Since the industrialization, the role of breadwinning has been part of the male gender identity. Even though it today has become more common with female breadwinners, the previous assumption of the man as a breadwinner is still a norm in society. This study examines what this norm breaking means for women and their relationships with their men. The purpose is to study Swedish women's experiences of being a breadwinner, how it affects the relationship and the roles one has in a relationship. Previous research has mainly been focused on objective financial aspects of female breadwinning but there is a lack of women's subjective experiences. This study is based on qualitative interviews with seven Swedish female breadwinners. The study shows that education is fundamental to explaining their role as female breadwinner. It also shows that the women's personal traits and good relationships with their men explains their experiences of being a female breadwinner. / Rollen som familjeförsörjare har sedan industrialiseringen varit en del av den manliga könsidentiteten. Trots att det idag blivit vanligare med kvinnliga familjeförsörjare, är den tidigare föreställningen om mannen som försörjare fortsatt en norm i samhället. I denna studie undersöks vad denna normbrytning betyder för kvinnorna och deras relationer till sina män. Syftet är att studera svenska kvinnors upplevelser av att vara familjeförsörjare, hur det påverkar relationen och de roller man har i en relation. Tidigare forskning har i hög grad fokuserat på objektiva finansiella aspekter av kvinnlig familjeförsörjning där det finns en avsaknad av kvinnors subjektiva upplevelser. Den här studien är baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med sju svenska kvinnliga familjeförsörjare. Studien visar att utbildning är grundläggande för att förklara deras roll som familjeförsörjare. Studien visar också att kvinnornas personliga egenskaper och goda relationer till sina män förklarar deras upplevelser av att vara familjeförsörjare.

According to the traditional gender structures the man is seen as the breadwinner and the woman as the housewife. These traditional patterns are slowly being replaced by more equal relationships and today, women are a natural part of the workforce. It is becoming increasingly common nowadays for women in relationships to have a higher income than their partners. Previous research from the United States points out that the connection between the role as family provider and masculinity is still up to date. In this study the man’s experiences about not being the breadwinner is accordingly investigated. Questions about the division of labour in the home, equality in the relationship and how the man experiences the change of the traditional gender structures is in focus. This qualitative study finds its result based on six swedish male respondents experiences concerning not being the main wage earners. The result of the study indicate that these men is actively striving towards an equal daily life as it seems to be the ideal in Sweden. The interviewed men describe that they do not attach significant importance regarding them not being the breadwinner, but shades of strategies that are used to maintain parts of the traditional masculinity can however be interpreted. Keywords: / Enligt de traditionella könsstrukturerna så ses mannen som familjeförsörjaren och kvinnan ses som hemmafrun. Dessa traditionella mönster ersätts sakta men säkert av mer jämställda relationer och idag är kvinnor en naturlig del av arbetskraften. Det blir numer allt vanligare att kvinnan i relationer har en högre inkomst än sin partner. Tidigare forskning från USA poängterar att kopplingen mellan rollen som familjeförsörjare och manlighet fortfarande är aktuell. I denna studie undersöks därmed mannens upplevelser av att inte vara den huvudsakliga inkomsttagaren. Frågor gällande arbetsfördelningen i hemmet, jämställdhet i relationen och hur mannen upplever förändringen av de traditionella könsstrukturerna står i centrum. Denna kvalitativa studie finner sitt resultat baserat på sex svenska manliga intervjupersoners upplevelser angående att inte vara den huvudsakliga inkomsttagaren. Studiens resultat tyder på att dessa män aktivt strävar efter att leva ett jämställt vardagsliv då det tycks vara idealet i Sverige. De intervjuade männen beskriver att de inte fäster någon större betydelse vid att de inte är huvudinkomsttagaren, däremot kan nyanser uttydas av att strategier trots allt används för att bibehålla delar av den traditionella manligheten.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-26T19:58:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T13:36:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T13:40:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T13:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The gender question is an issue that has been debated throughout the world since about the 1970s, initially placed on the schedule by activists of the feminist movement. Over the years, the discussion gained momentum and expanded the academic setting, promoting important studies about the female condition, based on theories such as masculine domination and patriarcalism. In recent years, it has gained the prominence of gender oriented to the labor market, in order to analyze the participation of women as productive force, as well as how this process develops. Such research has pointed in the direction of inequality between men and women in the workplace, showing an precariousness in female inclusion in the labor market. Interested in this approach, this study seeks to sociologically analyze the affirmative action policies of gender equity developed by the Banco do Brasil, most notably the Pro-Gender Equity Program and the Women's Empowerment Principles, verifying the impacts on his career employees in the agencies of the city of Manaus. / A questão de gênero é um assunto que tem sido debatido em todo o mundo desde aproximadamente a década de 1970, inicialmente colocado em pauta pelas militantes do movimento feminista. Com o passar dos anos, a discussão ganhou força e se ampliou no cenário acadêmico, promovendo importantes estudos acerca da condição feminina, tendo por base teorias como a dominação masculina e o patriarcalismo. Nos últimos anos, tem ganhado destaque o recorte de gênero voltado ao mercado de trabalho, com o intuito de analisar a participação das mulheres como força produtiva, bem como a maneira como esse processo se desenvolve. Tais pesquisas têm apontado na direção da desigualdade existente entre homens e mulheres no âmbito laboral, evidenciando uma precarização na inserção feminina no mundo do trabalho. Interessado neste enfoque, o presente estudo busca analisar sociologicamente as políticas afirmativas de equidade de gênero desenvolvidas pelo Banco do Brasil, com maior destaque ao Programa Pró-equidade de Gênero e aos Princípios de Empoderamento das mulheres, verificando os impactos que as mesmas têm causado nos quadros de seus funcionários de carreira lotados em agências da cidade de Manaus.

Lorsqu’Agustina Bessa-Luís (1922-) réécrit l’Histoire elle est guidée par la volonté de dénoncer l’absence des femmes dans l’historiographie traditionnelle. Notre lecture envisage la réinscription des femmes dans l’Histoire portugaise, ceci à travers le prisme de la « déconstruction » de son discours. C’est à travers une remise en question de l’objectivité historique, par la subjectivité et la multiplicité des points de vue, ainsi que par un travail intertextuel sur les textes sources révélant qu’ils sont des constructions, que les romans deviennent des métafictions historiographiques postmodernes. Elles élaborent à travers la parodie et l’ambivalence une Histoire carnavalesque, dessinant une image peu commune du Portugal. Ensuite, la romancière oppose à la vision officielle, une histoire au féminin, ceci pour documenter l’expérience et l’identité des femmes dans leurs multiplicités. La question de la mémoire et des jalons inhérents à la condition des femmes révèle un processus de construction identitaire dégageant deux modes d’inscription féminins dans l’Histoire, l’un autorisé, l’autre transgressif. Puis, le principe de la domination masculine est remis en cause à travers la question de la virilité comme un impossible modèle à atteindre. Dans les romans de l’écrivaine, les hommes deviennent des figures ambigües, représentant le désordre et la ruine dans la société hégémonique. Fuyants mais réconciliés, ils reformulent la masculinité et signent la mort du patriarcat. Enfin, sont examinés les derniers fondements régissant la relation homme/femme : la question l’hétérosexualité obligatoire et celle du couple. L’auteure montre la fin de l’altérité radicale entre l’Autre et l’Un, provoquant une ressemblance entre les sexes et remettant en cause la notion même de couple. Ainsi, si elle a démontré au long de son oeuvre que l’on peut être femme et homme de diverses manières, elle soulignera aussi que dans le couple l’union est impossible. / When Agustina Bessa-Luís rewrites History she is guided by the will to show the absence of women in History. Our reading will show the reintroduction of women in Portuguese History through the “descontruction” of its discourse. It’s through questioning the historic objectivity, by the variety of points of view and by an intertextual work with written sources, which reveal that they are human constructions, that the novels become postmodern historiographics metafictions. They elaborate through parody and ambivalence en carnival History, giving a different picture of Portugal. Then the novelist contrasts the official History with a Herstory in order to document the feminine experience and identity in all their multiplicities. The question of memory and phases that are inseparable from woman conditions, reveals a process of identical construction, which gives a report of two ways of feminine inscription into History, one authorize, the other transgressive. Then the principle of masculine domination is questioned through the matter of virility as an impossible model to attain. The men become ambiguous figures, who represent the disorder and decay of society. Fleing but reconciled they reform the masculinity and sign the death of patriarchate. Finally, the last foundations that govern the relation the relation between men and women, and the question of obligatory heterosexuality and the couple, are examined. The writer shows the end of radical otherness between the Other and the One which provokes a resemblance between sexes and questions the notion of the couple. Thus, if the author has shown in her novels, that we can be a man and a woman in different ways, she also shows that in a couple the union is impossible.

This thesis examines the embodiment of the sexed body and the struggle of fitting into the narrow frames of what a woman is supposed to behave and look like in Japanese cinema. Using the medium of film, I, therefore, seek to produce knowledge regarding the internalized gaze of the oppressor, and self-objectification, caused by the capitalist heteropatriarchy. Thus, I am drawing from cyborg feminism, and the second wave of sexual difference theory’s concept of becoming, expanded upon by the Italian-Australian philosopher Rosi Braidotti. I further use the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s notion of masculine domination and the American philosopher Gayle Rubin’s charmed circle, in creating a theoretical framework, and using the methods of cultural and feminist film analysis to contextualize the films and locate the subjectification of the women. The movies that I will be analyzing are the Japanese director and poet Sion Sono’s Antiporno (アンチポルノ, 2016) and the Japanese director and photographer Mika Ninagawa’s Helter Skelter (ヘルタースケルター, 2012), which both center around two women and their struggle in becoming-cyborg, in relation to power, trauma, sexuality, technology, and beauty ideals in ‘modernized’ Japan. In that sense, I will study the phenomenon of operating outside the lines of social norms of femininity and desire.