In a tale of survival, dubbed that of the “South Seas Crusoes”, a group of men overcame the odds by setting up camp on a deserted volcanic sub-Antarctic island in the middle of the Southern Indian Ocean. This group of men formed the crew of the Norwegian SS Solglimt sealing vessel which had wrecked on the sub-Antarctic Marion Island in October 1908. More than a century later remains of the shipwreck of the SS Solglimt can still be found lying exposed below the water in the bay of Ships Cove. In the valley north of the bay, the remnants of the shipwreck survivor camp associated with the wreck holds hidden stories of a terrestrial maritime landscape formed out of tragedy and the need to survive. It is mainly the remains of this camp which forms the basis of the research and discussion for this dissertation. The following study is not only an attempt to add to our knowledge and understanding of the archaeological remains on Marion Island, it is also to add to an existing body of knowledge involving shipwreck survivor camps. The remains on Marion Island have produced the perfect opportunity to fill gaps within the discipline of Maritime Archaeology, especially in South Africa where too often emphasis is placed on shipwreck studies and not enough on the events taking place before or after the crisis event. The following dissertation uses archaeological techniques alongside historical documents as a way to better understand the socio-cultural behaviour of survivors during events of disaster, isolation and the necessity to survive. The study will be used as a comparison to similar studies around the world and hopes to add to an existing body of knowledge involving survivor camps and disaster-response studies from an archaeological and anthropological perspective. / Anthropology and Archaeology / M.A. (Archaeology)

No description available.

Sida crystallina, a cladoceran, is found in densities up to 45 per square centimeter underneath lilypads (Nuphar poly-sepalum) in Marion Lake, British Columbia. Floats, boats, and other artificial substrates are rapidly colonized by Sida to densities comparable to those underneath lilypads. Sida only persists underneath horizontal-lying substrates. On substrates receiving direct sunlight, filamentous algae grow and displace Sida. The high densities of Sida under lilypads attract several predators, both vertebrate and invertebrate; however, the overall Sida populations appears to be unaffected by predation. At the end of the summer, the population declines rapidly, possibly due to predation as well as to natural mortality. Rapid flushing occurs in Marion Lake after a rainstorm, and lilypads appear to serve as a refuge from the current. It is also likely that lilypads serve as feeding locations in areas of relatively high phytoplankton concentrations (compared with the open water of the lake). The observed colonization behaviour would then be selectively advantageous if feeding sites are in short supply and intra-specific competition is high. The dynamics of colonization were monitored four times over the summer, and population growth parameters were obtained concurrently. From a comparision of these, it seems that most of the observed growth on the artificial substrates is due to immigration and not to reproduction. All population drops are due to emigration. From an experiment testing the rate of colonization as a function of the distance to the nearest Nuphar bed, it appears that the colonization is by clumps of Sida at the mercy of the lake currents. During periods of persistent wind, colonization is most rapid in areas where these clumps tend to be concentrated by the wind. Otherwise, the artificial substrates nearest to the Nuphar beds are colonized first. The population statistics obtained over the summer show that after an initial period of rapid growth, the population growth rate becomes very slow (probably not much more than one birth per individual). It is likely that Sida is exploiting its environment to a maximum by maintaining its population as near as possible to its carrying capacity. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Two benthic amphipod species (Crangonyx richmondensis var occidentalis Hubricht and Harrison and Hyalella azteca Saussure) live together in Marion Lake, but, as previous workers have shown, differ markedly in the distribution of their numbers. The aim of the study was to compare the behaviour of the two species and to see if any differences might account for the differences in distribution. Particular attention was paid to movement and feeding behaviour. Crangonyx was equally abundant on the bottom at all depths in the lake; Hyalella was abundant in the shallows (1m) and scarce in the deeper waters ( 3 m). Numbers of each species differed among areas in the lake. Crangonyx usually moved by crawling over the mud, and seldom swam. It seemed to find food by its smell or motion or both, and to recognize food by touch or taste. It attacked living prey by pouncing on it and grasping it with its gnatho-pods. In contrast, Hyalella moved mainly in a series of swims and pauses. Hyalella fed by grazing on the mud and rooted aquatics, and ingesting detritus. Both species moved away from sources of light. When food was present in various distributions, the search patterns of Crangonyx differed: some animals turned back and thoroughly searched the area where they had just found food; others crawled along a relatively straight path; yet others behaved in an intermediate manner. In general, Crangonyx seemed to be quicker at finding clumped food than uniformly distributed food. In the absence of food, some individual Crangonyx turned more than others. Hyalella searched by swimming, pausing on a surface, and remaining where food was present. Probably neither species moves frequently between depth zones, although both species are mobile enough to do so. Marked amphipods placed at 1 - and 3-m depths in the lake were recaptured in samples taken 1 and 4 m from the release point after an hour. Fewer marked amphipods of either species were recaptured in the deep area than in the shallow area, indicating that they left the deep area faster. Of the behavioural differences noted, only the difference in feeding habits between the species seems likely to account, at least in part, for the difference in the distribution of their numbers. Recent work by Dr. Hargrave has shown that epibenthic algal production decreases with depth, though not as sharply as Hyalella numbers. In laboratory substrate-choice experiments, Hyalella chose areas of abundant food. Its assimilation efficiency and growth differed when it fed on different sediment microflora. Dr. Gruendling found that the abundance of the algal groups in Marion Lake differed with depth. The distribution of Hyalella may be related to the distribution of certain species of algae in its diet. The distribution of food for Crangonyx is unknown. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

Two biomass indicators (direct counts and ATP analysis) and two activity estimators (glucose uptake and dehydrogenase activity) were used to study the bacteria at 1 m water depth in Marlon Lake sediments. Direct count-biomass estimates for bacteria averaged 0.6l gC/m², were high in summer, declined rapidly in fall, then increased during the winter. Microorganisms less than approximately 30 μm diameter had a mean biomass of 1.28 gC/m² as measured by ATP analysis. Seasonal variations in this figure paralleled changes in the algal population, although algal contributions to the microbial biomass were less than 50 per cent. ATP analysis was also used to estimate the biomass of the sediment community, excluding animals greater than approximately 5 mm in length. The mean community biomass was 4.69 gC/m². Comparison of ATP data with enumeration data obtained by others, suggests that ATP is a good biomass indicator, except when cellular ATP levels are changed in reaction to biotic or abiotic environmental factors. It is proposed that, in situations such as intense grazing or rapid Increases or decreases in temperature, ATP measurements reflect not only biomass but also activity. At such times ATP-biomass data may Indicate biomass potential, or the capacity of the population to maintain its biomass under abnormally high rates of loss. Dehydrogenase activity, or respiratory potential, of the sediment bacteria was assayed using trlphenyl tetrazolium chloride. The estimate for annual rate of carbon loss as CO2 from the bacterial population (19.3 g C/m²•year), was almost identical to previously reported data obtained by measuring oxygen consumption in normal and antibiotic-treated sediment cores. Uptake of ¹⁴C-glucose was determined in mixed, diluted sediments. The maximum uptake rate (9.6 g C/m².year), natural uptake rate (5.3 S C/m².year) and the natural turnover time (0.31 h) were similar to previous data for these sediments. This suggests that, at least in terms of function, the bacterial population is quite stable from year to year. Biomass and activity of the Marion Lake sediment bacteria were found to be in phase in late spring through early fall, but activity remained low in winter despite Increases in the microbial biomass, and increased much more rapidly than biomass in early spring. The dynamics of the bacterial population are discussed in terms of these relationships. The size of the algal and bacterial populations and organic matter reservoirs, and the flux rates for carbon between these compartments are summarized. / Science, Faculty of / Zoology, Department of / Graduate

The Breitenbush Hot Springs area lies on the boundary of folded middle to late Tertiary Western Cascade rocks and younger High Cascade rocks. Within the mapped area the Western Cascade rocks are represented by four formations. The Detroit Beds, a sequence of interstratified tuffaceous sandstone, mudflow breccia, and tuff, is overlain unconformably by the Breitenbush Tuff. The Breitenbush Tuff consists of three units of welded pumice-rich crystal-vitric ash-flow tuffs interbedded with tuffaceous sedimentary rocks. The Outerson Formation unconformably overlies the Breitenbush Tuff and consists primarily of basaltic lava and breccia. The Outerson Formation includes three localized members: a basal, glassy, aphanitic basalt, the Lake Leone Sediments, and the Outerson Tuff. The Outerson Formation is cut by a number of feeder dikes and plugs and is unconformably overlain by the Cheat Creek Sediments, composed of volcanic sedimentary rocks and a distinctive basaltic tuff. The Western Cascade formations total more than 1660 m {5500 ft) of strata and range from Oligocene to Pliocene in age. The High Cascade rocks are represented by two formations: the Triangulation Peak Volcanics of basalt and andesite lava and breccia, lying unconformably atop the Cheat Creek Sediments; and unconformably beneath the Collowash Volcanics, a series of thin basaltic lava flows and breccias. The Western and High Cascade rocks are covered extensively by surficial deposits, primarily glacial drift. The High Cascade formations are at least 840 m (2800 ft) thick, ranging in age from Pliocene to Pliestocene. The Western Cascade rocks have been folded and faulted in the Breitenbush Hot Springs area, and form the eastern limb of the north-trending Breitenbush Anticline. The folded rocks and the erosional unconformities between the rock units probably represent two local episodes of orogeny: one in early to middle Miocene and another in late Pliocene to Pleistocene time. The Outerson Formation represents a depositional sequence between the periods of uplift and deformation. Faulting accompanied the orogenic sequences. The primary volcanic landforms in the area have been destroyed by erosion but skeletal remains of High Cascade volcanoes are recognized. Stream erosion and glaciation are responsible for the present landforms. Breitenbush Hot Springs occurs, in part, along basaltic dikes which channel the water through impermeable Breitenbush Tuff. The dikes are believed to be associated with the Outerson basalts. The Hot Springs discharge upwards at 3400 l/min. (900 gpm) of water at temperatures up to 92°C (198°F).

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Law enforcement agencies across the U.S. use maps of crime to inform their practice and make efforts to reduce crime. Hotspot maps using historic crime data can show practitioners concentrated areas of criminal offenses and the types of offenses that have occurred; however, not all of these hotspot crime mapping techniques produce the same results. This study compares three hotspot crime mapping techniques and four crime types using the Predictive Accuracy Index (PAI) to measure the predictive accuracy of these mapping techniques in Marion County, Indiana. Results show that the grid hotspot mapping technique and crimes of robbery are most predictive. Understanding the most effective crime mapping technique will allow law enforcement to better predict and therefore prevent crimes.

No description available.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / In 1910, tuberculosis ranked as the leading cause of death in Indianapolis. A year later in 1911 physicians and lay members of the Marion County public joined the burgeoning American anti-tuberculosis movement. These men and women formed a voluntary health organization to combat the disease called the Marion County Tuberculosis Association (MCTA). The MCTA ran a variety of public education campaigns to teach people of all ages about the causes of, treatments for, and proper preventive measures to take against tuberculosis. It lobbied Indianapolis and Marion County governments to open TB clinics and a county tuberculosis sanatorium so that consumptives, as tuberculosis patients were called, had access to medical care and so that the spread of the disease could be checked. The organization also cooperated with other groups to fight tuberculosis including local agencies, the Indiana Board of Health, the Indiana Tuberculosis Association (ITA), and the National Tuberculosis Association (NTA). One aspect of the MCTA’s activities came to dominate its mission and resources within a few years of its establishment, that of child health education. In this emphasis the association differed from other organizations in the anti-tuberculosis movement that recognized the need to improve child health but never designated it as the number one priority like the MCTA. This thesis will examine the first twenty-five years of the MCTA to analyze how and why the organization elevated child health and child health education to such a high priority as a means of controlling and eradicating tuberculosis in Indianapolis and Marion County.

No description available.