos iniciais aos profissionais da área de modo a enriquecer o guia. / Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) by magnetic resonance (MR) is a recent method of acquisition whose utilization has been fairly reduced in services that use equipment with DTI software. From this situation, one observed the need to develop a guide for professionals involved in MR, which would serve as a reference source to assist in the acquisition of DTI. In order to make this guide, a reference was necessary to be given a steer and it was obtained through a questionnaire administered to professionals who work with MRI in a clinic in Curitiba. Through the questionnaire, it was possible to raise the concepts and parameters the guide could explain, especially emphasizing technique basic parameters, forms of data reconstruction and visualization forms. The guide was made explaining the acquisition of DTI, the main parameters involved and the common terms for these kinds of tests. In addition, 15 commonly asked questions about the DTI were prepared with quick reference tables. The final result is an easy-to-understand guide which aims to help the area professionals to search, apprehend and use the diffusion tensor imaging technique. Although it is ready, there is the need to introduce the guide and collect suggestions, and still, improve the professionals’ early questions to enhance the guide.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:25:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6780.pdf: 1944227 bytes, checksum: 728d38b307a6993b63f86412640bac0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-19 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The 1940s is marked by a significant interest in the history of the portuguese language providing for themselves the moment of eruption of the Brazilian linguistic. Although there were already before this period of study, many studies seeking to understand and investigate the language in Brazil especially from the viewpoints grammatical, historical and dialetological and textual criticism, is the publication of Principles of General Linguistics in 1941, of Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr., a paradigm shift was seen in the Brazilian language of history and its moment of eruption in this scenario. This work would, strictly speaking, the transition between a traditional linguistic and modern (structural). Over the past few years, such studies in Brazil have grown a lot, we can say that came out of complete anonymity with Mattoso of pioneering work and they arrived, in 2015, as one of the most prolific Brazilian science, given the large number of presentations and publications work relevant events and magazines in the area in Brazil and abroad. The Brazilian linguistic also has little research, especially in the context of discourse studies, seeking to explain the history. Thus, this final work, we aim to investigate the event of reception Course of General Linguistics (CLG) in three Brazilian linguistics manuals: Princípios de Linguística Geral, of Mattoso Câmara Jr.; Fundamentos da Linguística Contemporânea, of Edward Lopes and; finally, Para Compreender Saussure, of Castelar de Carvalho, considering as an object of reflection the concepts of language and speech. Therefore, we anchor our work in theoretical and methodological assumptions of the french orientation of Discourse Analysis. We mobilized, more specifically, the contributions of Jacques Guilhaumou (2009) with respect to event concepts and discursive event of the narrative. We attend a corpus consisting of linguistic manuals published in Brazil from the forties of the last century, seeking to explain and / or didactic of the CLG. We seek to investigate the role that such textbooks assume from the interpretation of the reading of Saussure's Course, contributing in this way to a discursive elucidation of historical paths, beside, how they pass or passed the linguistic practiced in Brazil, as well as analyze the different effects directions created from different narratives produced. / A década de 1940 é marcada por um expressivo interesse pela história da língua portuguesa, o que proporcionou um momento de irrupção da linguística brasileira. Embora já houvesse antes desse período de estudos inúmeras pesquisas que buscavam compreender e investigar a linguagem no Brasil, especialmente, a partir dos mirantes gramatical, histórico-dialetológico e da crítica textual, é com a publicação de Princípios de Linguística Geral, em 1941, de Joaquim Mattoso Câmara Jr., que uma mudança de paradigma se viu na história da linguística brasileira. Essa obra representaria, a rigor, a transição entre uma linguística tradicional e a moderna (estrutural). Ao longo desses últimos anos, tais estudos no Brasil cresceram expressivamente; podemos dizer que saíram do completo anonimato com os trabalhos pioneiros de Mattoso Câmara, chegando em 2015 como uma das ciências brasileiras mais fecundas, haja vista o grande número de apresentações e publicações de trabalhos relevantes em eventos e revistas da área, tanto no Brasil quanto no exterior. A linguística brasileira, entretanto, ainda conta com poucas pesquisas, sobretudo no âmbito dos estudos discursivos, que procuram explicitar a sua história. Desta forma, nesta dissertação de mestrado, objetivamos investigar a recepção do acontecimento Curso de Linguística Geral (CLG) em três manuais de linguística brasileiros: Princípios de Linguística Geral, de Mattoso Câmara Jr.; Fundamentos da Linguística Contemporânea, de Edward Lopes e; por fim, Para Compreender Saussure, de Castelar de Carvalho, considerando como objeto de reflexão os conceitos de língua e fala. Para tanto, ancoramos nosso trabalho nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Análise de Discurso de orientação francesa. Mobilizamos, mais especificamente, as contribuições de Jacques Guilhaumou (2009) no tocante aos conceitos de acontecimento discursivo e de narrativa do acontecimento. Frequentamos um corpus constituído por manuais de linguística publicados no Brasil a partir dos anos quarenta do século XX que buscam explicar e/ou didatizar o CLG. Buscamos investigar o papel que tais manuais assumem a partir da interpretação da leitura do Curso de Saussure, com vistas a contribuir, dessa maneira, para uma elucidação discursiva dos percursos históricos pelos quais passou(a) a linguística praticada no Brasil, assim como analisar os diferentes efeitos de sentidos criados a partir das diferentes narrativas produzidas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:35:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marlene.pdf: 3066233 bytes, checksum: f8f7398a09a28ec202b711a8e46fbed2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this master's degree dissertation, are presented the results of the research held on the reading textbooks written and produced between 1953 to 1957 by Teacher Manoel Bergström Lourenço Filho (1897- 1970), aimed at students of primary public schools of the country. Known as the Pedrinho Graduate Reading Series, consisted of four literature books and a reading primer, namely: Pedrinho (1953), Pedrinho e seus amigos (1954), Aventuras de Pedrinho (1955), Leituras de Pedrinho e Maria Clara (1956), and the primer, Upa, cavalinho! (1957) All published by Companhia Editora Melhoramentos, (SP). For the elaboration of the Series (Lourenço Filho), beyond the texts of his authorship, selected excerpts were taken from work already published by other authors, all of whom appeared throughout the four books of literature in the form of lessons. These textbooks were produced with the intention to stimulate the desire to read with comprehension in a productive form, and the second specifies the actual author on the presentation of the first volume of The first grade to watch the problems of human relations at home, at school, and in the social life (LOURENÇO FILHO, 1961). Approached based upon the assumptions of the Educational History in interface with the books history and the literature, is centered in researched bibliography and documentary. The objective of the present job consists of elaborating in a mapping of the authors chosen by Lourenço Filho to compose the scope of Series. From this survey, only a few authors were highlighted, due to those who contributed more in terms of quantity of lessons published, and identified himself to learn more focus placed on those same lessons. This analyses created possibilities to conclude what, in the historic moment in which what was published and utilized, as selected lectures continued knowing who composed the Primary Education pertaining to various disciplines; however, it was found that Lourenço Filho, whom chose authors to write the Series, emphasized texts that privileged knowledge especially dedicated to the teaching of History and Geography in Brazil as disciplines formed the Brazilian nationality / Nesta dissertação de mestrado, são apresentados os resultados de pesquisa realizada nos manuais escolares de leitura escritos e produzidos entre 1953 e 1957 pelo prof. Manoel Bergström Lourenço Filho (1897 1970), voltados a alunos de escolas primárias públicas do País. Conhecida como Série de Leitura Graduada Pedrinho, era composta por quatro livros de leitura e uma cartilha, a saber: Pedrinho (1953), Pedrinho e seus amigos (1954), Aventuras de Pedrinho (1955), Leituras de Pedrinho e Maria Clara (1956), e a cartilha Upa, cavalinho! (1957), todos publicados pela Companhia Editora Melhoramentos (SP). Para a elaboração da Série, Lourenço Filho, além de textos de sua autoria, selecionou variados trechos de obras já publicados por outros autores e autoras que figuram ao longo dos quatro livros de leitura em forma de lições. Esses manuais escolares foram produzidos com a pretensão de estimular a vontade de ler com compreensão, de forma produtiva, bem como, segundo explicita o próprio autor na apresentação do primeiro volume, ser a primeira série a cuidar dos problemas das relações humanas no lar, na escola e na vida social (LOURENÇO FILHO, 1961). Mediante abordagem baseada nos pressupostos da História da Educação em interface com a História do Livro e da Leitura e centrado em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em elaborar um mapeamento dos autores e autoras escolhidos por Lourenço Filho para compor o escopo da Série. A partir desse mapeamento, destaca-se os que mais contribuíram em termos de quantidade de lições publicadas, bem como identificou-se os saberes mais colocados em foco nessas mesmas lições. Esta análise criou possibilidades para concluir que, no momento histórico em que foi publicada e utilizada, as lições selecionadas continham saberes que compunham o Ensino Primário concernentes a diversas disciplinas; entretanto, verificou-se que Lourenço Filho, ao escolher autores para compor a Série, enfatizou textos que privilegiavam especialmente saberes dedicados ao ensino da História e da Geografia brasileiras identificadas como disciplinas formadoras da nacionalidade

Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux fut longtemps considéré comme l’initiateur de l’Europe à « l’idéal classique », le représentant de la précellence et du « génie de la langue française ». Incarnant la perfection de « l’esprit national », c’est par rapport à lui que sont jugés les auteurs des autres siècles avant qu’ils ne soient admis en tant que « classiques français ». Interroger les rouages de l’élaboration de la mythification de l’auteur de l’Art Poétique suppose l’examen des tenants et des aboutissants de la référence à Boileau. Notre propos est de mesurer l’usage qui en a été fait par l’institution scolaire et les formes éditoriales, afin de nous éclairer sur sa réception. L’analyse de cette figure emblématique du « canon classique français » montre que l’œuvre bolévienne a été investie d’une fonction fondatrice de la littérature nationale, dont elle définit les principes et l’excellence. Évaluer le rôle de ces discours dans la consécration de l’auteur et leur participation dans la diffusion de sa notoriété, permet de juger de leur impact sur la constitution d’un idéal esthétique, qui passe par la canonisation de l’œuvre bolévienne dans le but d’une édification nationale. De plus, si la légende de « Législateur » a trouvé ses assises dans des « lieux de mythification », notamment l’annotation et les discours biographique et iconographique, sa démythification s’élabore au lendemain même de la mort de l’auteur et à contre-courant de la légende elle-même. La concurrence qui s’opère entre les discours pro et anti-canonisation de Boileau permet de mesurer jusqu’à quel point la réception de l’auteur interfère dans le regard que pose le siècle des Lumières aussi bien que le XIXe siècle sur le « siècle de Louis le Grand ». / Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux was long considered as the initiator of Europe to the ‘classical ideal’, the representative of the preeminence and the ‘génie’ of the French language. As the representative of the ‘spirit of the French nation’, it is to him that authors of other centuries are compared before they are accepted as ‘French classics’. Questioning the inner workings of the mythologizing’s creation of Boileau, imply examining the ins and outs of the reference to him. Our purpose is to measure the use of the ‘French Legislator’ by school and editorial forms to enlighten us on his reception. The analysis of this emblematic figure of the ‘French classical canon’ shows that Boileau has been invested with the principles and excellence of the national literature. Our observations point out that edition as much as periodic and educational works had a major role in the consecration of the author. It is to them that we owe the author’s reputation and the creation of an aesthetic ideal of which the major purpose is nation building. Furthermore, if the ‘Legislator’s’ legend was built in Boileau’s works’ annotation and biographical and iconographic discourse, its demystification started just after the death of the author and against the legend itself. This contestation instructs us on the reception of the « Legislator of French Parnassus » as well as on how the 18e and 19e centuries perceived their predecessor.

Orientador: Elide Rugai Bastos / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T09:43:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Meucci_Simone_D.pdf: 1785324 bytes, checksum: a2281fde9a7d1aebfdb04955506edc59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo desta pesquisa é reconstruir alguns aspectos da trajetória intelectual de Gilberto Freyre no período compreendido entre o final dos anos 20 e o final dos anos 50, especialmente referidos à sistematização de suas idéias sociológicas. O ponto de partida da análise é a sua experiência docente na Escola Normal de Pernambuco durante os anos de 1929 e 1930, quando o autor reuniu as primeiras ferramentas conceituais a partir das quais foi possível produzir sua singular interpretação da sociedade brasileira e consagrar os estudos sociológicos no meio intelectual brasileiro. Em seguida, investigamos sua experiência docente na Universidade do Distrito Federal entre os anos de 1935 e 1937. Trata-se da única experiência em que o autor permaneceu, de forma mais ou menos estável, nos quadros de uma instituição de ensino superior brasileiro. A análise dos manuscritos de suas aulas permite compreender o sentido das suas idéias naquele período. Por fim, apresentamos uma análise das duas primeiras edições do compêndio Sociologia: uma introdução aos seus princípios, publicado pela primeira vez em 1945, um livro singular no conjunto da obra do autor, resultante de experiência docente nas duas instituições acima referidas. Na reconstrução desta trajetória - que compreende desde a artesania de suas idéias sociológicas até ambiência social e política que serviu de substrato para sua atividade intelectual - constatamos as diferentes expectativas de que a ciência sociológica foi depositária no Brasil / Abstract: This research aims at reconstructing some aspects of Gilberto Freyre¿s intellectual trajectory between the late 1920s and the late 1950s, with a focus on the systematization of his sociological ideas. The analysis starts with his teaching experience at the Pernambuco¿s Normal School in 1929-1930, when the author produced his first conceptual tools that enabled him to produce his particular interpretation of Brazilian society, consolidating at he same time sociological studies. Following this his teaching experience at the Federal District¿s University, between 1935-1937, is investigated. It was the only experience Freyre had as a fixed member of the faculty of a Brazilian university. The analysis of the manuscripts from his classes allows for a comprehension of his ideas in that period. An investigation of the first two editions of his compedium Sociologia: uma introdução aos seus princípios (Sociology: an introduction to its principles), first published in 1945, is presented at last. This was a singular book in his trajectory, resulting from teaching experience at the above mentioned institutions. In the process of reconstructing Freyre¿s trajectory ¿ including the crafting of his sociological ideas and the social and political context that served as a basis for his intelectual activity ¿ one notices the different expectations one had on Sociology in Brazil / Doutorado / Doutor em Sociologia

The present thesis is concerned with the reflection of Global Englishes (GEs) and English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) in current teacher training manuals. The theoretical part introduces research into GEs and ELF with an emphasis on the pedagogical implications of the global role of English. The practical part consists in an analysis of four teachers training manuals of British provenance published between 2011 and 2014. Using a qualitative content analysis (see Schreier 2012), the author identifies in the selected publications textual material reflecting research into GEs and ELF. The identified textual material deals primarily with the teaching of language (e.g. pronunciation teaching) and culture (e.g. cultural relevance of materials), but attention is also paid to the current role of English in the world. On the basis of this material, the author then evaluates how the selected publications reflect research into GEs and ELF. The conclusion provides a summary of results, and suggestions for further research. Keywords: Global Englishes, English as a Lingua Franca, teacher training manuals, ELT, qualitative content analysis

The purpose of this project was to develop an educational program to assist educators in keeping school children healthy. This program is designed to support professionals who are working to reduce the problem of oobesity in children and adolescents in elementary and middle school setting.