A monoaminoxidase (MAO) é uma enzima importante, que pode atuar como alvo terapêutico. Inibidores da MAO-A apresentam atividade no tratamento de distúrbios de humor, enquanto os inibidores seletivos da MAO-B tem uso, especialmente, no tratamento da Doença de Parkinson. O conhecimento das interações ENZIMA-INIBIDOR é importante no planejamento de fármacos. Nesse contexto, foram realizados estudos das enzimas MAO-A e MAO-B com diferentes ligantes, através da combinação das metodologias de docking, Dinâmica Molecular e Ensemble Docking. Foram escolhidos os ligantes derivados da 1,4-naftoquinona (1,4-NQ), lapachol, menadiona, norlapachol, A2, B2 e C2, os inibidores comerciais clorgilina (MAO-A) e selegilina (MAO-B) e os substratos naturais serotonina (MAO-A) e dopamina (MAO-B). Os resultados do docking mostraram interação de todos os ligantes com algum dos resíduos da "gaiola aromática" (FAD, Tyr407/Tyr444 para MAO-A, Tyr398/Tyr435 para MAO-B), uma importante região catalítica da MAO. Além disso, a seletividade observada experimentalmente da menadiona com a MAO-B também foi observada no docking. Através da DM, foi possível observar algumas diferenças conformacionais entre as estruturas da MAO-A e MAO-B, que podem explicar a seletividade entre as duas isoformas, como por exemplo, distâncias entre resíduos do sítio ativo e ligações de hidrogênio. A partir do Ensemble Docking, foi verificado que a conformação do receptor influencia significativamente o escore das interações ENZIMA+LIGANTE para ligantes volumosos. / Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important enzyme that acts as therapeutic target. MAO-A inhibitors show pharmacological activity in the treatment of mood disorders, whereas MAO-B inhibitors are used especially in treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Knowledge of enzyme-inhibitor interactions is important in drug design. Therefore, studies of MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes with different ligands were performed by combining docking, Molecular Dynamics and Ensemble Docking methodologies. Ligands derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone, lapachol, menadione, nor-lapachol, A2, B2, C2, commercial inhibitors clorgyline (MAO-A) and selegiline (MAO-B) and the natural substrates serotonin (MAO-A) and dopamine (MAO-B) were chosen. The docking results shows interactions of all ligands with some residue of the "aromatic cage” (FAD cofactor, Tyr407/Tyr444 for MAO-A and Tyr398/Tyr435 for MAO-B), an important catalytic region of MAO. Furthermore, the experimentally observed selectivity of menadione with MAO-B was also observed by Docking. In Molecular Dynamics results, conformational differences were observed between MAO-A and MAO-B structures, which could explain the selectivity observed between isoforms, e.g. distances between residues of the active site and hydrogen bonds. Ensemble Docking results shows that the conformation of the receptor significantly influence the score of ENZYME+LIGAND interactions for bulky ligands.

A monoaminoxidase (MAO) é uma enzima importante, que pode atuar como alvo terapêutico. Inibidores da MAO-A apresentam atividade no tratamento de distúrbios de humor, enquanto os inibidores seletivos da MAO-B tem uso, especialmente, no tratamento da Doença de Parkinson. O conhecimento das interações ENZIMA-INIBIDOR é importante no planejamento de fármacos. Nesse contexto, foram realizados estudos das enzimas MAO-A e MAO-B com diferentes ligantes, através da combinação das metodologias de docking, Dinâmica Molecular e Ensemble Docking. Foram escolhidos os ligantes derivados da 1,4-naftoquinona (1,4-NQ), lapachol, menadiona, norlapachol, A2, B2 e C2, os inibidores comerciais clorgilina (MAO-A) e selegilina (MAO-B) e os substratos naturais serotonina (MAO-A) e dopamina (MAO-B). Os resultados do docking mostraram interação de todos os ligantes com algum dos resíduos da "gaiola aromática" (FAD, Tyr407/Tyr444 para MAO-A, Tyr398/Tyr435 para MAO-B), uma importante região catalítica da MAO. Além disso, a seletividade observada experimentalmente da menadiona com a MAO-B também foi observada no docking. Através da DM, foi possível observar algumas diferenças conformacionais entre as estruturas da MAO-A e MAO-B, que podem explicar a seletividade entre as duas isoformas, como por exemplo, distâncias entre resíduos do sítio ativo e ligações de hidrogênio. A partir do Ensemble Docking, foi verificado que a conformação do receptor influencia significativamente o escore das interações ENZIMA+LIGANTE para ligantes volumosos. / Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important enzyme that acts as therapeutic target. MAO-A inhibitors show pharmacological activity in the treatment of mood disorders, whereas MAO-B inhibitors are used especially in treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Knowledge of enzyme-inhibitor interactions is important in drug design. Therefore, studies of MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes with different ligands were performed by combining docking, Molecular Dynamics and Ensemble Docking methodologies. Ligands derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone, lapachol, menadione, nor-lapachol, A2, B2, C2, commercial inhibitors clorgyline (MAO-A) and selegiline (MAO-B) and the natural substrates serotonin (MAO-A) and dopamine (MAO-B) were chosen. The docking results shows interactions of all ligands with some residue of the "aromatic cage” (FAD cofactor, Tyr407/Tyr444 for MAO-A and Tyr398/Tyr435 for MAO-B), an important catalytic region of MAO. Furthermore, the experimentally observed selectivity of menadione with MAO-B was also observed by Docking. In Molecular Dynamics results, conformational differences were observed between MAO-A and MAO-B structures, which could explain the selectivity observed between isoforms, e.g. distances between residues of the active site and hydrogen bonds. Ensemble Docking results shows that the conformation of the receptor significantly influence the score of ENZYME+LIGAND interactions for bulky ligands.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is a target enzyme in the treatment of several pathologies, being that new molecules which inhibit of a selective, potent and reversible manner their isoforms and without adverse effects are searched. In this way, the first manuscript of this dissertation evaluated the in vitro inhibitory potential of the 4-organochalcogen-isoquinolines on cerebral MAO-A and B activities, elucidating their kinetics profile and the interaction compound x enzyme. The results demonstrated that all compounds were selective inhibitors of MAO-B, being compound 3-phenyl-4-(selenophenyl) isoquinoline the most potent. The kinetics profile revealed a mixed and reversible inhibition of enzyme, consistent to the results of molecular docking. It is known that both organic selenium compounds and isoquinolines are linked to pro-oxidants situations, thus, it was investigated the in vitro effect of 4-organoseleno-isoquinolines on cerebral activities of the enzymes δ- aminolevulinate dehydratase (δ-ALA-D) e Na+, K+-ATPase, which have easily oxidized cysteine residues. Data demonstrated that compounds substituted with chloro, fluoro and trifluoromethyl in the aromatic ring bonded to the selenium atom of compound 3-phenyl-4-(selenophenyl) isoquinoline inhibited both sulfhydryl enzymes, which was not observed in the compound substituted with methyl and in a nonsubstituted compound. Furthermore, since the inhibition of enzymes δ-ALA-D and Na+, K+-ATPase was restored by dithiothreitol it is possible to propose the oxidation of cysteine residues by compounds. The selective and reversible inhibition of MAO-B and the low toxicological potential demonstrated by compound 3-phenyl-4- (selenophenyl) isoquinoline become this compound a candidate for more studies, which aim this enzyme as a therapeutic target. / A monoamina oxidase (MAO) é uma enzima alvo no tratamento de diversas patologias, sendo que novas moléculas que a inibam de maneira seletiva, potente, reversível, e ausente de efeitos adversos suas isoformas são procuradas. Neste sentido, o primeiro manuscrito desta dissertação avaliou o potencial inibitório dos 4- organocalcogeno-isoquinolinas na atividade cerebral da MAO-A e B in vitro, elucidando seus perfis cinéticos e a interação composto e enzima. Os resultados demonstram que todos os compostos apresentam inibição seletiva da MAO-B, sendo o composto 3-fenil-4-(selenofenil) isoquinolina o mais potente. O perfil cinético revelou inibição do tipo mista e reversível da enzima, coerente aos resultados do docking molecular. Sabe-se que tanto compostos orgânicos de selênio quanto isoquinolinas relacionam-se a situações pró-oxidantes, deste modo, investigou-se o efeito in vitro dos 4-organoseleno-isoquinolinas na atividade cerebral das enzimas δ- aminolevulinato dehidratase (δ-ALA-D) e Na+, K+-ATPase, as quais possuem resíduos de cisteína facilmente oxidáveis. Os dados demonstram que os compostos substituídos com cloro, flúor e trifluormetil no anel aromático ligado ao átomo de Se do composto 3-fenil-4-(selenofenil) isoquinolina inibem ambas as enzimas sulfidrílicas, o que não foi observado com o composto substituído com metil e com o composto não substituído. Além disso, visto que a inibição das enzimas δ-ALA-D e Na+, K+-ATPase foi revertida por ditiotreitol é possível propor o envolvimento da oxidação dos resíduos de cisteína pelos compostos. Devido à inibição seletiva e reversível da MAO-B e ao baixo potencial toxicológico demonstrado, o composto 3- fenil-4-(selenofenil) isoquinolina torna-se um candidato a mais estudos que possuam esta enzima como alvo terapêutico.

A monoaminoxidase (MAO) é uma enzima importante, que pode atuar como alvo terapêutico. Inibidores da MAO-A apresentam atividade no tratamento de distúrbios de humor, enquanto os inibidores seletivos da MAO-B tem uso, especialmente, no tratamento da Doença de Parkinson. O conhecimento das interações ENZIMA-INIBIDOR é importante no planejamento de fármacos. Nesse contexto, foram realizados estudos das enzimas MAO-A e MAO-B com diferentes ligantes, através da combinação das metodologias de docking, Dinâmica Molecular e Ensemble Docking. Foram escolhidos os ligantes derivados da 1,4-naftoquinona (1,4-NQ), lapachol, menadiona, norlapachol, A2, B2 e C2, os inibidores comerciais clorgilina (MAO-A) e selegilina (MAO-B) e os substratos naturais serotonina (MAO-A) e dopamina (MAO-B). Os resultados do docking mostraram interação de todos os ligantes com algum dos resíduos da "gaiola aromática" (FAD, Tyr407/Tyr444 para MAO-A, Tyr398/Tyr435 para MAO-B), uma importante região catalítica da MAO. Além disso, a seletividade observada experimentalmente da menadiona com a MAO-B também foi observada no docking. Através da DM, foi possível observar algumas diferenças conformacionais entre as estruturas da MAO-A e MAO-B, que podem explicar a seletividade entre as duas isoformas, como por exemplo, distâncias entre resíduos do sítio ativo e ligações de hidrogênio. A partir do Ensemble Docking, foi verificado que a conformação do receptor influencia significativamente o escore das interações ENZIMA+LIGANTE para ligantes volumosos. / Monoamine oxidase (MAO) is an important enzyme that acts as therapeutic target. MAO-A inhibitors show pharmacological activity in the treatment of mood disorders, whereas MAO-B inhibitors are used especially in treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Knowledge of enzyme-inhibitor interactions is important in drug design. Therefore, studies of MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes with different ligands were performed by combining docking, Molecular Dynamics and Ensemble Docking methodologies. Ligands derived from 1,4-naphthoquinone, lapachol, menadione, nor-lapachol, A2, B2, C2, commercial inhibitors clorgyline (MAO-A) and selegiline (MAO-B) and the natural substrates serotonin (MAO-A) and dopamine (MAO-B) were chosen. The docking results shows interactions of all ligands with some residue of the "aromatic cage” (FAD cofactor, Tyr407/Tyr444 for MAO-A and Tyr398/Tyr435 for MAO-B), an important catalytic region of MAO. Furthermore, the experimentally observed selectivity of menadione with MAO-B was also observed by Docking. In Molecular Dynamics results, conformational differences were observed between MAO-A and MAO-B structures, which could explain the selectivity observed between isoforms, e.g. distances between residues of the active site and hydrogen bonds. Ensemble Docking results shows that the conformation of the receptor significantly influence the score of ENZYME+LIGAND interactions for bulky ligands.

Parkinson’s disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The major symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are closely linked to the pathology of the disease. The main pathology of Parkinson’s disease consists of the degeneration of neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which leads to reduced amounts of dopamine in the brain. One of the treatment strategies in Parkinson’s disease is to conserve dopamine by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for its catabolism. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) B isoform catalyses the oxidation of dopamine in the central nervous system and is therefore an important target for Parkinson’s disease treatment. Inhibition of MAO-B provides symptomatic relief for Parkinson’s disease patients by increasing endogenous dopamine levels as well as enhancing the levels of dopamine after administration of levodopa (L-dopa), the metabolic precursor of dopamine. Recent studies have shown that phthalide can be used as a scaffold for the design of reversible MAO inhibitors. Although phthalide is a weak MAO-B inhibitor, substitution on the C5 position of phthalide yields highly potent reversible MAO-B inhibitors. In the present study, sesamol and benzodioxane were used as scaffolds for the design of MAO inhibitors. The structures of sesamol and benzodioxane closely resemble that of phthalide, which suggests that these moieties may be useful for the design of MAO inhibitors. This study may be viewed as an exploratory study to discover new scaffolds for MAO inhibition. Since substitution at C5 of phthalide with a benzyloxy side chain yielded particularly potent MAO inhibitors, the sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives possessed the benzyloxy substituent in the analogous positions to C5 of phthalide. These were the C5 and C6 positions of sesamol and benzodioxane, respectively. The sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives were synthesised by reacting sesamol and 6- hydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane, respectively, with an appropriate alkyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). 6-Hydroxy-1,4- benzodioxane, in turn, was synthesised from 1,4-benzodioxan-6-carboxaldehyde. The structures of the compounds were verified with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, while the purities were estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sixteen sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives were synthesised. To determine the inhibition potencies of the synthesised compounds the recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes were used. The inhibition potencies were expressed as the corresponding IC50 values. The results showed that the sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives are highly potent and selective inhibitors of MAO-B and to a lesser extent MAOA. The most potent MAO-B inhibitor was 6-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane with an IC50 value of 0.045 μM. All compounds examined displayed selectivity for the MAO-B isoform over MAO-A. Generally the benzodioxane derivatives were found to be more potent inhibitors of human MAO-A and MAO-B than the sesamol derivatives. The reversibility and mode of MAO-B inhibition of a representative derivative, 6-(3- bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane, was examined by measuring the degree to which the enzyme activity recovers after dialysis of enzyme-inhibitor complexes, while Lineweaver- Burk plots were constructed to determine whether the mode of inhibition is competitive. Since MAO-B activity is completely recovered after dialysis of enzyme-inhibitor mixtures, it was concluded that 6-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane binds reversibly to the MAO-B enzyme. The Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed were linear and intersected on the y-axis. Therefore it may be concluded that 6-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane is a competitive MAO-B inhibitor. To conclude, the C6-substituted benzodioxane derivatives are potent, selective, reversible and competitive inhibitors of human MAO-B. These compounds are therefore promising leads for the future development of therapy for Parkinson’s disease. / MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Parkinson’s disease is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder. The major symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are closely linked to the pathology of the disease. The main pathology of Parkinson’s disease consists of the degeneration of neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which leads to reduced amounts of dopamine in the brain. One of the treatment strategies in Parkinson’s disease is to conserve dopamine by inhibiting the enzymes responsible for its catabolism. The monoamine oxidase (MAO) B isoform catalyses the oxidation of dopamine in the central nervous system and is therefore an important target for Parkinson’s disease treatment. Inhibition of MAO-B provides symptomatic relief for Parkinson’s disease patients by increasing endogenous dopamine levels as well as enhancing the levels of dopamine after administration of levodopa (L-dopa), the metabolic precursor of dopamine. Recent studies have shown that phthalide can be used as a scaffold for the design of reversible MAO inhibitors. Although phthalide is a weak MAO-B inhibitor, substitution on the C5 position of phthalide yields highly potent reversible MAO-B inhibitors. In the present study, sesamol and benzodioxane were used as scaffolds for the design of MAO inhibitors. The structures of sesamol and benzodioxane closely resemble that of phthalide, which suggests that these moieties may be useful for the design of MAO inhibitors. This study may be viewed as an exploratory study to discover new scaffolds for MAO inhibition. Since substitution at C5 of phthalide with a benzyloxy side chain yielded particularly potent MAO inhibitors, the sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives possessed the benzyloxy substituent in the analogous positions to C5 of phthalide. These were the C5 and C6 positions of sesamol and benzodioxane, respectively. The sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives were synthesised by reacting sesamol and 6- hydroxy-1,4-benzodioxane, respectively, with an appropriate alkyl bromide in the presence of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). 6-Hydroxy-1,4- benzodioxane, in turn, was synthesised from 1,4-benzodioxan-6-carboxaldehyde. The structures of the compounds were verified with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, while the purities were estimated by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Sixteen sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives were synthesised. To determine the inhibition potencies of the synthesised compounds the recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B enzymes were used. The inhibition potencies were expressed as the corresponding IC50 values. The results showed that the sesamol and benzodioxane derivatives are highly potent and selective inhibitors of MAO-B and to a lesser extent MAOA. The most potent MAO-B inhibitor was 6-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane with an IC50 value of 0.045 μM. All compounds examined displayed selectivity for the MAO-B isoform over MAO-A. Generally the benzodioxane derivatives were found to be more potent inhibitors of human MAO-A and MAO-B than the sesamol derivatives. The reversibility and mode of MAO-B inhibition of a representative derivative, 6-(3- bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane, was examined by measuring the degree to which the enzyme activity recovers after dialysis of enzyme-inhibitor complexes, while Lineweaver- Burk plots were constructed to determine whether the mode of inhibition is competitive. Since MAO-B activity is completely recovered after dialysis of enzyme-inhibitor mixtures, it was concluded that 6-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane binds reversibly to the MAO-B enzyme. The Lineweaver-Burk plots constructed were linear and intersected on the y-axis. Therefore it may be concluded that 6-(3-bromobenzyloxy)-1,4-benzodioxane is a competitive MAO-B inhibitor. To conclude, the C6-substituted benzodioxane derivatives are potent, selective, reversible and competitive inhibitors of human MAO-B. These compounds are therefore promising leads for the future development of therapy for Parkinson’s disease. / MSc (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015

Ingeniera Civil en Biotecnología / Ingeniera Civil Química / La enzima Monoamino oxidasa A (MAO-A) participa en las vías de degradación de diferentes neurotransmisores, entre ellos la serotonina, razón por la cual es punto de interés de investigadores para el desarrollo de antidepresivos inhibidores de la enzima. Estos comenzaron a desarrollarse en la década del 60, sin embargo paulatinamente se dejaron de utilizar debido a sus efectos secundarios, generados por el poco conocimiento específico que se tenía sobre la relación enzima/sustrato. En este estudio se realiza una búsqueda en la estructura de la MAO-A para encontrar posibles sitios donde podría ocurrir la desprotonación del sustrato, paso previo necesario para que pueda desarrollarse la catálisis de la enzima. Para esto se pretende identificar y caracterizar el campo electrostático de la proteína y el carácter ácido/base de los aminoácidos, para luego determinar en la estructura los posibles sitios de desprotonación y caracterizarlos. Así, se estudiaron las interacciones electrostáticas a partir de una dinámica molecular convencional de 10[ns], con el fin de definir la capacidad de desprotonación de cada aminoácido. Los factores que se consideraron fueron el valor del pKa de cada residuo y el campo electrostático de la proteína completa. En base a esto se cree que el sitio de desprotonación está en la superficie de la enzima y no en la cavidad del sitio activo, ya que éste es en su mayoría hidrofóbico. Además este sitio estaría en la cara frontal de la proteína, ya que la cara reversa posee un campo electrostático positivo muy alto que repelería al grupo amino protonado del sustrato. En particular, se encontraron dos zonas donde podría ocurrir la desprotonación del sustrato: en el aminoácido ARG-79, que se encuentra relativamente cerca de la región reportada como la entrada al sitio activo y posee una capacidad de desprotonación estable (desviación estándar = 0.5) y alta (pKamax = 17); o los residuos LYS-90 y ARG-109, que se encuentran en el área reportada como entrada y por ello deberían interactúan directamente con el sustrato cuando éste ingresara al canal. El siguiente paso en esta línea de investigación es validar estos resultados en laboratorio mediante mutagénesis dirigida. El desarrollo de este trabajo da pie a una línea de investigación que permita reunir el conocimiento químico y biológico de la interacción enzima/sustrato de la proteína MAO-A. Estos resultados se podrían aplicar en la modificación de la via de degradación de la serotonina, por medio de fármacos que interfieran en su relación con la enzima MAO-A, desarrollando así antidepresivos específicos para este sustrato.

Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter （一） --- 問題的提出 --- p.1 / Chapter （二） --- 研究的中心 --- p.5 / Chapter （三） --- 研究的範圍及方法 --- p.7 / Chapter （四） --- 研究的局限 --- p.9 / Chapter （五） --- 全文的結構 --- p.13 / Chapter 第二章 --- 建國 Nation Building 的理論 --- p.17 / Chapter 第一節 --- 卡爾⁾ة代卓 Karl Deutsch 等人的建國理論。 --- p.18 / Chapter 第二節 --- 建國理論的檢討 --- p.82 / Chapter 第三章 --- 馬克思主義傳統中的民族國家问題 --- p.106 / Chapter 第一節 --- 民族̐£國家̐£民族國家的定義 --- p.108 / Chapter 第二節 --- 民族運動及民族國家的歷史發展過程 --- p.133 / Chapter 第三節 --- 馬克思主義的民族问題及民族綱領 --- p.149 / Chapter （一） --- 一八四八年民族運動´ؤ´ؤ馬克思 的民族運動綱領。 --- p.152 / Chapter （二） --- 二十世紀帝國主義階段的民族问題──列寧的民族運動綱領。 --- p.167 / Chapter 第四節 --- 建國理論的綜合 --- p.182 / Chapter 第四章 --- 民族解放革命理論(一)──毛澤東一九二四年至一九三七年著作分析 --- p.131 / Chapter 第一節 --- 一九二四年至一九二七年第一次國內革命戰爭時期。 / Chapter 第二節 --- 一九二七年至一九三七年：第二次國內革命戰爭時期。 / Chapter 第三節 --- 一九二四年至一九三六年著作的歸納 / Chapter 第五章 --- 民族解放革命理論(二)──毛澤東一九三七至一九四五年著作分析 --- p.488 / Chapter 第一節 --- 一九三七年至一九四五年中國社會̐£歷史實況 --- p.498 / Chapter 第二節 --- 毛澤東著作內容分析 --- p.534 / Chapter （一） --- 抗日民族統一戰綫問題 --- p.541 / Chapter （二） --- 抗日民族戰爭的戰略問題 --- p.580 / Chapter （三） --- 抗日戰爭中中國共產黨的黨，軍，政問題。 --- p.608 / Chapter （四） --- 中國革命的方向´ؤ´ؤ新民主主義 --- p.643 / Chapter 第三節 --- 一九二四年至一九四五年著作的總結及引伸 --- p.668 / Chapter 第六章 --- 毛澤東的建國理論 --- p.679 / Chapter 第一節 --- 毛澤東的建國理論 --- p.680 / Chapter （一） --- 為甚麼建國？ --- p.685 / Chapter （二） --- 誰人去建立屬於誰人的國家？ --- p.688 / Chapter （三） --- 怎樣建國？ --- p.694 / Chapter （四） --- 建立怎麼樣的民族國家？ --- p.704 / Chapter 第二節 --- 毛澤東的建國理論與西方社會科學家(卡爾⁾ة代卓等人)的對比 --- p.710 / Chapter 第三節 --- 毛澤東的建國理論與馬克思主義的建國理論的比對 --- p.732 / ´ؤ´ؤ結語´ؤ´ؤ --- p.742

In the years since Mao Zedongs death, the people of China have been impelled to reevaluate the legacy and character of their still iconic leader. One of the more notable trends in this process of posthumous reevaluation is the tendency of some individuals and groups (most often, the rural peasantry) to interpret the deceased Chairman along theological lines, assuming that his still efficacious spirit will provide protection and good fortune to those who honour him.<p>In exploring the genesis (and continued salience) of these beliefs and practices, the present research delves into popular Chinese religiosity, exploring the porosity of the traditional cosmology, the centrality of perceived spiritual efficacy (ling) in determining the popularity of religious cults, and the theological and cosmological resonances extant within traditional understandings of political leadership. The body of metaphors, narratives, and tropes drawn from this historical overview are then applied to popular characterizations of Mao, with the resulting correspondences helping to explicate the salience of these modern religious interpretations. To further investigate the source of Maos persistent symbolic capital, the present research also explores the role of Cultural Revolution-era ritual in valorizing and reifying the power and efficacy then popularly ascribed to the Great Helmsmans person and teachings. This studys conclusion, in brief, is that participants in the posthumous cult of Mao are utilizing these cultural materials in both traditional and creative ways, and that such interpretations speak to the exigencies of life in the turbulent, ideologically ambiguous culture of modern China. <p>In performing this evaluation, the present research makes use of the standard phenomenological/historiographic approach of religious studies scholarship, though it is also informed by narrative methods, cognitive science, and current perspectives on the role and function of ritual. In particular, the analysis of Mao-era rituals (as a source of Maos continued symbolic potency) is performed using the cognivistic typology of ritual proposed by E. Thomas Lawson and Robert N. McCauley, with additional materials drawn from the research of Catherine Bell, Roy Rappaport, Pascal Boyer and Adam Chau.

In the years since Mao Zedongs death, the people of China have been impelled to reevaluate the legacy and character of their still iconic leader. One of the more notable trends in this process of posthumous reevaluation is the tendency of some individuals and groups (most often, the rural peasantry) to interpret the deceased Chairman along theological lines, assuming that his still efficacious spirit will provide protection and good fortune to those who honour him.<p>In exploring the genesis (and continued salience) of these beliefs and practices, the present research delves into popular Chinese religiosity, exploring the porosity of the traditional cosmology, the centrality of perceived spiritual efficacy (ling) in determining the popularity of religious cults, and the theological and cosmological resonances extant within traditional understandings of political leadership. The body of metaphors, narratives, and tropes drawn from this historical overview are then applied to popular characterizations of Mao, with the resulting correspondences helping to explicate the salience of these modern religious interpretations. To further investigate the source of Maos persistent symbolic capital, the present research also explores the role of Cultural Revolution-era ritual in valorizing and reifying the power and efficacy then popularly ascribed to the Great Helmsmans person and teachings. This studys conclusion, in brief, is that participants in the posthumous cult of Mao are utilizing these cultural materials in both traditional and creative ways, and that such interpretations speak to the exigencies of life in the turbulent, ideologically ambiguous culture of modern China. <p>In performing this evaluation, the present research makes use of the standard phenomenological/historiographic approach of religious studies scholarship, though it is also informed by narrative methods, cognitive science, and current perspectives on the role and function of ritual. In particular, the analysis of Mao-era rituals (as a source of Maos continued symbolic potency) is performed using the cognivistic typology of ritual proposed by E. Thomas Lawson and Robert N. McCauley, with additional materials drawn from the research of Catherine Bell, Roy Rappaport, Pascal Boyer and Adam Chau.