Dracula was written by Bram Stoker in 1897 but in this thesis I will discuss the different interpretations that can be achieved using reader response theory.  More specifically how gender affects these reader responses.  It is a detail analysis of how a feminine reader with a 21st century perspective can achieve different reactions to the text than that of the previous masculine and patriarchal readings that have been common in the past. This approach to Dracula has shown in more detail how the current representation of vampires in our culture has come to pass.  Dracula was one of the first vampire novels, but it was by no means the last, and the current fascination with vampires is a direct result of ‘reading’ them in a feminine way. It shows how in Dracula demons, victims and heroes, with a new perspective, become tragic, misunderstood and patriarchal oppressors. Also that it is through an integration with the text itself and reading in a feminine way that we are able to see them that way.

How do self-identified heterosexual Kaqchikel men in the rural areas of Sololá attain status and power in their relationships with women? This question is explored here by analyzing different masculine roles in various social spaces. The complexity of masculine identity requires a meticulous analysis to assess the extent to which the masculine role and identity has been or not a determinant factor in the social and personal development of both women and men in the communities. This exploration also allows us to see the different expressions of masculine identities and evaluate their current role in society. I learned that the Kaqchikel men I interviewed find their social power and status in part through well-established, old ideologies and belief systems, as well as their perception of a biological superiority, which they justify by their hard work in agricultural activities. Based on this socially constructed beliefs and practices, men emphasize the passivity of the women and their social absence – their subordinate status in society. However, the authority of the men is not limited to their remarkable role as leaders and head of the households; it also encompasses pernicious acts such as domestic violence, which is still highly prevalent in contemporary Sololá. This project also explores these men’s perceptions about: (1) the women living in their communities, (2) the low level of education of these women, and (3) the justice system that is still weak and flawed. While all of these are indeed prevailing problems in the communities, women are challenging to an extent all the practices and beliefs associated with the authority of the men. / text

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Les gènes du chromosomeX sont majoritairement inactivés au cours de la méiose mâle. Chez la souris, seulement 6% d’entre eux sont réactivés au cours des stades post-méiotiques. Parmi eux le gène Uba1X codant pour l’enzyme activatrice de l'ubiquitine, UBA1 qui produit trois transcrits dont deux sont ubiquitaires mais le troisième prédomine dans les cellules post¬-méiotiques : les spermatides. Nos travaux montrent que les 5’UTR, seul différence entre ces trois transcrits, déterminent la localisation et la dose relative des isoformes nucléaire et cytoplasmique de la protéine UBA1. Nous avons mis en évidence chez la souris que le transcrit spermatide-spécifique code pour l'isoforme nucléaire, exprimée fortement dans les spermatides suggérant un rôle de la protéine UBA1 dans la dégradation des histones lors du remodelage chromatinien. Nous avons détecté deux mutations dans la région spermatide-spécifique du gène : une délétion de 13pb et une transition G>A, chacune portée par un patient infertile, et non retrouvée dans notre population témoin. Les analyses ont montré que la délétion de 13pb induit un épissage anormal du transcrit spermatide-spécifique et que la transition G>A pouvait réduire le taux d’expression du transcrit spermatide-spécifique. Ces mutations pourraient induire l'infertilité des deux patients. En parallèle nous avons pu démontrer que les mutations dans le gène codant pour la protamine PRM1 décrites dans la littérature c.102G>T et c.-107G>C ne sont pas liées à l'infertilité masculine et que le variant est un polymorphisme fréquemment retrouvé dans la population congolaise. / The majority of genes on the X chromosome are repressed during meiosis and only 6% of them are expressed in post meiotic germ cells. One of these genes is Ubal, encoding the ubiquitin-activating enzyme UBA1. Ubal produces three different transcripts, two of which are ubiquitously expressed while the third is predominant in the post meiotic germ cells: the spermatids. Our study shows that the 5’UTR, which is the only difference between these transcripts, determines the localization and the relative dose of the nuclear and cytoplasmic isoform of the UBA1 protein. The spermatid-specific transcript encodes for the nuclear isoform in the spermatids in the mouse suggesting that the UBA1 protein is implicated in chromatin remodeling during spermiogenesis. We have detected two mutations in the spermatid-specific region of the UBA1 gene in two infertile men: a deletion of 13bp and a G>A transition, neither of which was found in our cohort of fertile men. The deletion of 13bp diminishes the correct splicing of the spermatid-specific transcript and that the G>A transition may reduce expression of the spermatid-specific transcript. These results show that the UBA1 gene is involved in spermiogenesis, and reactivated in spermatids by its spermatid-specific transcript and that the mutations identified may induce infertility by reducing UBA1 levels in spermatids. We have also demonstrated that two variants described in the protamine codant gene PRM1C.102G>T and c.-107G>C are clearly not associated with male infertility and that the c.-107G>C is polymorphism frequently found in the congolese population.

This thesis is a qualitative study of firefighters, and focuses on how firefighters, a predominantly male, white and able-bodied group with popular public support, form tight knit teams on and off the fireground, and their motivations for so doing. It is also a study of gender, which aims to describe and deconstruct masculinity. In part the thesis was undertaken with a view to assisting the fire service (specifically the few women who are firefighters) with its difficulties in relation to equal opportunities. One understanding the thesis provides is that firefighters bond around a common professional ethos: to provide an efficient service to help the public. To achieve this, firefighters form informal hierarchies through which they create protocols for firefighting, thus setting the standards for what comprises a ‘good firefighter’: a label firefighters test themselves against when they ‘get in’ to fight a fire. However, before firefighters can achieve this they must first access the skills of firefighting (which experienced firefighters are pleased to hand on), but only after a newcomer ‘fits in’ with the agendas of the informal hierarchy, some of which have little to do with firefighting. However, there is a second view, and this suggests that ‘fitting in’ and ‘getting in’ to pass the test of being seen as a ‘good firefighter’ also coincides with the way firefighters form their masculinity. This then provides a second common cause amongst firefighters, and so might explain why firefighters gather so successfully under the umbrella of their union to resist their officers’ attempts to deskill and cut the fire service. Cuts would limit firefighters’ ability both to fight fires as they currently do and to pass the test of being a ‘good firefighter’. Thus blocking a third central but unacknowledged element: that of masculinity. This analysis involves a discussion of class, and recognition that antagonistic relations between officers and firefighters are not only economic, but are also about petty dividends involving power, status and gender construction. The conclusion provides a comprehensive overview to suggest that firefighters form their masculinity by acting at work in the way they subjectively judge that they are seen, by themselves, their peer group and the public. In so doing, they set themselves apart from the ‘others’ who cannot meet their expectations. It is these ‘special people’, as identified by both firefighters and others that this thesis has studied, a group of ‘special’ men and women.

MARREGA, M. F Ser homem de 45 a 55 anos na relação heterossexual: da ruptura do silêncio a reflexões de paradigmas. 2005. 319 p. Dissertação. FFCLRP- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005. Resumo A heterossexualidade se apresenta como padrão de sexualidade instituído como norma sexual adequada, portanto pouco investigado. A definição de homem como chefe do lar, forte, inatingível emocionalmente, consiste na oposição da idéia do conceito do que é ser mulher, considerada sensível, frágil e passiva. Esse conceito patriarcal possui como paradigma uma definição clara de papéis de gênero, sendo legitimado pela divisão social de trabalho, na qual os homens situam-se na esfera pública da sociedade, provendo materialmente a família, enquanto as mulheres são aptas à esfera privada, zelando pelo lar e pelos filhos. Entretanto, as conquistas sexuais das mulheres e sua inserção no mercado de trabalho, ocasionaram mudanças nesse cenário. Isso juntamente com as conquistas dos homossexuais e transexuais desencadeou mudanças significativas nos papéis de gênero e na estrutura familiar. Assim, essa pesquisa visa compreender como homens de meia-idade que se autodenominam heterossexuais vivenciam e significam suas experiências afetivas e sexuais, no decorrer de suas histórias. Centramos nossa atenção ao fenômeno: O que é a heterossexualidade? Entrevistamos 6 homens entre 45 e 55 anos, utilizamos a técnica de entrevista compreensiva gravada, norteada pela questão: “Na sua história de vida, da infância até os dias atuais, como você foi se percebendo heterossexual e como isso tem sido?". A metodologia fenomenológica foi utilizada para a obtenção dos relatos dos colaboradores, por meio da entrevista fenomenológica compreensiva. Os depoimentos foram analisados pela perspectiva psicanalítica e pela análise histórico sociológica. A heterossexualidade é descrita pela maioria dos colaboradores como sendo algo que brota do íntimo de forma natural e que se confirma por meio da intensa atividade sexual com as mulheres, assim como define-se também por oposição à identificação com o feminino e à possível inclinação homossexual. Esse modelo patriarcal do “homem de verdade", gera fortes características narcísicas na estrutura da identidade masculina, que se expressam intensamente na adolescência, dificultando a relação de troca afetiva na vida adulta. Sexo e afetividade são vividos de modo cindido, visto que o primeiro é vivido com mulheres com quem não se deve viver envolvimento e compromisso. O compromisso amoroso deve ser assumido com mulheres de família. As relações adultas são marcadas, assim, pelos esteriótipos dos papéis de gênero. Esse formato de relacionamento amoroso é questionado e refletido por alguns dos colaboradores na meia-idade, visto que dificulta a satisfação e a sensação de autenticidade na relação amorosa. Os padrões onipotentes e viris da ideologia patriarcal heterossexual são questionados pela maioria dos colaboradores, uma vez que não satisfazem mais a necessidade afetiva e sexual desses homens na meia-idade. Alguns colaboradores, entretanto realizam uma adaptação desses valores em um novo formato para se adequar às mudanças que o tempo impôs em seus relacionamentos. A busca por uma maior autenticidade na relação amorosa ocasionou na história de alguns colaboradores o abandono dos esteriótipos ligados aos papéis de gênero, assim como em relação ao formato burguês da família moderna, constituindo relacionamentos e grupos familiares diferentes do padrão da sociedade Moderna. Outros colaboradores permaneceram inseridos nesse padrão tradicional. Essa heterogeneidade, caracterizada pela mescla entre a pluralidade de modelos e o tradicional nos relacionamentos, configura o contexto da hipermodernidade, no qual essas vivências estão inseridas. Palavras Chave: heterossexualidade, masculino, Fenomenologia, Psicanálise / MARREGA, M. F To be a 45- to 55-year-old man in a heterosexual relationship: From rupture of the silence to reflections on paradigms. 2005. 319 p. Dissertação Mestrado - FFCLRP- Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2005. Abstract Heterosexuality is presented as a pattern of sexuality established as the sexual norm however, it has been studied little. The definition of the man as the head of the household, strong, emotionally unaffected, consists of the opposing concept of being a woman, considered sensitive, fragile and passive. This patriarchal concept has as a paradigm a clear definition of the roles of gender, which has been legitimized by the social division of work, in which men place themselves in the public sphere of society, materially providing for the family, whilst the women are apt for the private sphere, taking care of the home and the children. However, the sexual achievements of women and their inclusion in the labor market, has caused changes in this scenario. This, together with the conquests of homosexuals and transsexuals triggered significant changes in the roles of gender and the familial structure. Thus, this research aims at understanding how middle-aged men who consider themselves heterosexual, experienced and denoted their affective and sexual experiences over their lives. We focused our attention on the phenomenon: What is heterosexuality? Six men between the ages of 45 and 55 were interviewed utilizing the technique of recorded comprehensive interviews directed by the question: “In your life story, from childhood to nowadays, how did you perceive you were heterosexual and how has this been?" The phenomenologic methodology was utilized to obtain the reports of the collaborators, by comprehensive phenomenologic interviews. The interviews were analyzed from the psychoanalytical point of view and by analyzing the sociological history. Heterosexuality is described by most of the collaborators as being something that naturally emerges from the within and which is confirmed by intense sexual activity with women, thus it is also defined as opposed to the identification with femininity and the possible homosexual inclination. This patriarchal model of a “true man" creates strong narcissist characteristics in the structure of the masculine identity, which are intensely expressed in the adolescence, making the relationship of affective exchange difficult in the adulthood. Sex and affectivity are lived independently, as the first is lived with women with whom you should not become involved and compromised. Loving involvement should be adopted by women of families. Adult relationships are thus, marked by stereotypes of roles of gender. This format of loving relationships is questioned and reflected upon by some of the middle-aged collaborators, as it makes satisfaction and the sensation of authenticity in the loving relationship difficult. The omnipotent and viripotent patterns of the heterosexual patriarchal ideology are questioned by the majority of the collaborators, as they do not satisfy the affective and sexual necessities of these middle-aged men anymore. Some collaborators however, manage to transform these values into another format to adapt to the changes that time has imposed on their relationships. The pursuit of a greater authenticity in the loving relationship caused some collaborators to abandon the stereotypes linked to the roles of gender, as well as the bourgeois format of the modern family, constituting relationships and family groups different to the norms of the modern society. Other collaborators remain part of this traditional pattern. This heterogeneity, characterized by a plurality of models including the traditional in relationships, configures the context of hypermodernity in which these existences are inserted. Key words: heterosexuality, masculine, phenomenology, psychoanalysis

No description available.

Theologians, philosophers, moralists, artists, men and women of letters of the seventeenth century were interested in the notion of "virtue" and the place it should occupy in the education of children and in the life of adults. Because of this interest, literary genres of this period, and more specifically plays, provide us with many references of the word "virtue". This concept is presented as one of the essential characteristics to be found in a hero and a heroine. However, "virtue" is not a constant concept, for its meaning is determined by the socio-political context, the author's philosophy, and the gender of the person to whom it is attributed. Thus, through the lens of the moral discourse and in a multidisciplinary and comparative perspective we will analyze the different nuances of "virtue" in three plays by Pierre Corneille: Horace, Cinna and Polyeucte. The selection of these three historical pieces was based on the attention paid to the subject of "virtue" by Pierre Corneille. Through this analysis we will highlight the various interpretations of the concept of virtue with regard to the gender of the character in question. In addition, we will identify the advances made (voluntarily or not) by Pierre Corneille regarding the virtue of the woman and its approximation to that of the man.

Academic sociology identifies a dominant form of masculinity said to be the measure by which all men are judged. Called hegemonic or patriachal masculinity, it is seen as a form of masculinity with personal and social dimensions. In similar fashion, popular writings identify the traditional male heroic image as the cultural model of masculinity. This study explores the impact of such a dominant model of masculinity as factors in how boys and young males learn to be a man. The research looks at the lives of 13 males aged in their early 20s and around 40 years of age, utilising life-course theory and a social-psychological perspective. It compares and contrasts the experiences and perceptions of these young and mid-life males, with regard to the dominant social model of masculinity. The study seeks to assess the significance of the dominant cultural model of masculinity, as a model for what it means to be a man, for males at different stages of their life course. The dominant model of masculinity appears as a rather one dimensional model, a mainly tough, brave and physical image. During adolescence popular culture was the major influence upon their ideas and perceptions of masculinity. This influence came via their interest and participation in sport, the masculine cultural ideal enforced by their peers, and popular media images. the traditional model of masculinity can be seen to be a heroic form of masculinity with emphasis upon power, competition, success and glory. Traditional or patriarchal masculinity, called more simply heroic masculinity, emerges as a potent influence for both the young and mid-life males in terms of values, behaviours and practice. Traditional masculinity emerges as an influence they barely recognise; and possibly a factor in the limited emotional repertoire and guardedness that mid-life males exhibit. / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

La prématurité constitue la première cause de mortalité et de morbidité périnatales. Dans la plupart des pays industrialisés, les naissances prétermes représentent 10% des accouchements alors que les cas de menaces d'accouchements prématurés affecteraient entre 15 et 20% des grossesses. On reconnaît la MAP par l'apparition de contractions utérines et/ou des modifications du col utérin. La moitié des accouchements avant terme sont considérés sans cause médicalement connue alors que les autres sont attribuées à plusieurs facteurs de risque de nature socio-démographiques, médicaux et psychologiques. Au cours des dernières années, certains chercheurs en prématurité ont mis en lumière l'apport du père jusqu'alors peu exploré parmi les facteurs de risque chez la femme enceinte. Ils ont remarqué que son absence à la date prévue de l'accouchement ou son manque de disponibilité physique et/ou psychique durant la grossesse a pu jouer un rôle dans le déclenchement du travail pré-terme. Une étude menée par Sednaoui-Mirza (1996) visant à explorer la dynamique des futurs pères dont la conjointe expérimente des symptômes pré-termes, a mis en relief des bris dans l'alliance de grossesse attribuables à certaines difficultés psychiques inconscientes chez ceux-ci. L'analyse des entrevues a révélé que certaines expériences traumatiques vécues par ces hommes durant l'enfance avaient entravé la résolution du deuil narcissique et par conséquent, leur capacité d'être disponibles auprès de la femme enceinte. Notre recherche avait comme objectif d'approfondir les connaissances sur le père en devenir dans un contexte de MAP. Elle s'inscrit dans le cadre d'une étude composée de plusieurs volets sur la prématurité. Elle explore les facteurs psychologiques possibles impliqués lors d'un accouchement prématuré pour lequel aucune cause médicale n'a pu être décelée et que la femme n'a pas subi de stress majeur. Notre questionnement se situe au niveau des fonctions du père durant la grossesse et de l'articulation des remaniements psychiques qu' impliquent le devenir père avec l'identité sexuée. L'étude se base sur l'hypothèse que chez certaines femmes entrant dans un travail pré-terme pour des raisons idiopathiques, ce travail revêt un caractère de passage à l'acte lié à la dynamique intrapsychique de celles-ci. Nous avons examiné l'univers représentatif provenant de deux groupes de pères vivant deux situations de grossesse distinctes: l'une avec menace d'accouchement prématuré et l'autre, sans symptôme pré-terme manifeste. Les entretiens de type exploratoire avec les pères répondant à nos critères de recherche ont été effectués durant le dernier trimestre de gestation sur un mode semi-directif avec un minimum d'interventions de notre part. L'analyse de discours a été effectuée à quatre niveaux: une analyse du contenu thématique en tenant compte des modalités énonciatives, une lecture d'ordre clinique incluant l'examen des remaniements psychiques du devenir père, une analyse comparative intersujet et finalement, une analyse comparative intergroupe. La redéfinition des relations entre hommes et femmes des dernières décennies nous invite à intégrer la réflexion des rapports père-enfant dès le berceau ainsi que les implications masculines lors de la grossesse. La présence du père auprès de son enfant d'âge pré-oedipien a été abordé par Winnicott dans son effet protecteur pour l'enfant de sa propre haine, lui offrant une alternative où se réfugier. Ce faisant, le père soutient la relation mère-enfant en se permettant, à certains moments, de la remanier. En effet, la fonction paternelle oedipienne se prépare de longue date par toute une série de triangulations primitives qui vont ensuite converger et se globaliser par l'accès à la différence des sexes. Les notions de « tiers » et « d'espace paternel » s'appliquent dès la grossesse. Pour le père en devenir, le temps de la grossesse constitue une crise identificatoire, un deuxième temps de l'adolescence. Au moment de l'annonce, l'homme réaffirme son intégrité et passe de l'état de fils à celui de père. Ce processus est traversé par le conflit qui oppose d'anciens désirs inconscients de remplacer le père rival à des désirs plus conscients de garder le père tendre auprès de lui. Pour avoir accès à ce réconfort paternel, le jeune père doit dépasser l'affirmation phallique et reconnaître l'éventualité de sa propre mort. Pour l'homme, ce temps de grossesse est une épreuve narcissique qui fait appel à sa capacité de deuil. Afin de réaliser son désir d'avoir une descendance, il doit passer par la médiation d'une femme. Son corps d'homme n'est pas concerné directement mais parce qu'il s'identifie à la femme enceinte, certains symptômes psychosomatiques (couvade), peuvent se manifester. De plus, il découvre dans l'enfant imaginaire omniprésent dans le corps de sa compagne, un rival absolu. Ses rapports avec la femme enceinte se déploient à plusieurs niveaux d'identifications tels que présentés par Aubert-Godard (1996) à partir du niveau à la mère-et-l'enfant comme unité phallique, allant au niveau narcissique de toute-puissance phallique virile, à celui de différentiation d'où vont naître la jalousie et l'amour et enfin, à une identification secondarisée à la femme gestante et au bébé d'où l'identité masculine et paternelle peuvent surgir. Une lecture préliminaire des entrevues ont révélé une angoisse du féminin chez les pères faisant partie du groupe MAP. Pour certains, ce temps de grossesse s'apparente à une rencontre avec la mère phallique, comblée et dévorante, qui barre l'accès à la figure paternelle. Déconcerté par son pouvoir de procréation, le père ressent une ambivalence faite de désir et de crainte à l'égard de sa compagne. Il cherche la bonne distance à prendre avec elle, oscillant entre activité et passivité. Pour d'autres, c'est une confrontation à la castration. Forcé de partager son objet libidinal avec ce nouveau tiers, le père peut craindre une perte durable. La majorité reconnait son impuissance devant l'aspect énigmatique de ce temps de gestation. Chez les hommes provenant du groupe dont la grossesse se déroule sans symptômes pré-termes, l'angoisse du féminin est présente mais d'une intensité moindre et les défenses psychiques sont à l'oeuvre, tout particulièrement la sublimation. Le faisceau d'indices émergents des analyses du discours articulés avec les concepts théoriques relatifs au devenir père ainsi qu'à l'intégration de la bisexualité psychique, nous ont permis de cibler le féminin comme enjeu majeur dans le processus de paternalité. Compte tenu des tendances observées dans les deux groupes de pères venant de contextes de grossesse différents, tout porte à croire que le refus du féminin peut présenter un obstacle aux remaniements psychiques liés à la transition vers la paternité. Cette défaillance dans l'intégration de la bisexualité psychique représente une entrave quant à l'exercice de la fonction paternelle durant la grossesse, plus particulièrement, celle d'intervenir dans la relation intersubjective comme contenant psychique auprès de la conjointe. Cette faiIle dans la capacité de rêverie chez le père constitue un facteur de risque pour un passage à l'acte somatique chez la femme vivant une grossesse avec symptômes pré-termes. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Paternité, Paternalité, Fonction paternelle, Père en devenir, Bisexualité psychique, Féminin, Prématurité, Périnatalité psychique, Couple, Grossesse.