La présente étude a pour objectif de comprendre la critique que formule Chŏng Yagyong丁若鏞 (1762-1836) du Shangshu (Livre des Documents) en guwen (graphie ancienne). Lettré-fonctionnaire à la Cour de Chŏngjo (r. 1776-1800), Chŏng Yagyong appartient à l’époque Chosŏn (1392-1897) en Corée, à une ère charnière de l’histoire coréenne qui oscille entre tradition et modernité, entre le néoconfucianisme et la découverte de certains savoirs scientifiques et religieux venus d’Occident. Notre étude vise trois objectifs. Le premier est de découvrir l’immense érudition de l’auteur, dont le penchant encyclopédique caractérise toute l’œuvre, et sa méthode d’investigation très personnelle. Le deuxième est de discerner, dans ses écrits, les influences chinoises et occidentales et les fruits de sa propre réflexion. Le troisième est de percevoir le message politique à travers les lignes de son commentaire qui révèle une partie des motivations de l’auteur. Cette étude se divise en quatre chapitres. Le premier, qui a valeur de chapitre introductif, présente et définit l’étendue de notre sujet ; le deuxième offre une analyse contextuelle du Shangshu en guwen ; le troisième procède à une analyse surtout textuelle du commentaire de Tasan sur ce Classique ; le quatrième porte sur le double examen par Zhu Xi et Tasan des seize caractères des « Conseils de Yu le Grand ». / The objective of this study is to achieve an understanding of the criticism made by Chŏng Yagyong丁若鏞 (1762-1836) of the guwen (old-script) version of the Shangshu (Book of Documents). A scholar-official at the court of Chŏngjo (r. 1776-1800), Chŏng Yagyong lived during the Joseon Dynasty (1392-1897), at a turning point in Korean history, caught between tradition and modernity, Neo-Confucianism and the discovery of scientific and religious knowledge from the West. The study has three objectives. Firstly, to discover the vast erudition of an author whose entire work was characterised by an encyclopaedic tendency, along with his very personal research methods. Secondly, to discern in his writings Chinese and Western influences and the fruits of his own reflection. Thirdly, to perceive, between the lines of his commentary, a political message revealing part of the author’s motivations. The study is divided into four chapters. The first, an introductory chapter, presents and defines the scope of the subject; the second offers a contextual analysis of the guwen version of the Shangshu; the third presents a mostly textual analysis of Tasan’s commentary of this Classic; the fourth concerns Zhu Xi and Tasan’s twofold examination of the sixteen characters of the “Counsels of Yu the Great”.

Magnesium and its alloys are extensively used for various industries such as aerospace, automobile and electronics due to their excellent properties such as low density, high strength and stiffness and electromagnetic shielding. However, the wide spread applications of these alloys are limited due to the undesirable properties such as poor corrosion, wear and creep resistance and high chemical reactivity. These alloys are highly susceptible to galvanic corrosion in sea water environment due to their high negative potential (-2.37 V vs SHE). The effective way of preventing corrosion is through the formation of a protective coating, which acts as a barrier between the corrosive medium and the substrate. Many surface modification methods such as electro/ electroless plating, conversion coating, physical and chemical vapour depositions, thermal spray coating etc., are available currently to improve the corrosion resistance of Mg alloys. Of these methods, the electroless nickel plating has gained considerable importance because of its excellent properties such as high hardness, good wear and corrosion resistance. The properties of binary electroless nickel coating have been further improved by the addition of a third element such as cobalt, tungsten, tin and copper etc. It has been reported that the addition of tungsten as the third element in the Ni-P improves the properties such as hardness, wear and corrosion resistance, thermal stability and electrical resistance. Magnesium alloys are categorized as a “difficult to plate metal”, because of their high reactivity in the aqueous solution. They react vigorously with atmospheric oxygen and water, resulting in the formation of the porous oxide/ hydroxide film which does not provide any protection in the corrosive environment. Further, the presence of this oxide film prevents the formation of a good adhesive bond between the coating and the substrate. The surface treatment process for removal of the oxide layer is very much essential before plating the Mg alloy. Currently two processes such as zinc immersion and direct electroless nickel plating are adopted to plate Mg alloys. Etching in a solution of chromate and nitric acid followed by immersion in HF solution to form a conversion film is necessary for direct electroless nickel (EN) plating of Mg alloy. However, strict environmental regulations restrict their usage because of hazardous nature. Expensive palladous activation treatment is a well-known process as a replacement for chromate-HF pretreatments for Mg alloys. It has been reported that EN plating has been carried out over Mg alloys by using conversion coating followed by HF treatment. Formation of an intermediate oxide layer by electrolytic methods is also one of the ways these toxic pretreatments can be avoided. Microarc oxidation (MAO) is an environment friendly surface treatment technique which provides high hardness, better corrosion and wear resistance properties for the Mg alloys. EN coating has been prepared on MAO layer for improving the corrosion resistance. These MAO/EN composite coatings have been prepared using chromic acid and HF pretreatment process. As the replacement for the chromate-HF pretreatment, SnCl2 and PdCl2 sensitization and activation procedures respectively were adopted over MAO layer for the deposition of Ni-P coating. From the above reported literature, it can be inferred that for the activation of inert MAO layer to deposit electroless nickel coating, the hazardous chromate/HF and highly expensive PdCl2 activation processes were followed. Therefore, there is a need for identifying an alternative simple and cost effective pretreatment process for the deposition of electroless nickel. It is well known that borohydride is a strong reducing agent that has been used for the deposition of Ni-B coatings. In the present study, an attempt has been made to utilize borohydride in the pretreatment process for the reduction of Ni2+ ions over the MAO interlayer, which provides the nucleation sites for the deposition of Ni-P coating. Ni-P and Ni-P/Ni-W-P duplex coatings were deposited from stabilizer free carbonate bath on AZ31B Mg alloy to improve the corrosion resistance of the base substrate. The conventional chromate and HF pretreatment processes were followed for the deposition of electroless nickel coating. In order to improve the corrosion resistance of the duplex coating, post treatments such as heat treatment (4 h at 150°C) and chromate passivation were adopted. EDX analysis of AZ31B Mg alloy showed the presence of 2.8 wt.% of Al and 1.2 wt. % Zn with the balance of Mg for AZ31B Mg alloy. After the chromic acid and HF treatment, the magnesium content was reduced from 90.0 wt % to 54.9 wt%, which could be due to the incorporation of chromium on the surface layer. The surface showed about 17.8 wt. % of F. The alloy exhibited the roughness of about 0.29± 0.01µm after mechanical polishing. The roughness value was significantly changed after the chromic acid treatment processes. The maximum roughness of about 1.28±0.06 µm was obtained after the HF activation. XPS analysis confirmed the existence of chromium in +3 oxidation state after the chromic acid treatment. The Ni-P coating thickness of about 25 microns was obtained in 1 h and 15 min. In the case of duplex coatings, Ni-P plating was done for 45 min. to obtain approx. 17 microns thickness and Ni-W-P plating was done for 1.15 h to obtain a thickness of approx. 10 microns, resulting in a total thickness of 25 ± 5 microns. Ni–P coating exhibited nodular morphology with porosity. The size of these cluster nodules were of about 10 µm in diameter. On the other hand, the duplex coating exhibited a less nodular, dense and smooth appearance. From the compositional analysis it was found that Ni–P coating contained about 6 wt. % P. In the case of duplex coating, the P content was reduced to 3 wt % due to the incorporation of about 2 wt% of tungsten. In corrosion studies, the potentiodynamic polarization data obtained for bare Ni-P coating in 0.15 M NaCl solution exhibited a higher current of about 218 μA/cm2 as compared to the substrate due to the porosity of the coating. However, the Ni-P/Ni-W-P duplex showed 55 times improvement in corrosion resistance, vis-a-vis Ni-P due to the dense nature of the coating. The corrosion resistance of the coatings increased in the following order: Ni-P < bare alloy < duplex < duplex-passivated < duplex-heat treated passivated. In EIS study, the Nyquist plot obtained for the bare substrate and Ni–P coating showed the presence of inductance behavior at the lower frequency region due to the adsorption of electroactive species over the substrate through the porous oxide layer. However, the passivated and duplex passivated coatings exhibited only capacitive behavior due to their compact nature. From the above, it can be concluded that, direct deposition of Ni-P coating over the chosen Mg alloy using chromic acid and HF pretreatment process resulted in porous morphology, which affected the corrosion resistance of the coating. As an alternative strategy, the microarc oxidation conversion coating was developed on Mg alloy and characterized. The MAO coating was developed using silicate electrolyte at three different current densities (0.026, 0.046 and 0.067 A/cm2) for about 15 min. With respect to the MAO coating, an increase in the current density increased the pore diameter and decreased the pore density. The surface of the coating became coarser and rough. The cross-sectional morphology of the coating showed two district layers namely the dense and thin inner layer and a porous thick outer layer. The thickness of the coating increased with increase in current density. MAO coating prepared at an intermediate current density of 0.046 A/cm2 exhibited a higher thickness of about 12 µm and a further increase in current density showed a decrease in thickness, due to the greater rate of dissolution of Mg, relative to the rate of deposition. The surface roughness of the MAO coatings also increased with increase in current density. The Ra value increased from 1.39±0.06 to 3.52±0.17 µm with increase in current density. XRD peaks obtained for the Mg substrates corresponded predominately to magnesium. However, the coated specimens showed the presence of peaks corresponding to Mg2SiO4 along with Mg and MgO. The corrosion measurements for the bare substrate and MAO coatings were carried out in 3.5% NaCl medium (0.6 M). Based on potentiodynamic polarization studies, the MAO coating prepared at 0.046 A/cm2 exhibited a lower corrosion current density with a higher Rp value, which was about five orders of magnitude higher than the bare substrate, due to the dense nature of the coating. In EIS study, MAO coatings were fitted with the two time constants equivalent circuit containing outer porous layer and inner barrier layer. The barrier layer resistance values were higher than that of porous layer resistance, which indicated that the resistance offered by barrier layer was higher than the porous layer. The total resistance value obtained for the coating prepared at 0.046 A/cm2 were higher compared to the other coatings, which attested to its better corrosion resistance. The electrochemical noise measurement was carried out for longer immersion durations upto 336 h in 3.5% NaCl solution. The noise resistance value obtained for the base Mg alloy was about 100 Ω at 1h immersion, whereas for the MAO coating prepared at 0.04 A/cm2 a maximum value of about 34.8 MΩ was achieved and it was retained even after 96 h of immersion. Mott–Schottky analysis showed that the oxide layer on magnesium substrate acted as a n-type semiconductor, whereas the MAO coatings exhibited p-type semiconductor behavior. The MAO coating obtained at an intermediate current density showed a higher acceptor density and the flat band potential, which resulted in the better performance of the coating in corrosive environment. In another set of investigations, the Ni-P and Ni-P/Ni-W-P coatings were deposited on AZ31B Mg alloy with MAO coating as an interlayer. The MAO layer was activated by a simple borohydride pretreatment process. During the pretreatment process, the MAO coating was subjected to mild alkali treatment, immersion in the Ni-P plating solution and finally immersion in borohydride solution. During each pretreatment step, the sample was characterized for their surface morphology and composition. The surface morphology showed the distribution of spherical particles over the surface of MAO coating after immersion in the Ni-P plating solution. EDX analysis showed the presence of 2.4 wt. % of Ni, which confirmed that Ni ions were adsorbed over the surface of the MAO coating during the pretreatment process. XPS analysis carried out after immersion in the Ni-P plating solution indicated that Ni existed in +2 oxidation state. The surface became smooth and uniform with flake- like morphology after the borohydride treatment, which indicated that the surface was etched by the borohydride solution. EDX analysis showed the presence of 1.8 wt.% of Ni after borohydride reduction. XPS analysis confirmed the reduction of nickel to the zero oxidation state. Additionally, MAO/Ni-P and MAO/Ni-P/Ni-W-P duplex coatings were developed on MAO coating after a simple borohydride pretreatment. Ni-P and duplex coatings showed uniform and dense nodular morphology without any defects, which clearly indicated that the borohydride treatment provided a uniform and homogeneous active surface for the deposition of electroless nickel based coatings. Borohydride pretreatment process resulted in excellent bonding between MAO/Ni-P layers in the cross section. Based on potentiodynamic polarization studies, the corrosion current values obtained for MAO/ Ni-P and MAO/Ni-P/Ni-W-P duplex coatings were about 1.44 and 1.42 µA/cm2, respectively. The coating showed about 97 times improvement in corrosion resistance compared to the bare substrate, attesting to the dense nature of the coating. In EIS study, the single time constant equivalent circuit was used for fitting the spectra, which pertained to the coating /electrolyte interface. The single time constant could be attributed to the pore-free dense, uniform coatings developed over the MAO interlayer. For the MAO/Ni-P and MAO/Ni-P-Ni-W-P duplex coatings, the charge transfer resistance of about 15 and 11 kΩcm2 were obtained for duplex and Ni-P coatings, which reinforce the better corrosion protective ability of the coating. The above investigation confirms that MAO coatings have good corrosion resistance in the aggressive chloride medium. Consequently, they can serve as an ideal interlayer for the deposition of the electroless nickel coating. Even if the electroless nickel coating is found to fail in harsh environments, the MAO interlayer can protect the base substrate due to its higher corrosion resistance. It is also noteworthy that the borohydride treatment provides better adhesion between the MAO/Ni-P interlayer.

黎必信. / "2006年8月" / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2006. / 附參考文獻. / "2006 nian 8 yue" / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Li Bixin. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2006. / Fu can kao wen xian. / Chapter 第一章、 --- 序論 --- p.1-34 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 毛綸、毛宗崗父子與《三國志演義》 / Chapter 1. --- 毛綸、毛宗崗的生平梗槪 --- p.2-11 / Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子《三國》評點本的刊行問題 --- p.11-14 / Chapter 3. --- 毛氏父子評點本《三國志演義》版本流傳槪況 --- p.14-16 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 本文的硏究格局 / Chapter 1. --- 評點釋義及本文的硏究思路 --- p.16-20 / Chapter 2. --- 硏究材料的考辨 --- p.20-30 / Chapter 3. --- 本文的硏究方法 --- p.30-32 / Chapter 4. --- 本文的硏究意義 --- p.32-34 / Chapter 第二章、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》評點研究回顧 --- p.35-66 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 硏究回顧的嘗試 --- p.35-36 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》評點硏究階段槪述 / Chapter 1. --- 第一階段：有清以還的毛評本《三國》硏究(1679-1918) --- p.37-40 / Chapter 2. --- 第二階段：五四學風影響下的毛氏父子《三國》評點硏究(1919-1948) --- p.40-42 / Chapter 3. --- 第三階段：社會一歷史批評風氣下的毛氏父子《三國》評點硏究(1949-1979) --- p.42-45 / Chapter 4. --- 第四階段：毛氏父子《三國》評點硏究的多元發展期(1980年以後） --- p.45-57 / Chapter 5. --- 小結 --- p.57-58 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》評點硏究之 博士、碩士論文評介 --- p.58-61 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 毛評本《三國》硏究的總體評價及展望 / Chapter 1. --- 缺少對毛評本《三國》硏究史的整理 --- p.61-62 / Chapter 2. --- 較少著眼於毛評本與其他小說評點的比較 --- p.62-63 / Chapter 3. --- 硏究視野的局限 --- p.63-64 / Chapter 4. --- 毛評本《三國》硏究展望 --- p.64-66 / Chapter 第三章、 --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國志演義》及其相關問題 --- p.67-114 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引論 / Chapter 1. --- 文本修訂的合理性 --- p.67-69 / Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子所言「古本」與「俗本」 --- p.69-70 / Chapter 3. --- 嘉靖本《三國志通俗演義》研究價値商榷 --- p.70-74 / Chapter 4. --- 本章的硏究格局 --- p.74 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 從〈凡例〉 看毛氏父子修訂《三國》 --- p.75-83 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》補論 / Chapter 1. --- 「章回結構」的確立：從「則」到「回」的過渡 --- p.83-89 / Chapter 2. --- 「史傳特徵」的淡化：毛氏父子對「書表論贊」的删削 --- p.89-96 / Chapter 3. --- 介乎「章回結構」及「史傳特徵」的修訂 --- p.96-97 / Chapter 4. --- 小結 --- p.97-98 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》受《李卓吾先生批評三國志》影響考略 / Chapter 1. --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》受葉昼評語影響考 --- p.99-106 / Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子修訂《三國》受葉昼評點符號影響考 --- p.106-112 / Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.112-113 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 結語 --- p.113-114 / Chapter 第四章、 --- 毛氏父子《三國志演義》批語的價値定位及其相關問題頁 --- p.115-173 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引言 --- p.115-116 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 從「評點槪念」看毛評本《三國》批語的價値定位 / Chapter 1. --- 小引 --- p.116-117 / Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子「步武聖嘆」說商榷 --- p.117-125 / Chapter 3. --- 從「評點槪念」看毛氏父子與金聖嘆的理論異同頁 --- p.125-133 / Chapter 4. --- 毛評本《三國》與金批《水滸》「評點槪念」述論頁 --- p.133-145 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛評本《三國》批語的承革與類型 / Chapter 1. --- 毛評本批語對明代《三國》評本的承革 --- p.145-147 / Chapter 2. --- 毛評本《三國》批語的內容類型試論 --- p.148-157 / Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.157 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 毛評本《三國》批語的文化意義論略 / Chapter 1. --- 從毛氏父子批語看評點者處身的文化景觀 --- p.158-161 / Chapter 2. --- 毛氏父子《三國》評點與傳統審美文化 --- p.162-173 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 結語 --- p.173 / Chapter 第五章、 --- 毛氏父子評點《三國志演義》的基本形態及其批評功能頁 --- p.174-253 / Chapter 第一節、 --- 引論 --- p.174-176 / Chapter 第二節、 --- 明清《三國志演義》評點形態之演進 / Chapter 1. --- 明代《三國》評點形態之演進 --- p.176-186 / Chapter 2. --- 清代《三國》評點形態之演進 --- p.186-187 / Chapter 第三節、 --- 毛評本《三國志演義》評點形態分解 / Chapter 1. --- 小引 --- p.190-191 / Chapter 2. --- 〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例〉：《三國志演義》的修訂法則 --- p.191-193 / Chapter 3. --- 〈讀三國志法〉：《三國志演義》批評觀點論綱 --- p.193-195 / Chapter 4. --- 回評：評點者的導賞文字 --- p.195-198 / Chapter 5. --- 批語：評點者的「反應」與「提示」 --- p.198-200 / Chapter 6. --- 圈點：輔助閱讀的批評符號 --- p.200-213 / Chapter 7. --- 各種評點形態的組合意義 --- p.213-219 / Chapter 第四節、 --- 從〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例〉看毛氏父子圈點《三國》 / Chapter 1. --- 〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例〉所述增補部份的圈點情況頁 --- p.220-230 / Chapter 2. --- 〈四大奇書第一´種Ø凡例)所述修訂部份的圈點情況頁 --- p.230-250 / Chapter 3. --- 小結 --- p.250-252 / Chapter 第五節、 --- 結語 --- p.252-253 / Chapter 第六章、 --- 結語 --- p.254-255

[pt] Os acidentes vasculares cerebrais (AVC) são um tipo de lesão cerebral que afeta mais de 750.000 pessoas anualmente. Aproximadamente metade dos pacientes com diagnóstico de AVC sofre dano crônico da função da extremidade superior. A reabilitação ajuda o paciente a manter as habilidades e recuperar algumas das perdidas. Uma órtese automatizada de mão é uma potencial ferramenta terapêutica para tratamento da debilidade da parte distal da extremidade superior, sendo uma abordagem promissora para melhorar os comportamentos motores perdidos em pacientes com AVC. Hoje em dia, a maioria dispositivos de assistência para o movimento de mão desenvolvidos são caros, pesados e volumosos, além de, muitas vezes, não oferecer controle sobre toda a sua operação. Este trabalho propõe e desenvolve um novo sistema de atuação que pode contribuir para a criação de um dispositivo de assistência a movimentação da mão, que seja fácil de operar, portátil, de baixo custo e totalmente controlado. O sistema é controlado por meio de um software com uma interface gráfica de usuário que permite que os usuários configurem os parâmetros do sistema de acordo com suas capacidades específicas. O software de controle também permite a comunicação com uma Interface Cérebro-Computador, que possibilita sincronizar os movimentos do sistema de acordo com as intenções do usuário, aumentando as taxas de recuperação dos pacientes. / [en] Strokes are a type of brain injury that affects over 750,000 people annually. Approximately half of the patients diagnosed with a stroke suffer chronic damage of the upper extremity function. Rehabilitation helps the patient to keep abilities and recover some of the lost ones, to become more independent. Hand rehabilitation exercises aim at assisting patients so they can regain finger mobility and strength. An actuated hand orthosis is a potential therapy tool for distal upper extremity weakness, since it can offer a promising approach to improve lost motor behaviors in stroke patients. Nowadays, hand movement assisting devices are developed for research applications, and even for commercial purposes. However, most of them are expensive, heavy and bulky or do not offer control over their whole operation. This work proposes and develops a new actuation system that can contribute to the construction of an easy to operate, portable, low cost and fully controlled hand movement assisting device. Several advances towards the creation of an actuated hand orthosis were achieved, leading to the creation of an electromechanical system capable of assisting finger movement along their full range of motion, while keeping low weight in the distal upper limb. The system is controlled by a computer software with a graphic user interface that allows the users to configure the system s parameters to their specific needs. The control software also allows the communication with a Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) in order to synchronize the system s movements with the user intentions, improving the recovery rates.

In 1962, very few people within the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) had ever heard of Lei Feng, a young soldier who died in a tragic accident while driving a truck for the People's Liberation Army. The following year, his name was known throughout China as one of the finest young soldiers that the country had ever produced. In years to come, his diary was put in the hands of everyone from school children to soldiers to serve as a model for the ideal Chinese citizen. Furthermore, as Chinese culture evolved, so did the Lei Feng image, changing from citizen-soldier in 1963 to socialist entrepreneur after 1978. This study's focus is how Lei Feng has become not only a model Chinese citizen-soldier and entrepreneur, but a successful example to fellow nations of how they, too, could mold the ideals of their citizens for generations to come.

[pt] A proposta desta dissertação é discutir o processo de terceirização de mão de obra direta no Setor Público Federal, observando sempre os limites legais impostos e as características do referido processo. Entender esse processo é fundamental para os órgãos públicos pela força de seu impacto, não apenas no orçamento das instituições, mas em toda a gestão do órgão e no cumprimento de suas metas institucionais. Esse estudo oferece uma análise que confronta os custos de se contratar mão de obra direta via terceirização e de se contratar diretamente via concurso público, por meio de um estudo de caso no Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro – JBRJ, e que pode ser adaptada e estendida aos demais órgãos da Administração Pública Indireta Federal. Este trabalho também discute a implementação do Sistema de Gestão por Competências - SGC no JBRJ, uma ferramenta de gestão que visa a melhorar o desempenho dos servidores e com isso a diminuir o impacto da falta de pessoal, haja vista que à medida que muitas instituições crescem, novas vagas não estão sendo criadas de forma proporcionalmente satisfatória, e que a terceirização de mão de obra direta pode não ser mais permitida futuramente. / [en] The proposal of this study is to discuss the outsourcing process of direct employees in Federal Public Service, observing the legal limits and features of this process. The knowledge of this process is very important for public institutions due to its impacts not only in the institutions budgets but in all of the institutions managements and goals. This work offers an analysis that compares the outsourcing´s costs of direct people to the cost of hire people that pass public service exams by a case study in the Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro – JBRJ. This analysis can be used in other institutions of the Federal Public Service too with a few adjustments. Also this study discusses the implementation of the competence-based management in JBRJ, a management tool that is used to improve the employee´s performance so that the lack of other employees won´t be so damaging if the outsourcing of direct employees becomes no longer avaiable in the Public Service.

As plantas medicinais são consideradas importantes fontes de compostos biologicamente ativos. Para muitas doenças crônicas, como as neurodegenerações, substâncias que apresentam atividades simultâneas em mais de um alvo relacionado à etiopatologia dessas desordens, constituem potenciais agentes terapêuticos. Nesse contexto, os objetivos deste trabalho foram a avaliação química e biológica de três espécies de samambaias de ocorrência no sul do Brasil: Blechnum binervatum, B. brasiliense e B. occidentale. O isolamento bioguiado foi utilizado para a identificação da(s) substância(s) com potencial atividade em modelos in vitro e in silico relacionados às desordens neurodegenerativas. A avaliação dos extratos e frações permitiu destacar a fração acetato de etila de B. brasiliense como a mais ativa na estabilização de radicais hidroxila (CI50: 12,5 μg/mL) e na inibição da lipoperoxidação (CI50: 10,4 μg/mL), sendo uma das mais ativas frente ao óxido nítrico (CI50: 55,6 μg/mL). Adicionalmente, na inibição da isoforma A da enzima monoamina oxidase (MAO), esta fração foi a que apresentou menor valor de CI50 (28,6 μg/mL). As frações diclorometano também apresentaram bons resultados na inibição da MAO-A, sendo algumas ativas igualmente como antioxidantes. Frente à MAO-B, os extratos e frações das três espécies vegetais demonstraram menores efeitos e foram inativos frente às enzimas acetil e butiril colinesterase, não demonstrando toxicidade em células polimorfonucleares (PMN) de ratos Wistar, na concentração de 1 mg/mL. Utilizando células-tronco cultivadas, os extratos e frações selecionadas, nas concentrações de 100 a 500 μg/mL, não afetaram a viabilidade celular e não apresentaram efeitos tóxicos. Análises químicas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, acoplada a detector de arranjo de diodos e espectrometria de massas, permitiram a identificação de isômeros dos ácidos cafeoil quínico e cafeoil chiquímico nos extratos das três espécies estudadas. B. binervatum apresentou, ainda, ácido cafeico glicosilado, ácido isosalvianólico A e ácido rosmarínico sulfatado. Ácido salvianólico F foi identificado em B. binervatum e B. occidentale, bem como isômeros do ácido brainico. Ácido rosmarínico foi caracterizado em B. binervatum e B. brasiliense. Quercetina 3-O-glicosídeo e vicenina-2 também foram identificadas. As análises por cromatografia gasosa, acoplada à espectrometria de massas demonstraram que o diterpeno neofitadieno foi o composto majoritário nas frações diclorometano de Blechunm e nas frações hexano de B. occidentale e B. binervatum. Para a fração hexano de B. brasiliense, β-sitosterol foi o principal componente. A partir da fração acetato de etila de B. brasiliense foi isolado o ácido rosmarínico, o qual se mostrou ativo nos ensaios de atividade antioxidante, na inibição da catecol-O-metil transferase (CI50: 26,7 μM) e da MAO-A (CI50: 50,1 μM), sendo proposto mecanismo reversível de inibição desta enzima. Nos estudos de docking foram verificadas as interações moleculares entre o composto e as enzimas MAO-A e COMT, por ligações de hidrogênio e interações hidrofóbicas nos sítios ativos enzimáticos. O composto não apresentou efeitos tóxicos em células PMN de roedores, nas concentrações de 0,5 e 5 mM. Os ácidos rosmarínico e clorogênico isolados do extrato de B. binervatum não influenciaram na viabilidade celular e não induziram efeito tóxico sobre células-tronco (100 a 500 μM), sendo que o ácido rosmarínico foi capaz, ainda, de induzir proliferação celular. Capacidade protetora contra danos celulares causados por H2O2 (1400 μM) foi observada para ambas as substâncias, nas concentrações de 10-100 μM, sendo os resultados corroborados pelas imagens de microscopia celular. O ácido rosmarínico apresentou melhores respostas quando comparado ao ácido clorogênico, sendo mais efetivo na inibição dos danos por H2O2. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos ressalta a importância dos estudos associados químico-biológico de espécies vegetais e aponta para as potencialidades de samambaias como fontes de produtos bioativos, capazes de atuar sobre múltiplos alvos enzimáticos e não-enzimáticos relacionados a doenças neurodegenerativas. / Medicinal plants are considered important sources of biologically active compounds. For many chronic diseases, such as neurodegenerations, substances that present simultaneous activities in more than one target related to the etiopathology of these disorders are considered potential therapeutic agents. In this context, the aims of the study were the chemical and biological evaluation of three fern species, occurring in south Brazil: Blechnum binervatum, B. brasiliense and B. occidentale. The bioguided isolation was employed to identify compound(s) with potential activities at in vitro and in silico models associated to neurodegenerative disorders. The biological evaluation of extracts and fractions allowed to highlight the ethyl acetate fraction of B. brasiliense, which was the most active in the stabilization of hydroxyl radicals (IC50: 12.5 μg/mL) and on lipoperoxidation inhibition (IC50: 10.4 μg/mL), being one of the most active sample against nitric oxide (IC50: 55.6 μg/mL). Furthermore, on the inhibition of isoform A from monoamine oxidase (MAO), this fraction showed the lowest IC50 value (28.6 μg/mL). The dichloromethane fractions also presented good results in the MAO-A inhibition, being some of them active as antioxidants, too. Against MAO-B, extracts and fractions of the three species demonstrated reduced effects and all samples were inactive in the acetyl and butyryl cholinesterase inhibition, showing no toxic effects to polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) from Wistar rats, at 1 mg/mL. Using cultured stem cells, the selected extracts and fractions at 100 to 500 μg/mL did not affect cell viability and absence of cytotoxic effects was observed. The chemical analysis by high performance liquid chromatography, coupled to photodiode array detector and mass spectrometry, allowed the identification of caffeoyl quinic acid and caffeoyl shikimic acid isomers in the three studied fern species. B. binervatum presented also glycosilated caffeic acid, isosalvianolic acid A and sulphated rosmarinic acid. Salvianolic acid F was identified in B. binervatum and B. occidentale, as well as, brainic acid isomers. Rosmarinic acid was characterized in B. binervatum and B. brasiliense. Quercetin 3-O-glycoside and vicenin-2 were also found. Analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry showed the diterpene neophytadiene was the major compound in dichloromethane fractions of Blechunm and in hexane fractions of B. occidentale and B. binervatum. For the hexane fraction from B. brasiliense, β-sitosterol was majority. From the ethyl acetate fraction of B. brasiliense was isolated rosmarinic acid, which was shown to be active in antioxidant assays, in the inhibition of catechol-O-methyltransferase (IC50: 26.7 μM) and MAO-A (IC50: 50.1 μM), being suggested a reversible inhibition mechanism against this enzyme. In docking studies were observed molecular interactions between the compound and MAO-A and COMT enzymes, via hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions in enzyme active sites. The compound did not induce toxic effects to rodent PMN cells, at concentrations of 0.5 and 5 mM. The rosmarinic and chlorogenic acids, isolated from B. binervatum extract, did not influence cell viability and did not induce toxicity to stem cells (100 to 500 μM), the rosmarinic acid was also capable to induce cell proliferation. Protective ability against H2O2-induced cell damage (1400 μM) was observed for both substances at concentrations of 10-100 μM, and the results were supported by cellular microscopy images. Rosmarinic acid presented better responses compared with chlorogenic acid, being powerful inhibitor against H2O2-induced damage. The overall results highlights the importance of associated chemical-biological studies of plant species and points at the potential of ferns as sources of bioactive compounds, capable of modulating multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic targets related to neurodegenerative diseases.

Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學. / Manuscript. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue. / 敘言 --- p.1 / 總述第一 --- p.5 / 爾雅增益第二 --- p.8 / 闕訛異文第三 --- p.43 / Chapter （一） --- 爾雅闕文 --- p.43 / Chapter （二） --- 爾雅誤倒 --- p.48 / Chapter （三） --- 爾雅異文 --- p.52 / Chapter （四） --- 詩傳異文 --- p.55 / Chapter （五） --- 爾雅傳寫偽文 --- p.60 / Chapter （六） --- 詩傳轉寫文誤 --- p.65 / 隨文立解第四 --- p.73 / Chapter （一） --- 毛傳用「猶」 --- p.73 / Chapter （二） --- 傳加「之」字「言」字為訓 --- p.75 / Chapter （三） --- 舉通言類名為訓 --- p.78 / Chapter （四） --- 雅用本義傳引申為說 --- p.86 / Chapter （五） --- 傳采本義雅則引申義 --- p.91 / Chapter （六） --- 雅傳義各從引申 --- p.95 / Chapter （七） --- 雅傳各自引申假借 --- p.101 / 結語第五 --- p.109 / Chapter 附表一 --- 爾雅毛傳不同各篇分配表　　　　 --- p.111 / Chapter 附表二 --- 爾雅毛傳不同爾雅分類表　　　　　 --- p.112 / Chapter 附表三 --- 爾雅毛傳不同毛詩分類表 --- p.113

Metilaluminoxano, trietilalumínio e trimetilalumínio foram encapsulados em uma rede de sílica usando sol-gel não hidrolítico. Óxidos mistos foram produzidos através da combinação dos precursores da sílica com Mg(OEt)2, MgCl2 e MgCl2 .6H2O. Os xerogéis resultantes foram caracterizados por uma série de técnicas para determinar os elementos, estrutura, textura e características morfológicas dos cocatalisadores encapsulados. A natureza do cocatalisador afeta o tempo de geleificação. A quantidade de cocatalisador encapsulado não parece ser afetada pelo volume do alquilalumínio, mas a rede de sílica e a organização do xerogel foram, de acordo com os resultados do infravermelho e XRD. Uma forte redução da área específica ocorre comparando os sistemas encapsulados com as sílicas sintetizadas em condições semelhantes. Os alquilalumínios encapsulados foram avaliados na polimerização de eteno usando Cp2ZrCl2 como catalisador na presença e ausência de MAO externo. Os cocatalisadores encapsulados não foram ativos em uma relação Al/Zr de 250 a 500. Para os sistemas mistos combinando MAO homogêneo (externo) com MAO encapsulado, a adição do cocatalisador encapsulado parece não afetar a atividade catalítica. O peso molecular dos polímeros obtido usando catalisador encapsulado é inferior ao obtido a partir das reações homogêneas. No entanto, a polidispersão obtida nos polímeros usando cocatalisador encapsulado foi maior que a obtida a partir de sistemas homogêneos e impregnado. / Methylaluminoxane, tetraethylaluminum and trimethylaluminum were encapsulated within a silica-based material using a non-hydrolytic sol-gel process. Mixed oxides were also produced by combining silica precursors with Mg(OEt)2, MgCl2 and MgCl2 .6H2O. The resulting xerogels were characterized by a series of complementary techniques to determine the elemental, the structural, the textural and the morphological characteristics of the encapsulated cocatalysts. The nature of the alkyl aluminum strongly affects the gelification time. The amount of encapsulated cocatalyst did not appear to be affected by the alkylaluminum volume, but the silica network and the xerogel organization were, according to infrared and X-ray diffraction measurements. There was a large surface reduction for the encapsulated systems compared with the silica that was synthesized under the same conditions. The resulting supported alkylaluminum was evaluated in the polymerization of ethylene using Cp2ZrCl2 as the catalyst in the presence and the absence of external MAO. The encapsulated cocatalysts were not shown to be active in the Al/Zr range of 250-500. For the mixed systems that combined homogeneous MAO with encapsulated MAO, the addition of the encapsulated cocatalyst did not appear to affect the catalyst activity. The molecular weight of the polymers that were obtained by using the encapsulated cocatalyst was lower than the molecular weight of the polymers that were obtained by using the homogeneous catalyst. Nevertheless, the polydispersity of the polymers that were obtained in the presence of the encapsulated cocatalyst was greater than polydispersity of the polymers that were produced with the homogeneous catalyst or the impregnated MAO.

毛澤東是中共革命及建政中最具影響力的領導人物，他的政治思想在某種程度上改變了中共的發展路線。誠如斯圖爾特．施拉姆(Stuart．R．Schram)所說：「思想發源於歷史，思想也塑造歷史」，毛澤東的政治思想有其受中國歷史傳統影響的一面。但是，就身為一位革命者而言，毛的政治思想在開創歷史方面，更值得去研究與探討。 　　就中共的歷史來看，中共黨內歷次的鬥爭，所包含的意義除了領導者之間的權力鬥爭之外，它的深刻意含尚包括一套政治權力與策略的建立。從陳獨秀的「右傾」，瞿秋白、李立三的「盲動」，到王明國際派的倒台及毛澤東取得中共黨內的領導權，這一連串歷史過程不僅改變了中共的革命，也建立了毛澤東的政治思想與實踐，這就如同葛蘭西(Antonio Gra- msci)所稱的「建立領導階級同創造世界觀有同等的價值」，而「實現了的領導權意味著對哲學的實在評論，意味著它的實在的辯證法」，身為一位革命者，毛澤東既反傳統又從傳統文化吸取精華，他的革命改變了歷史，卻也造就出他獨特的政治思想，一種具體的社會實踐及辯證的政治思想。 　　傅柯(Michel Foucault)認為「當代哲學完全是政治的和歷史的。它是內在於歷史的政治，同政治不可分隔的歷史」，毛的政治思想，如同傅柯所言是「內在於歷史的政治」，毛熟讀中國歷史，懂得歷史的政治過程，他更瞭解歷史政治的權力與策略。當毛澤東以「中國人民站起來了」，總結中共革命及建政的時代意義時，這場革命似乎只關注道德及正義，革命所具有的權力爭奪被有意的忽略。如今是重新探討這場革命的權力與策略研究的時候了。