Para compreender o significado da carteira masculina de bolso e sua importância na história cotidiana humana, fez-se necessário, primeiramente, o resgate pela origem da palavra por meio do estudo etimológico e a busca por sua raiz, bem como seu aparecimento apresentado por uma datação. Para a inserção do objeto de estudo no âmbito do design de produto, apresentando-o como uma resposta as necessidades cotidianas em voga, foram necessárias incursões ao campo da moda, a compreensão de seus conceitos assim como suas áreas de atuação, onde, atualmente, se encontra instalada as raras informações a respeito da carteira masculina. Por fim, o resgate dos padrões monetários brasileiros, compreendendo e analisando-os formalmente, bem como a necessidade de levantamento das formas adquiridas pelo dinheiro monetário e pelos documentos pessoais portados nas carteiras como elementos possíveis de alterações de projeto do artefato deste estudo após o cruzamento de dados com exemplos de carteiras adquiridas ao longo do trabalho. / To understand the significance of the masculine pocket wallet and its importance in day by day human history, it was first necessary to recover the origin of the word through study and the search for its etymological root as well as its appearance presented by a dating. For the insertion of the object of study within the product design, presenting it as a response to everyday needs in vogue, it has been done necessary incursions into the field of fashion, the understanding of its concepts as well as their areas of expertise, where, currently, is installed the scarce information about the men\'s wallet. Finally, the recovering of Brazilian monetary standards, formally understanding and analyzing them as well as the need for survey the acquired shapes of money and personal documents ported in wallets as possible elements of design changes in the object of this study after matching data with examples of wallets acquired during the this work.

O segundo livro publicado por Hélia Correia, O número dos vivos, em 1982, faz uma crítica aos modelos sociais da sociedade portuguesa da década de 40 do século XX. Essa crítica é alcançada no romance através do uso de estratégias narrativas como a ironia e a paródia, responsáveis por desencadear questionamentos no leitor. O romance tem como modelo a ser parodiado o cânone da literatura realista principalmente, Madame Bovary, de Gustave Flaubert, e O primo Basílio, de Eça de Queirós. Como resultado, há concomitantemente uma crítica aos ideais defendidos pelo realismo e à opressão sofrida pelas mulheres sob o sistema patriarcal português. A ironia, por sua vez, surge em conjunto com o modelo de masculinidade criado na segunda metade do século XIX e perpetuado até meados dos anos 50 do século seguinte. A análise das personagens masculinas parte da relação entre essa imagem do homem e as bases da sociedade portuguesa para criticar as instituições fundamentais para a manutenção da ditadura salazarista: Família, Igreja e Estado. Como forma de libertação dessa situação opressora, no romance, são encontrados prenúncios de uma transformação que estaria próxima e que traria uma nova configuração para a sociedade portuguesa, na qual seriam revistos os papéis das mulheres e dos homens na sociedade, além da redemocratização do país. / The second novel published by Hélia Correia, O número dos vivos, in 1982, critics the social standards in Portuguese society in the 40s of twentieth century. This critic is achieved in the novel through strategies as irony and parody. The novel has as the model for the parody the realist literature mainly, Madame Bovary by Gustave Flaubert and O primo Basílio by Eça de Queirós. As a result, there is at the same time a critic to the ideals endorsed by the Realism and to the oppression suffered by women under the patriarchy. Irony is studied in combination with the standard of masculinity created in the second half of 19th century and preserved until the 50s of the next century. The analysis of the masculine characters is based in this relation between the image of man and the foundations of Portuguese society in order to criticize the fundamental institutions of Salazars dictatorship: Family, Church and State. As a way to get rid of the oppression, in the novel, are found predictions of an imminent change that would bring a new configuration to the Portuguese society, where the roles of women and men would be revised, in addition to the return of the democracy.

Masculinity research suggests help-seeking attitudes towards mental health concerns conflict with socialized masculine norms such as emotional control and self-reliance (Addis & Mahalik, 2003; Heath, Brenner, Vogel, Lannin, & Strass, 2017). As psychologists continue to find ways to reach out to men, exercise intervention may be the catalyst for men to seek out psychological services. More specifically, boxing training has been shown to increase the sense of self-confidence and character development (Shultz, Stoner, Lambrick, & Lane, 2014; Sokol, 2004). In this study, 24 men engaged in a six-session boxing training program to examine the impact high-intensity exercise has on psychological help-seeking attitudes and psychological distress. Participants reported lower psychological distress, an increase in health behaviors, and high levels of exercise self-efficacy throughout the intervention. Additionally, participants who reported greater adherence to traditional masculine norms endorsed greater psychological distress compared to participants reporting lower adherence to masculine norms. Help-seeking attitudes towards psychological services did not change throughout the boxing program, suggesting men may gain the psychological benefits they seek directly from action-oriented activities.

One in every 4 people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are women. The leading cause of infection is heterosexual contact. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to examine the relationship between gender ratio perception and masculine ideology and a woman's decision to use condoms during her sexual activity. The theory of gender and power and the theory of planned behavior served as the theoretical frameworks for this study. The perceptions of gender ratios, as measured by the Gender Ratio Imbalance Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (GRIBBS) subscale, GRIBeliefs, and masculine ideologies, as measured by the Gender Role Beliefs Scale (GRBS), served as independent variables, while condom use behaviors, as measured by the Gender Ratio Imbalance Beliefs and Behaviors Scale (GRIBBS) subscale, GRIBehaviors, served as the dependent variable. Covariates included demographic factors, as well as behavioral factors. A purposeful, convenience sample (n=55) via the Walden University research pool was utilized, enabling researchers to use readily available data that represented college educated women. Descriptive statistics, independent t-tests, correlational analysis, as well as multiple linear regression were used to examine the aforementioned perceptions of study participants. Correlation analyses and multiple regression indicated no statistically significant correlations between gender ratio imbalance, masculine ideology, and condom use, while controlling for race, employment status, religion, religious devoutness, sexual orientation, relationship status, STD history (self), and partner STD history. Social change is indicated via the results illustrating the possible empowerment of women regarding their sexual health.

During his time of service in the Italian Army in World War I, Ernest Hemingway was injured. He received a non-life-threatening wound and was forever changed. In his article, "Ernest Hemingway: The Life as Fiction and the Fiction as Life," Jackson J. Benson proposes the idea of Hemingway's "wounding what if?" that follows this course of thought: "What if I were wounded and made crazy?, what would happen if I were sent back to the front? I was only wounded in an accident, what do the really brave ones think of me? (351)" Shortly following the war, Hemingway was wounded a second time, this of an emotional nature. A British nurse whom he had fallen in love with broke his heart by downplaying the relationship they had shared and his emotions for her. These two young experiences seem to have impacted Hemingway's writing a great deal, leading him to color his wounded male characters as feminized. "From Wounded to Woman" is an exploration of a variety of Hemingway's wounded male characters that attempts a connection between their having incurred these wounds and becoming feminizied. There is a direct line of logic-of-assertion followed from Hemingway's most popular character, Jake Barnes, through to some of his lesser-known short story stars that traces a path of consistent wounding and subsequent feminization. In the more narrow literary world, Ernest Hemingway has been known as a masculine author whose tales are of war and suffering. It is my goal to explore the feminine aspects of Hemingway's work through his self-critiques expressed through his leading male characters.

This research offers a reading of the considerable change to the landscapes of cities, masculinities and bodies that occurred after the Second World War. With an emphasis on visual sources and methods, I consider how a distinctly modern post-war identity emerged out of the interaction between Hamilton's newly (re)built cityscape, human bodies and their gendered identities. In the 1960s, rapid urban growth in Hamilton produced a large number of buildings designed in the Modernist style. This concrete language rendered public structures, and the city at large, as distinctly 'Modern' and progressive. The existence of these buildings was essential to Hamilton's transition from a rural town to an urban centre. Meanwhile, the 1964 Centennial served as a convenient narrative of progress to (re)create the city as Modern while remaining youthful and vibrant. Images of the past and the future were regularly and publicly invoked. Colonial Pioneers and Men from the Future were rhetorically exhumed and conceived in order to (re)construct Hamilton. Material and discursive spaces of the cityscape were inhabited by images of a 'citified' Modern Man: the fabled Businessman and his derivatives. Images of masculine bodies offer an insight into constructions of gendered identity. Their 'suited' and impervious bodily boundaries reflect the rigid confines of 1960s masculinities and the firm geometric designs of Modernist buildings. Analysis of advertisements and photographs reveal bodily performances that maintain this identity while establishing an urban and masculine corporeality. A number of 'other' identities were excluded by dominant urban masculinity and offer areas for future research.

The thesis reviews the literature relating to girls and computing within a framework which is structured around three specific questions. First, are there differences between girls and boys in their participation in class computing activities and/or in non-class computing activities? Second, do these differences in participation in computing activities have broader implications which justify the growing concern about the under-representation of girls? Third, wahy are girls under-represented in these activities? Although the available literature is predominantly descriptive, the underlying implicit theoretical model is essentially a social learning model. Girl's differential participation is attributed to learned attitudes towards computing rathan to differences between girls and boys in general ability. These attitudes, which stress the masculine, mathematical, technological aspects of computing are developed through modelling, direct experience, intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement and generalisation from pre-existing, attitudes to related curriculum areas. In the literature it is implicitly assumed that these attitudes underlie girl's decisions to self-select out of computing activities. In this thesis predictions from a social learning model are complemented by predictions derived from expectancy-value, cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories. These are tested in three separate studies. Study one provides data from a pretest-posttest study of 24 children in a year four class learning BASIC. It examines pre- and posttest differences between girls and boys in computing experience, knowledge and achievement as well as the factors relating to computing achievement. Study two uses a pretest-posttest control group design to study the gender differences in the impact of the introduction of Logo into years 1, 3, 5 and 7 in both a coeducational and single-sex setting using a sample of 222 children from three schools. Study three utilises a larger sample of 1176 students, drawn from three secondary schools and five primary schools, enabling an evaluation of gender differences in relation to a wide range of class computing experiences and in a broader range of school contexts. The overall results are consistent across the three studies, supporting the contention that social factors, rather than ability differences influence girls' participation and achievement in computing. The more global theoretical framework, drawing on social learning, expectancy-value, cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories, provides a more adequate explanation of gender differences in participation than does any one of these models.

<p>This essay analyzes the difference between feminine and masculine narration in Stephanie Meyer's final novel in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn. The methods used are Narratology, Reader-Response Criticism and Gender Theory. Breaking Dawn is divided into three different books and one of the main characters, Bella, is the narrator in the first and the last book, and the other main character, Jacob, is the narrator in the second book. Bella's and Jacob's narration styles are manifested in the title names and inside the text, and the analysis shows why Bella is a stereotypically female narrator and why Jacob is a stereotypically masculine narrator.</p>

Ce mémoire a pour but d'analyser, dans une perspective écologique, la gestion des risques sexuels liés à la transmission du VIH et d'autres ITSS en lien avec l'utilisation d'Internet à des fins de rencontres sexuelles chez les internautes HARSAH québécois séronégatifs qui utilisent Internet pour rencontrer. Plus précisément, ce mémoire vise à 1) identifier les déterminants sociodémographiques, psychosociaux, sociosexuels, environnementaux et de santé de la pénétration anale non protégée avec au moins un partenaire occasionnel séropositif ou au statut sérologique inconnu dans la dernière année (PANP(+/?), et 2) analyser les facteurs qui sont associés à ces déterminants. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, nous avons utilisé les données du Net Gay Baromètre (NGB), une enquête quantitative qui s'est déroulée sur des sites de rencontres gais québécois sur Internet de la mi-décembre 2007 à la mi-mai 2008. Cette enquête a rejoint 3718 répondants, dont 1794 sont séronégatifs. Parmi les HARSAH séronégatifs qui utilisent Internet à des fins de rencontre, 14,3 % déclarent s'être impliqués dans une PANP(+/?). Les analyses de régression logique multivariées montrent que l'identification en tant qu'homosexuel, le nombre de partenaires occasionnels, la pratique d'activités sexuelles marginales avec des partenaires occasionnels, la consommation de drogue et l'occurrence d'une ITSS dans la dernière année constituaient des déterminants associés à une plus grande probabilité d'implication dans une PANP(+/?) alors que le fait d'être dans une relation de couple était associé à une plus faible probabilité. Certains facteurs étudiés ont des liens significatifs avec plusieurs de ces déterminants : une résidence dans la région de Montréal, la recherche de sensations fortes, la fréquentation de lieux de rencontres sexuelles immédiates et la fréquentation régulière des sites de rencontres en ligne. Cet ensemble de déterminants de la PANP(+/?) et de facteurs qui y sont associés témoigne de différents scénarios sexuels qui sont plus fréquents dans certains espaces, dont Internet, et qui influencent la gestion des risques sexuels. Suite à cette analyse, nous proposons, à partir d'outils déjà existants, une programmation d'interventions de promotion de la santé sexuelle sur Internet pour les HARSAH qui utilisent Internet à des fins de rencontres. Ce champ de recherche et d'intervention est aujourd'hui incontournable du point de vue sexologique compte tenu de ses répercussions sur les constructions de la sexualité, les pratiques et les stratégies de prévention, de même que suries modalités d'intervention et d'éducation sexuelle. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : HARSAH, Gestion des risques, VIH et ITSS, Internet

En 2004, le programme d'éducation sexuelle À grands pas d'amour (APA) a été développé et implanté pour les garçons résidant en Centre jeunesse. Bien que plusieurs chercheurs suggèrent de développer des interventions en matière de sexualité spécifiques pour les adolescents de sexe masculin, peu de travaux empiriques fournissent une évaluation de ces programmes. La majorité de ces évaluations ont été réalisées en fonction de l'efficacité des interventions, mais presque aucune d'entre elles ne procurent des informations sur leur mise en œuvre. C'est dans le but de décrire la mise en application du programme APA, afin de le bonifier pour les prochaines années, que la présente étude porte sur une démarche d'évaluation formative de son implantation. Les données ont été recueillies en utilisant une méthodologie qualitative inspirée du modèle d'évaluation pluraliste-constructiviste de Guba et Lincoln (1989). Vingt adolescents ayant participé au programme ont été interviewés dans le cadre d'entrevues individuelles et vingt-neuf ont répondu à un questionnaire dirigé. De plus, treize éducateurs ayant dispensé le programme ont rempli un questionnaire dirigé et semi-dirigé. Des notes manuscrites ont également été prises lors de rencontres de supervision auprès de ces mêmes intervenants. Les résultats montrent que le programme a suscité un intérêt et un engouement qui ont permis de créer un rapprochement entre les jeunes et les éducateurs. Ces constats font ressortir l'importance de promouvoir un climat propice à la discussion au sein de programmes d'éducation sexuelle ciblant les adolescents de sexe masculin afin qu'ils puissent aborder ouvertement le sujet de la sexualité humaine. Par contre, il est mis en lumière que le climat du programme APA pouvait facilement déraper, notamment en raison des thèmes de la masculinité et de l'intimité, de l'obligation à participer au programme, de la gêne à parler de sexualité et d'une mauvaise animation. Pour contrer cette turbulence, la présente démarche évaluative fait valoir la nécessité d'outiller et de soutenir les éducateurs dans leur expérience d'animation, de miser sur des activités dynamiques et ludiques pour susciter l'attention des garçons et de recourir à des thèmes « masculins », tels que la protection sexuelle et la paternité. De plus, ce mémoire propose une réflexion sur l'évaluation de programme en faisant valoir la pertinence de recourir à une démarche évaluative basée sur un processus négocié. Finalement, différentes suggestions sont énoncées pour bonifier le programme APA. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : évaluation, analyse qualitative, adolescent, éducation sexuelle, sexualité, programme d'intervention, formation d'éducateurs.