Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

This thesis will investigate the fictional discourse that has developed around academia and how this discourse has manifested itself in the New Zealand literary tradition, primarily in the works of M.K. Joseph, Dan Davin and James K. Baxter. These three writers have been selected because of their status within Kai Jensen's conception of “a literary tradition of excitement about masculinity”; in other words, the masculine tradition in New Zealand literature which provides fictional representations of factual events and tensions. This literary approach is also utilised in the tradition of British university fiction, in which the behaviour of students and faculty are often deliberately exaggerated in order to provide a representation of campus life that captures the essence of the reality without being wholly factual. The fact that these three writers attempt, consciously or unconsciously, to combine the two traditions is a matter of great literary interest: Joseph's A Pound of Saffron (1962) appropriates tropes of the British university novel while extending them to include concerns specific to New Zealand; Davin's Cliffs of Fall (1945), Not Here, Not Now (1970) and Brides of Price (1972) attempt to blend traditions of university fiction with the masculine realist tradition in New Zealand literature, though, as we will see, with limited success; Baxter's station as the maternal grandson of a noted professor allows him to criticise the elitist New Zealand university system in Horse (1985) from a unique position, for he was more sympathetic towards what he considered the working class “peasant wisdom” of his father, Archie, than the “professorial knowledge” of Archie's father-in-law. These three authors have been chosen also because of the way they explore attitudes towards universities amongst mainstream New Zealand society in their writing, for while most novels in the British tradition demonstrate little tension between those within the university walls and those without, in New Zealand fiction the tension is palpable. The motivations for this tension will also be explored in due course, but before we can grapple with how the tradition of British university fiction has impacted New Zealand literature, we must first examine the tradition itself.

La présente thèse est née d’une interrogation sur le véritable rôle de l’iconographie de l’Éros adolescent, c’est-à-dire de l’adolescent érotisé, dans la culture occidentale et plus précisément sur l’enjeu et les fonctions que représente son image en tant que symbole d’amour, de beauté et de désir dans le cadre de la pédérastie en Europe et plus précisément dans l’Allemagne Wilhelmienne dans le contexte de l’intensification de la répression sexuelle au tournant du XXe siècle. Pour les Grecs, c’est le corps juvénile masculin avec ses charmes particuliers qui représente le plus beau sexe et le bon objet de plaisir. C’est une erreur fondamentale de croire que cette beauté était valorisée à cause de son parentage avec le corps féminin. La beauté de ses traits était liée à un certain charme et à des caractéristiques particulière au corps et à l’esprit masculins en voie de se former : la vivacité de l’esprit, la vigueur, la résistance, la force, l’endurance, la ténacité, l’ardeur, la fougue et l’enthousiasme faisaient partie de cette beauté que les garçons se devaient de renforcer par la pratique régulière d’exercices intellectuels et physiques. L’éducation pédérastique des garçons, garante des valeurs masculines, assurait que leur grâce et leur raffinement ne sombreraient pas dans la mollesse et l’effémination. L’ambiguïté féminine, l’androgynie qui sera perçue plus tard comme une caractéristique de la beauté adolescente mâle, plus encore, comme la raison de cette beauté, était plutôt, à cette époque, ce dont les garçons devaient se préserver et être préservés. Ainsi, le statut du jeune mâle lui confère, depuis la Grèce antique, un rôle prédominant dans la culture occidentale et explique, en partie, l’omniprésence de ses représentations dans l’art et la littérature européennes jusqu’au XIXe siècle. Pourtant, l’iconographie et la propagande autour de son image se transforment progressivement et fatalement jusqu’à l’aube de la Première Guerre mondiale. C’est notamment l’association de son image à l’érotisme et la beauté qui devient progressivement un tabou honteux, voire pervers. Instrumentalisée et esthétisée selon les intérêts de différents groupes qui s’opposent, le contrôle de l’iconographie et de la sexualité de l’adolescent devient, de cette manière, un enjeu majeur du pouvoir à la fin du XIXe et au tournant du XXe siècle. Ce phénomène est européen mais le Reich wilhelminien, en construction et en quête d’identité, représente un exemple idéal pour analyser ce phénomène que nous replaçons, d’une part dans le contexte de la répression sexuelle et, d’autre part, dans le contexte des mouvements de jeunesse et de contestation qui se développent parallèlement au cours de cette période. Notre étude, basée sur des observations et des faits précis, a l’audace d’essayer de comprendre un phénomène tabou et représente une invitation à une réflexion sur le destin de la beauté masculine et des amours masculins dans notre société. Nous invitons le lecteur à remettre en question certaines de ses convictions et nous espérons réussir à redonner à l’Éros adolescent, trop souvent censuré et négligé, au moins partiellement, la place qu’il mérite dans l’histoire européenne en insistant sur le rôle qui fut le sien dans l’art et la littérature ainsi que sur les enjeux et les fonctions qu’il a si souvent représentés dans les conflits politiques et sociaux. / The following thesis arose from an analysis of the actual role which the iconography of the adolescent Eros, i.e. the eroticized juvenile, plays in the western culture. More precisely, it is about the issue and the functions of its image as a symbol of love, beauty and desire in the framework of pederasty in Europe and more precisely in Wilhelminian Germany in the context of intensified sexual oppression at the turn of the 20th century. For the ancient Greeks, it was the young male body with its particular charms which represented the most beautiful gender and which was a fine object of pleasure. It is totally wrong, however, to believe that the value of this beauty was increased because of its descent from the female body. The beauty of its features was connected with certain charms and characteristics which are particular of the male body and spirit that are on their way to develop : A liveliness of the spirit, strength, power of resistance, endurance, toughness, verve, impetuosity and enthusiasm were part of this beauty which the boys had to intensify through regular mental and physical exercises. The boys’ pederastic education, a guarantee of male values, made sure that their grace and sophistication would not disappear into softness and effeminateness. Female ambiguity, the androgyny which will be seen later as a characteristic of juvenile male beauty or – even more – as a reason for male beauty, was at this stage rather something that the boys had to avoid or had to be sheltered from. Thus, the status of the young male has given him – since ancient Greece – a predominant role in western culture, which partly explains the omnipresence of his representation in European art and literature until the 19th century. However, the iconography and the propaganda about his image are transformed gradually and fatally till the beginning of the First World War. It is especially the association with eroticism and beauty which becomes gradually a taboo, something disgraceful or even perverted. Either instrumentalized or aestheticized – according to the interests of the different opposing groups – the control of this iconography and sexuality of the juvenile becomes in this way a great matter of dispute of power at the end of the 19th century and at the turn of the 20th century. This phenomenon is a European one but the Wilhelminian Reich – under construction and on a quest for identity – represents an ideal example for analyzing this phenomenon which on the one hand I put into the context of sexual oppression and on the other hand into the context of youth movements and contestation developing in parallel ways over this period of time. In my research – based on both observations and precise facts – I dare to try to understand a taboo phenomenon and I invite the reader to reflect upon the destiny of male beauty and male love in our society. The readers are invited to question some of their convictions and I hope I succeeded in giving back to juvenile Eros – too often censured and neglected, at least partially – the place he deserves in European history, insisting both upon the role he had in art and literature as well as on the issues and functions which he represented so often in political and social conflicts.

Master of Arts / Department of English / Phillip Marzluf / Much recent scholarship about boys and literacy focuses on the “crisis” of male underachievement in schools, and a number of authors address why boys’ literacy rates are low (e.g., Newkirk, Wilhelm and Smith). In this paper, I use current scholarship and primary research to examine the literacy ideology of a specific group of adolescents who are underrepresented in the literature: those living in rural areas. Using interviews from eight high school boys as case studies, I examine how literacy manifests itself in male adolescents from the rural Midwest. This study follows a qualitative empirical methodology. I find that the boys’ ideology is shaped by societal and familial influences and is essentially a “serviceable” literacy ideology. A serviceable literacy is rooted in a male identity or “habitus,” which refers to the way individuals perceive, assess, and act in the world (Bourdieu, “Habitus”). The findings in this study suggest that rural young men have a habitus characterized by independence, expediency, competition, and individuality. Complicating this habitus of young rural men is a stigma that some of the boys are very aware of. This stigma asserts that rural inhabitants value literacy less than middle- and upper-class urban inhabitants. My findings clearly demonstrate that people who live in rural areas are certainly literate and value literacy, but school-sponsored literacy is very different than serviceable literacy, and classrooms are the arena for a struggle as educators attempt to expose students to unfamiliar forms of reading. Therefore, the results of this study present pedagogical challenges for rural English teachers who are responsible for literacy instruction. Lastly, I will present some solutions found in the literacy scholarship.

TITLE: The Generic Masculine in Educational Communication ABSTRACT: The thesis deals with the use of generic masculine in educational communication. The use of masculine nouns to refer to a group of people of both sexes is a target of frequent criticism from proponents of gender-neutral language. The theoretical part of my paper discusses and explains in general the importance of language for cognitive development of an individual and the principle of gender-sensitive expression. The empirical part of my paper is based on qualitative research that was conducted at a selected secondary school in order to verify the influence of language attributions of the generic masculine form on the mental representation of reality. The main technique of data collection was a survey inspired by the psycholinguistics association experiments. Attitudes and opinions of students on the subject of research were identified during group discussions. The results of my study among respondents points at the generic masculine to be significantly more often associated with mental representation of a male than to be perceived as gender-neutral. These findings thus correspond with some of the current theses of gender linguistics.

This thesis combines an academic investigation and creative writing practice in an attempt to understand the politics at work within mainstream notions of working-class masculine identity, and the role of literature in these discourses. Beginning with an academic analysis, the formulations and intersection of class and masculinity are outlined, explicating how systems, implemented by the middle-class creation of values, form social narratives whereby men of certain settings with associative lifestyles and practices, are privileged over other less valued groups of men. In this respect, its concerns are primarily with the socio-symbolic. Locating this discourse within an Aristotelian dichotomy of the mind and the body, this theoretical position is then applied in the scrutiny of six mainstream fictional narratives of two historic periods, each originally held to be politically subversive. In calling to question the validity of these original claims, further questions are raised regarding the nature of the mainstream fictional narrative at large, and whether it is an effective way of representing the politics of working-class identity, or whether, by its nature, it serves to reproduce its working-class characters as fixed subjects, immovable from their positions in a stable class system. This line of inquiry is then further explored in the deconstruction of my own creative work, in which I initially sought to represent the concerns of my own working-class heritage. The resulting issues raised with respect to mainstream, linear narrative leading to the investigation of other potential forms of representation for the working-class male, culminating in the exploration of my own shifting identity in a non-linear, multi-directional collection of poetry.

This study examines how two lifestyle magazines produce gender through their covers, and how young men and women are affected by the covers in their thoughts on gender constructions. The starting point for the study is Erving Goffman's visual codes describing the portrayal of gender in advertising. By applying Roland Barthes method, semiotic image analysis the result show that the two lifestyle magazines create a relatively stereotypical image of male and female. In the analysis of the cover, for example, posing, clothing choices, color choices and more are taken up for review. How these covers affects young men and women was examined through the qualitative focus group method. The results indicate that both sexes are affected to some extent by these images, where women are more affected by comparison and that they try to adhere to a certain ideal.

O segundo livro publicado por Hélia Correia, O número dos vivos, em 1982, faz uma crítica aos modelos sociais da sociedade portuguesa da década de 40 do século XX. Essa crítica é alcançada no romance através do uso de estratégias narrativas como a ironia e a paródia, responsáveis por desencadear questionamentos no leitor. O romance tem como modelo a ser parodiado o cânone da literatura realista principalmente, Madame Bovary, de Gustave Flaubert, e O primo Basílio, de Eça de Queirós. Como resultado, há concomitantemente uma crítica aos ideais defendidos pelo realismo e à opressão sofrida pelas mulheres sob o sistema patriarcal português. A ironia, por sua vez, surge em conjunto com o modelo de masculinidade criado na segunda metade do século XIX e perpetuado até meados dos anos 50 do século seguinte. A análise das personagens masculinas parte da relação entre essa imagem do homem e as bases da sociedade portuguesa para criticar as instituições fundamentais para a manutenção da ditadura salazarista: Família, Igreja e Estado. Como forma de libertação dessa situação opressora, no romance, são encontrados prenúncios de uma transformação que estaria próxima e que traria uma nova configuração para a sociedade portuguesa, na qual seriam revistos os papéis das mulheres e dos homens na sociedade, além da redemocratização do país. / The second novel published by Hélia Correia, O número dos vivos, in 1982, critics the social standards in Portuguese society in the 40s of twentieth century. This critic is achieved in the novel through strategies as irony and parody. The novel has as the model for the parody the realist literature mainly, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and O primo Basílio by Eça de Queirós. As a result, there is at the same time a critic to the ideals endorsed by the Realism and to the oppression suffered by women under the patriarchy. Irony is studied in combination with the standard of masculinity created in the second half of 19th century and preserved until the 50s of the next century. The analysis of the masculine characters is based in this relation between the image of man and the foundations of Portuguese society in order to criticize the fundamental institutions of Salazars dictatorship: Family, Church and State. As a way to get rid of the oppression, in the novel, are found predictions of an imminent change that would bring a new configuration to the Portuguese society, where the roles of women and men would be revised, in addition to the return of the democracy.

L'effet protecteur de la circoncision masculine (CM) contre l'acquisition hétérosexuelle du VIH chez les hommes a été démontré dans trois essais contrôlés randomisés menés en Afrique australe et de l'Est, et sa généralisation a été recommandée par l’OMS et l’ONUSIDA comme une composante complémentaire importante des stratégies de prévention du VIH dans les pays à forte incidence du virus et bas taux de CM. Cependant, la généralisation de la CM dans les communautés ou elle n’est pas une norme sociale pose de nombreux défis en ce qui concerne son acceptabilité, son implémentation, son acceptation et son impact sur les comportements sexuels ainsi que sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques concernant la CM. Le projet ANRS 12126 Bophelo Pele a été implémenté à la suite des recommandations internationales dans la communauté d’Orange Farm, en Afrique du Sud, site du premier essai randomisé contrôlé sur la CM, et communauté cible de cette stratégie. Les activités de recherche menées au sein du projet prouvent que la généralisation de la CM est acceptable et réalisable rapidement dans une communauté à ressources limitées, selon les directives des instances internationales, de manière sure et coût-efficace. Son acceptation parmi les hommes non-circoncis est satisfaisante. De plus, trois ans après l’implémentation du projet, et bien que les connaissances envers la CM et son effet sur le risque du VIH restent à être améliorées, aucune différence de comportement sexuel n’a été décelée entre les hommes circoncis et les hommes non-circoncis ainsi qu’entre les partenaires des hommes circoncis et celles des hommes non-circoncis. La CM comme méthode de prévention du VIH dans les communautés hyperendémiques est donc une stratégie qui promet d’avoir un impact considérable sur l’épidémie en Afrique australe et de l’Est. / The protective effect of male circumcision (MC) on HIV heterosexual acquisition among men was demonstrated in three randomized controlled trials conducted in Southern and Eastern Africa, and its roll-out has been recommended by the WHO and UNAIDS as an important complementary component of HIV prevention strategies in high incidence communities with low rates of MC. However, the scale-up of MC in communities where it is not a social norm raises several challenges in regards to its acceptability, its implementation, its uptake, and its impact on sexual behavior as well as knowledge, attitudes and practices about MC. The ANRS 12126 Bophelo Pele project was implemented following the international recommendations in the community of Orange Farm (South Africa), site of the first MC randomized controlled trial, and target community of this strategy. Research activities conducted to evaluate the project show that the roll-out of MC is acceptable and can be implemented quickly in limited resources settings according to international recommendations in a safe and cost-effective manner. MC uptake among uncircumcised men is satisfactory. In addition, three years after project implementation, no difference in sexual behavior between circumcised men and uncircumcised men and between female partners of circumcised and uncircumcised men was detected, although knowledge and attitudes about MC and its association with HIV could be improved. MC as an HIV prevention method in hyperendemic communities is a promising strategy which can have a considerable impact on the epidemic in Eastern and Southern Africa.

Orange, turqoise, apricot, brown, dirt, soil, water, sky and sulfur were my first bricks while building this collection. Ifound them in the pictures I took in Yellowstone, in the summer of 2010. While being in Yellowstone I thought aboutthe artist Georgia O´Keffee, an artist I’ve long liked. The landscape of Yellowstone reminded me about her landscapepaintings so I researched her life and work. She was a genuine feminist without saying it, she just lived like she wasequal to other women and men. This led me to a book about forgotten goddesses where I found references todrapings that I’ve developed and interspersed with flat pattern cutting. One of my key objectives, in this project andother projects, has been to push the limits of menswear towards feminine elements. I believe that there’s a certainreason why a woman can wear a suit without anyone looking twice but it’s very striking if a man wears a dress. Inthis collection I’ve looked into various reasons for this and I aim to let men dress the same way as women do aswell as the other way around. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen