The purpose of this study was to investigate female crime and victimization based on how this is presented in autobiographies of female criminals with a focus on gender structures and the role men play in women’s crime and victimization. The study was based on autobiographies of three Swedish female criminals on which themes corresponding to the purpose of the study were identified. The results were analyzed on the basis of theories of hegemonic masculinity, gender systems and socialist feminism and compared with previous research. The study showed that gender structures clearly appear in the autobiographies. Men’s power and dominance over women was made visible, not least through prostitution, but also through other violations, coersion, abuse and rape, women were victimized, both in childhood and in adulthood. Men were also shown in various ways to influence women to start committing crimes.

<p>This essay is part of a project between Södertörn University College and Stockholm Academic Forum. The focus of the project is gender equality in small- and medium sized companies. I have worked with a construction company called Activa . The majority of the employees at the company were male and I was interested in the consequences of gender construction in such an environment. I think that the basic condition for equality work is an understanding of gender and the male norm. The purpose was to investigate how these things worked out in the Activa organisation. I wanted to investigate the consequences of gender and illustrate how discrimination can work. The conclusions are supposed to be a base for the company’s future equality opportunities.</p><p>The methodology for this investigation were interviews. I have interviewed six persons, whom all worked at the company-office. The interviews were informal conversations based on a semi-structured methodology. The information I got was interpret by the hermeneutic tradition and analysed by gender theories.</p><p>The conclusions of this study are that gender indeed affected the organisation structure. The male and female employees experienced different working conditions. The male norm were in fact setting the agenda in the organisation. The male employees had better possibilities to affect the working conditions compared to the women. Both men and women maintained this structure. They were all acting in order of their expectations. The consequence of these structures, and the behaviour of both men and women at the company, creates an conception of the male norm as natural.</p>

This essay is part of a project between Södertörn University College and Stockholm Academic Forum. The focus of the project is gender equality in small- and medium sized companies. I have worked with a construction company called Activa . The majority of the employees at the company were male and I was interested in the consequences of gender construction in such an environment. I think that the basic condition for equality work is an understanding of gender and the male norm. The purpose was to investigate how these things worked out in the Activa organisation. I wanted to investigate the consequences of gender and illustrate how discrimination can work. The conclusions are supposed to be a base for the company’s future equality opportunities. The methodology for this investigation were interviews. I have interviewed six persons, whom all worked at the company-office. The interviews were informal conversations based on a semi-structured methodology. The information I got was interpret by the hermeneutic tradition and analysed by gender theories. The conclusions of this study are that gender indeed affected the organisation structure. The male and female employees experienced different working conditions. The male norm were in fact setting the agenda in the organisation. The male employees had better possibilities to affect the working conditions compared to the women. Both men and women maintained this structure. They were all acting in order of their expectations. The consequence of these structures, and the behaviour of both men and women at the company, creates an conception of the male norm as natural.

According to the traditional gender structures the man is seen as the breadwinner and the woman as the housewife. These traditional patterns are slowly being replaced by more equal relationships and today, women are a natural part of the workforce. It is becoming increasingly common nowadays for women in relationships to have a higher income than their partners. Previous research from the United States points out that the connection between the role as family provider and masculinity is still up to date. In this study the man’s experiences about not being the breadwinner is accordingly investigated. Questions about the division of labour in the home, equality in the relationship and how the man experiences the change of the traditional gender structures is in focus. This qualitative study finds its result based on six swedish male respondents experiences concerning not being the main wage earners. The result of the study indicate that these men is actively striving towards an equal daily life as it seems to be the ideal in Sweden. The interviewed men describe that they do not attach significant importance regarding them not being the breadwinner, but shades of strategies that are used to maintain parts of the traditional masculinity can however be interpreted. Keywords: / Enligt de traditionella könsstrukturerna så ses mannen som familjeförsörjaren och kvinnan ses som hemmafrun. Dessa traditionella mönster ersätts sakta men säkert av mer jämställda relationer och idag är kvinnor en naturlig del av arbetskraften. Det blir numer allt vanligare att kvinnan i relationer har en högre inkomst än sin partner. Tidigare forskning från USA poängterar att kopplingen mellan rollen som familjeförsörjare och manlighet fortfarande är aktuell. I denna studie undersöks därmed mannens upplevelser av att inte vara den huvudsakliga inkomsttagaren. Frågor gällande arbetsfördelningen i hemmet, jämställdhet i relationen och hur mannen upplever förändringen av de traditionella könsstrukturerna står i centrum. Denna kvalitativa studie finner sitt resultat baserat på sex svenska manliga intervjupersoners upplevelser angående att inte vara den huvudsakliga inkomsttagaren. Studiens resultat tyder på att dessa män aktivt strävar efter att leva ett jämställt vardagsliv då det tycks vara idealet i Sverige. De intervjuade männen beskriver att de inte fäster någon större betydelse vid att de inte är huvudinkomsttagaren, däremot kan nyanser uttydas av att strategier trots allt används för att bibehålla delar av den traditionella manligheten.

<p>Denna uppsats är skriven inom jämställdhetsprojektet NättochJämt. Uppsatsens första syfte är att med jämställdhetslagen som grund kartlägga och analysera en organisations arbetsmiljö och möjligheten till intern rörlighet genom kompetensutveckling. Det andra syftet är att tolka de anställdas förslag på jämställdhetsåtgärder ur ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv. Hirdmans teori om genusordningen och Johanssons teori om segregering och integrering fungerar som uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Analysen bygger på en enkät som besvarats av 101 anställda inom organisationen och hanterats i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Analysen baseras även på de skriftliga kommentarerna kring hur organisationens jämställdhetsarbete kan utvecklas. Detta relateras till de föreställningar om kön som kommit till uttryck i informella samtal med anställda. Resultatet visar att förhållandena inom organisationen både sammanfaller och avviker från tidigare forskning om arbetsmiljö och genus. Få vill prova arbetsuppgifter som annat kön än det egna utför, fler män än kvinnor kan dock tänka sig detta. Lika stor andel kvinnor som män vill kompetensutvecklas. I de anställdas förslag, som bland annat handlar om att fler kvinnor behövs på ledande positioner, förekommer ibland ett egenskapstänkande kring kön där mannen blir norm och kvinnor framstår som avvikande och annorlunda. I lika hög grad förekommer dock förslag grundade på ett maktordningstänkande vilket tolkas som en nödvändig förutsättning för att arbeta vidare med jämställdhet.</p> / <p>This essay is part of a project between Södertörn University College and the Equality-project NättochJämt. The first aim of the study is to examine and analyse work environment and possibilities for internal movement by competence development from the view of Swedish Equality Law. The second aim is to interpret employees own gender equality measures from a gender perspective. Hirdman’s theory about gender structures and Johansson’s thoughts about segregation and integration have been used as a theoretical framework. The analyse is built on a questionnaire which has been answered by 101 employees in the organisation and handled in the statistic program SPSS. Written replies about how the organisations equality work can be developed is also analysed. This is related to the informal conversations with the employers, in which assumptions about gender inequalities has been unveiled. The result shows a shattered pattern where the relations concerning work environment inside the organization both coincide with and diverse from earlier research in work environment and gender area. Few people wanted to try work tasks that mainly are performed by other gender than thier own, with a preponderance of men. Both men and women wanted to develop their competence. The employees own suggestions, which for example concerns more women in leading positions, reveals a conception in which the male is norm and in which women are held as divergent and different. But also, suggestions which seem to be grounded in a gender perspective do occur. This is interpreted as a necessary prerequisite for future equality work.</p>

Denna uppsats är skriven inom jämställdhetsprojektet NättochJämt. Uppsatsens första syfte är att med jämställdhetslagen som grund kartlägga och analysera en organisations arbetsmiljö och möjligheten till intern rörlighet genom kompetensutveckling. Det andra syftet är att tolka de anställdas förslag på jämställdhetsåtgärder ur ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv. Hirdmans teori om genusordningen och Johanssons teori om segregering och integrering fungerar som uppsatsens teoretiska utgångspunkter. Analysen bygger på en enkät som besvarats av 101 anställda inom organisationen och hanterats i statistikprogrammet SPSS. Analysen baseras även på de skriftliga kommentarerna kring hur organisationens jämställdhetsarbete kan utvecklas. Detta relateras till de föreställningar om kön som kommit till uttryck i informella samtal med anställda. Resultatet visar att förhållandena inom organisationen både sammanfaller och avviker från tidigare forskning om arbetsmiljö och genus. Få vill prova arbetsuppgifter som annat kön än det egna utför, fler män än kvinnor kan dock tänka sig detta. Lika stor andel kvinnor som män vill kompetensutvecklas. I de anställdas förslag, som bland annat handlar om att fler kvinnor behövs på ledande positioner, förekommer ibland ett egenskapstänkande kring kön där mannen blir norm och kvinnor framstår som avvikande och annorlunda. I lika hög grad förekommer dock förslag grundade på ett maktordningstänkande vilket tolkas som en nödvändig förutsättning för att arbeta vidare med jämställdhet. / This essay is part of a project between Södertörn University College and the Equality-project NättochJämt. The first aim of the study is to examine and analyse work environment and possibilities for internal movement by competence development from the view of Swedish Equality Law. The second aim is to interpret employees own gender equality measures from a gender perspective. Hirdman’s theory about gender structures and Johansson’s thoughts about segregation and integration have been used as a theoretical framework. The analyse is built on a questionnaire which has been answered by 101 employees in the organisation and handled in the statistic program SPSS. Written replies about how the organisations equality work can be developed is also analysed. This is related to the informal conversations with the employers, in which assumptions about gender inequalities has been unveiled. The result shows a shattered pattern where the relations concerning work environment inside the organization both coincide with and diverse from earlier research in work environment and gender area. Few people wanted to try work tasks that mainly are performed by other gender than thier own, with a preponderance of men. Both men and women wanted to develop their competence. The employees own suggestions, which for example concerns more women in leading positions, reveals a conception in which the male is norm and in which women are held as divergent and different. But also, suggestions which seem to be grounded in a gender perspective do occur. This is interpreted as a necessary prerequisite for future equality work.

Syftet med denna undersökning har varit att undersöka ifall män och kvinnor representeras på lika eller olika sätt i en svensk branschtidning. Syftet har även inkluderat att studera ifall det har skett någon förändring i denna representation över tid. Därför har undersökningen innefattat ett tidsperspektiv. Tidsperspektivet har inneburit att undersökningen har utförts vid fyra olika tidsnedslag, vilka är år 1981, 1991, 2001 samt 2011. Den frågeställning som vi har avsett att besvara är: Hur har män och kvinnor porträtterats i branschtidningen Veckans Affärer från 1980-talet fram till 2010-talet? Finns det likheter och/eller skillnader? Finns det också någon skillnad i hur mycket utrymme som män respektive kvinnor har fått i branschtidningen genom åren? Undersökningen har tolkats utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk bestående av R.W. Connells teori om den hegemoniska maskuliniteten. De feministiska perspektiven liberalfeminism, radikalfeminism och marxistisk socialistisk feminism har också använts. Även Gunilla Jarlbro och Maria Edströms genomgång av genusstrukturer har använts som teoretiskt underlag i denna uppsats. Den metod som har använts till denna undersökning är dels en mindre kvantitativ räkning av samtliga nummer av tidningen Veckans Affärer under 1981, 1991, 2001 samt 2011. Därefter har en kritisk diskursanalys utförts på fyra stycken utvalda nummer från respektive tidsnedslag under undersökningsperioden. De huvudsakliga resultaten som har kunnat uttolkas i denna undersökning är att män får mycket mer utrymme i det undersökta tidningsmagasinet än vad kvinnor får. Det finns dessutom tydliga skillnader i hur män och kvinnor porträtteras i tidningsmagasinet. Den slutsats som därmed kan dras av denna undersökning är att kvinnor inte är helt jämställda män när det kommer till hur de representeras i media. / The purpose with this essay has been to study if men and women are represented in different ways in a Swedish trade magazine. The purpose has also been to study if there have occurred any differences over time. The study has therefore included a timeline where we have studied four years with ten years apart. These have been during the years of 1981, 1991, 2001 and finally 2011. The question formulation in this essay has consequently been as follows: In what ways have men and women been portrayed in the trade magazine Veckans Affärer from the 1980’s up to the 2010’s? Are there any similarities and/or differences? Is there also any difference in the amount of space that has been given to men and women in the trade magazine throughout the time? Several theories have been used in order to interpret the results of our study. These have consisted of R.W. Connell’s theory about the hegemonic masculinity, the three feministic perspectives of the liberal feminism, the radical feminism as well as the Marxist-socialistic feminism. Also the theory of different gender structures of Gunilla Jarlbro and Maria Edströms have been used. The method in this study has consisted of two steps, first has a smaller quantitative analysis been made. It has been made on all of the copies that have been published of the magazine Veckans Affärer during the time of our study, which is during 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011. A critical discourse analysis has subsequently been made on four chosen copies from all the chosen years during the time of our study, which are 16 copies of the magazine in total. The main result that we have been able to distinguish from our material is that men in general are provided more space in the studied magazine than women are. There are also clear differences in the ways that men and women are portrayed. One of the main differences in the magazine is that women are more often than men described to be more connected to the private sphere. The conclusion one therefore can draw from our study is that little has happened over time in the area of gender research. Women are still quite unequal compared to men in the ways they are portrayed in media.

Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with adverse health and social outcomes, but it has also been favorably viewed as a pathway to adulthood. In Ecuador, where 20% of girls aged between 15-19 years get pregnant, the adolescent fertility rate has increased and inequalities between adolescent girls from different educational, socio-economic levels and geographical regions are prominent: 43% of illiterate adolescents become pregnant compared to 11% with secondary education. The highest adolescent fertility rates are found in the Amazon Basin.   The overall aim of this study was to explore adolescent pregnancy in the Amazon Basin of Ecuador (Orellana province) from a rights and gender approach. Specific aims and methodologies included: to explore women‟s reproductive health situation, focusing on government‟s obligations, utilization of services, inequities and implementation challenges, assessed through a community-based cross-sectional survey and a policy analysis (Paper I); to examine risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy, through a case-control study (Paper II); to explore experiences and emotions around pregnancy and motherhood among adolescent girls, using content analysis (Paper III); and to analyze providers‟ and policy makers‟ discourses on adolescent pregnancies (Paper IV).   Reproductive health status findings for women in Orellana indicated a reality more dismal than that depicted in official national health data and policies. Inequities existed within the province, with rural indigenous women having reduced access to reproductive health services. In Orellana, 37.4% of girls aged 15-19 had experienced pregnancy, almost double the national average. Risk factors associated with adolescent pregnancy at the behavioral level included early sexual debut and non-use of contraception, and at the structural level poverty, having suffered from sexual abuse, and family disruption. Gender inequity played a key role through the machismo-marianismo system. Girls were raised to be fearful and ignorant regarding sexuality and reproduction, to be submissive and obedient, to be fatalistic, and to accept the established order of the male and adult dominance. Sexuality was conceptualized as negative, while motherhood was idealized. Those gender structures constrained girls‟ agency, making them less able to make choices regarding their sexual and reproductive lives. Providers‟ discourses and practices were also strongly influenced by gender structures. Adolescent sexuality was not sanctioned, girls‟ access to contraceptives still faced opposition, adolescent autonomy was regarded as dangerous, and pregnancy and reproductive health issues were conceptualized as girls‟ responsibility. However, mechanisms of resistance and challenge were also found both among adolescent girls and providers.   Programs addressing adolescent pregnancies in the area need to look at the general situation of women‟s reproductive health and address the gaps regarding access and accountability. Adolescent pregnancy prevention programs should acknowledge the key role of structural factors and put emphasis on gender issues. Gender inequity affects many of the factors that influence adolescent pregnancies; sexual abuse, girls‟ limited access to use contraceptives, and girls‟ curtailed capability to decide regarding marriage or sexual intercourse, are strongly linked with young women‟s subordination. By challenging negative attitudes towards adolescents‟ sexuality, the encounter between providers and adolescents could become an opportunity for strengthening girls‟ reproductive and sexual agency.

Women's participation in the labor market has increased significantly since the 1970s, but thediscussion about their absence from several top positions has long been relevant. The financialsector performs second-worst from a gender equality perspective. The study therefore aims toexamine female managers’ experiences of career barriers in the banking sector and how they areexpressed. We also want to investigate the ways in which female managers navigate careerbarriers. Previous research in the field has shown that women's advancement in the labor market,specifically in the banking sector, is limited due to various reasons. Women's limitations depend,among other things, on societal and organizational gender structures, which enable both verticaland horizontal gender segregation. This study, which is based on qualitative interviews withfemale bank managers from different cities in Sweden, has been analyzed on the basis of atheoretical framework containing Hirdman's gender system and Kanter and Acker'sgender-related organizational theories. The result shows that women are excluded frommanagerial positions partly because recruitment is characterized by homosociality, and partlybecause men are given the opportunity to advance early in their careers. The study also showsthat stereotypical gender norms contribute to female managers being questioned. Furthermore,the results show that women navigate career barriers by having greater performancerequirements and wanting to be more educated than their male colleagues. Finally, the studyshows that female managers navigate career barriers by competing with each other. / Kvinnors deltagande på arbetsmarknaden har ökat avsevärt sedan 1970-talet, men diskussionenkring deras frånvaro på åtskilliga toppositioner har länge varit aktuell. Finansbranschen presterarnäst sämst utifrån ett jämställdhetsperspektiv. Studien syftar därför till att undersöka kvinnligachefers upplevelser av karriärhinder inom banksektorn och hur de kommer till uttryck. Vi önskaräven att undersöka på vilka sätt kvinnliga chefer navigerar karriärhinder. Tidigare forskninginom ämnesområdet har visat att kvinnors avancemang på arbetsmarknaden, specifikt inombanksektorn, begränsas på grund av olika anledningar. Kvinnors begränsningar beror bland annatpå samhälleliga och organisatoriska könsstrukturer, vilka möjliggör såväl vertikal och horisontellkönssegregering. Denna studie, som baseras på kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnliga bankcheferfrån olika städer i Sverige, har analyserats utifrån ett teoretiskt ramverk innehållande Hirdmansgenussystem samt Kanter och Acker genusrelaterade organisationsteorier. Resultatet visar attkvinnor upplever karriärhinder genom uteslutning från chefspositioner. Dels på grund av attrekrytering präglas av homosocialitet, dels på grund av att män tidigt i karriären ges möjlighet tillavancemang. Studien visar även att stereotypiska könsnormer bidrar till att kvinnliga cheferifrågasätts. Vidare visar resultatet att kvinnor navigerar karriärhinder genom att de har störreprestationskrav och vill vara mer pålästa än sina manliga kollegor. Slutligen visar studien attkvinnliga chefer navigerar karriärhinder genom att de konkurrerar med varandra.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur unga kvinnor och män i åldern 20-29 som studerar på svenska högskolor uppfattar de omvända genusstrukturerna i filmen Barbie (Gerwig, 2023). Detta gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer som sedan granskades med en tematisk analys. Därefter jämfördes de båda könens uppfattningar för att studera vilka likheter och skillnader som kunde hittas. Många länder har ett patriarkat och detta bidrar till en ojämställdhet då det kvinnliga könet ses som underordnat medan det manliga könet som överordnat. När filmer så som Barbie får genomslagskraft kan det patriarkat som samhället har normaliserat utmanas. Media har makt över publiken och kan därmed påverka dem på individnivå. Blir tillräckligt många personer påverkade kan det skapa uppfattningar hos hela samhällen.    Resultatet visade att hos kvinnorna sågs två primära teman: Förtryckande patriarkat &amp; jämställt matriarkat samt Det underordnade perspektivet. Vidare kunde tre sekundära teman identifieras: Förenklad förståelse för problematiken, Negativa känslor samt Överdriven porträttering. Hos männen kunde två primära teman identifieras: Extrem överdrift samt Motsägande åsikter. De sekundära temana som kunde identifieras är: Det hierarkiska perspektivet samt Historiska samband. Det går även att se flera likheter och skillnader i de båda könens uppfattningar. Exempelvis var en likhet hur båda könen inte relaterade till de karaktärer som representerar deras kön, utan de relaterade till de karaktärer som hade samma maktposition som de själva har i verkligheten. Ett exempel på en skillnad bland könen var hur männens åsikter skilde sig åt medan kvinnornas åsikter var mer lika varandra. / This study aims to research how young women and men aged 20-29 studying at Swedish universities, perceive the reversed gender structures in the film Barbie (Gerwig, 2023). This was done through semi-structured interviews which were then analysed with a thematic analysis. Afterwards, the perceptions of both genders were compared to each other to study what similarities and differences could be found. Many countries have a patriarchy, this contributes to inequality as the female gender is seen as subordinate while the male gender is seen as superior. When movies like Barbie gain traction, the patriarchy that society has normalized can be challenged. The media has power over the audience and can thus influence them on an individual level. If enough people are affected, it can create perceptions in entire societies.   The study showed that in the women's analysis there were two primary themes: Oppressive patriarchy &amp; equal matriarchy and The subordinate perspective. Furthermore, three secondary themes could be identified: Simplified understanding of the problem, Negative feelings, and Exaggerated portrayal. With the men, two primary themes could be seen: Extreme exaggeration and Contradictory views. The secondary themes that could be identified are: The hierarchical perspective and Historical connections. It is also possible to see several similarities and differences in the perceptions of both genders. For example, a similarity was how both genders did not relate to the characters that represent their gender, but they related to the characters that had the same position of power that they themselves have in reality. An example of a difference between the genders was how the men's opinions differed while the women's opinions were more similar to each other.