Fitness is considered as a diverse spectrum and the society surrounding it is considered to be in constant flux. There are few male fitness influencers on Instagram acting as mass mediums communicating their daily lives in front of a mass of followers. This study investigates how five Swedish male fitness influencers communicate male body ideal by gathering 15 similar Instagram posts while qualitatively analysing five of them. Methodology-wise, multimodal critical discourse analysis (MCDA) is used to analyse Instagram posts made by Swedish fitness influencers that are communicating something explicitly referred to fitness. Structure of the analysis relies on semiotic denotation and connotation while Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) theory is operationalised on linguistic and semiotic elements. The analytical results argue that they were following three sorts of discourses for communicating their daily lives. Additionally, the identified three discourses are argued to be constructed under certain ideologies.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur kvinnors ledarskap har påverkats av feminina och maskulina personlighetsdrag i en chefsposition. Vidare är syftet att undersöka ifall sådana personlighetsdrag påverkat kvinnors ledarskap i enlighet med tidigare studier, definitioner samt teorier från Alvesson & Spicer (2012) och Yukl (2010). En kvalitativ metod med hermeneutisk inriktning samt abduktiva inslag har tillämpats för att skapa en förståelse inom valt område, där sex kvinnliga respondenter har deltagit i en semistrukturerad intervju som har bidragit till resultat samt analysen av vår studie. Studiens resultat visar att kvinnor i chefspositioner tenderar att visa både maskulina och feminina personlighetsdrag och att dessa drag har format och påverkat deras ledarskap i en chefsposition. / The purpose of this study is to investigate how feminine and masculine personality traits affect women's leadership in a managerial position. The aim is to investigate if such personality traits have affected women's leadership by following previous studies, definitions and theories from Alvesson & Spicer (2012) and Yukl (2010). A qualitative method with a hermeneutic orientation and abductive elements has been applied to create an understanding of the chosen field, where six female respondents have also participated in a semi-structured interview that has contributed to our study's results and analysis. The results of the study show that women in managerial positions tend to display masculine and feminine personality traits and the participants have also shaped and been influenced by these traits in their leadership.

Ce travail a consisté à évaluer l’acceptabilité de la prophylaxie pré-exposition (PrEP) pour la prévention du VIH, puis à identifier les facilitateurs et obstacles qui pourraient affecter la mise en place de cette stratégie de prévention chez les hommes ayant des relations sexuelles avec d’autres hommes (HSH) au Bénin. Il en ressort que la PrEP est peu connue des HSH. Toutefois, la quasi totalité des enquêtés, une fois informés par rapport à cette méthode de prévention, était disposée à l’utiliser si elle est rendue disponible. Certains facteurs ont été jugés importants par les HSH à prendre en compte dans le processus de l’implantation de cette stratégie. Le risque de diminution voire de l’abandon de l’utilisation du condom existe. Toutefois, cela ne devra pas entraver la prescription de la PrEP. Les prescripteurs devront accompagner les HSH désireux d’utiliser la PrEP dans la prise de décision concernant les options de prévention (PrEP et/ou préservatif) en accord avec leurs valeurs et leur désir. / We evaluated the acceptability of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention and identified the potential facilitators and obstacles that could affect the implementation of this prevention strategy among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Bénin. The results showed that PrEP is not well known to MSM. However, once informed about this prevention tool, almost all surveyed men were willing to use it if made available. Some factors were viewed as important by MSM to be considered in the implementation process. The risk of reducing or even abandoning condom use exists. However, this should not hinder the prescription of PrEP. Prescribers should accompany MSM who wish to use PrEP in making decisions about prevention options (PrEP and / or condom) in accordance with their values and desires

In the novel the Color Purple (1982), the author, Alice Walker, highlights the oppression African American women had to endure in the South, during the 1920s. It tells the story of the protagonist Celie's life, from being a sexual abused girl, to becoming an independent woman. Through Celie's collection of letters, the novel is a documentation of an African American woman's transformation from a life of oppression to finding her voice. The analysis seeks to display the connection between Celie's fight against oppression to her becoming a "masculine female". In order to investigate Celie's transformation, in this paper I explore the cause of her transformation and look more closely at the factors that that resulted in her change. This is discussed by focusing on stereotypical gender traits, role models, motherhood, the elimination of male power, and lastly, multiple forms of oppression. In the end it is concluded that Celie's liberation from the patriarchy helped her find her new identity as a masculine female.

This mixed-method study investigates the use of masculine and feminine-coded words (i.e., words associated with gender stereotypes) in English job advertisements in Sweden, focusing on the male-dominated Electronic and Electric engineering field in Sweden (SCB, 2022). As such, job advertisements in this field provide a productive case study for a discussion of gender appeal in the language of the advertisements. The study is divided into two parts: The first part presents a quantitative analysis of 30 job advertisements using a web tool called the “gender decoder” to determine whether the advertisements are mainly feminine-coded or masculine-coded. The second part of the study combines quantitative and qualitative analyses by exploring in depth 22 potential applicants’ perceptions of job advertisements in terms of language use and gender. It involves a web-based questionnaire focusing on two job advertisements (one feminine-coded and one masculine-coded) selected from the first part of the analysis. The questionnaire includes both Likert-scale and open-ended questions, and the participants consist of electrical and electronic engineering students from five universities in Sweden. Both parts of the study are furthermore analyzed thematically. The findings illustrate that there were more feminine-coded job advertisements among the selected advertisements, with one-third exhibiting masculine-coding. Additionally, the study shows that the participants were more likely to apply for the feminine-coded job advertisement, consistent with prior research. These results suggest the need for further efforts to create a more equal and non-gender-biased work environment, considering that most participants felt more connected to the feminine-coded job advertisement, whereas, still, a third of the job advertisements were masculine-coded.

L'environnement et les habitudes de vie du père peuvent avoir une incidence sur la qualité de ses spermatozoïdes. De récents rapports ont démontré que la santé des générations futures peut également être altérée lorsque la santé reproductive du père est diminuée. De nombreux polluants organiques persistants (POPs) sont des perturbateurs endocriniens présents dans l'environnement et pourraient avoir un effet sur la fertilité masculine. De plus, il a été rapporté que l'acide folique (AF) pourrait, quant à lui, améliorer la production spermatique. Considérant ces éléments, nous avons émis l'hypothèse qu'une exposition prénatale aux POPs représentatifs de l'environnement affecte la santé reproductive masculine sur plusieurs générations et que l'AF pourrait potentiellement protéger la santé reproductive du père de ces effets néfastes. L'objectif général de cette thèse est donc de déterminer si l'exposition prénatale à des POPs a des effets sur la santé reproductive et la fertilité masculine sur plusieurs générations et si, une supplémentation en acide folique avant et pendant la grossesse permet de contrer ces effets. Afin de vérifier nos hypothèses, nous avons reproduit la transmission paternelle sur plusieurs générations en utilisant un modèle animal sur quatre générations en exposant seulement les mâles de première génération pendant leur croissance fœtale. Les femelles fondatrices Sprague-Dawley F0 ont reçu un mélange de POPs représentatif de l'environnement ou de l'huile de maïs avant l'accouplement et jusqu'à parturition. Leurs régimes alimentaires contenaient également des niveaux standard ou supplémenté d'AF. Par la suite, les générations F1-F4 ont reçu les régimes alimentaires standards sans POPs ni supplémentation en AF. Les paramètres de fertilité et la santé reproductive ont été évalués chez les mâles des générations F1 à F4. Nous avons remarqué que l'exposition prénatale aux POPs a diminué la viabilité et la motilité spermatiques sur 3 générations. La qualité du sperme a été partiellement améliorée par la supplémentation en AF en F1 et F2, avec des effets protecteurs minimes en F3 et F4. La fertilité n'a pas été affectée en F1 et F2, mais les POPs ancestraux et/ou la supplémentation en AF ont induit les pires issues de grossesse générées par les pères F3 (portées F4). Nous avons observé moins de fœtus issus de lignées exposées aux POPs et la combinaison de POP et supplémentation en AF a diminué le taux de fertilité en plus d'augmenter les pertes préimplantatoires. L'exposition prénatale aux POPs semble nuire aux paramètres reproducteurs masculins. Bien que la supplémentation en AF ait amélioré de nombreux paramètres, elle n'a pas atténué certains effets des POPs sur les 4 générations à l'étude. Néanmoins, la supplémentation en AF et le développement masculin méritent une enquête plus approfondie étant donné que chez les hommes, une altération de la qualité du sperme semble de plus en plus être associée à un prédicteur précoce de la maladie dans un sens plus large. / The father's environment and lifestyle can affect the quality of his sperm. Recent reports have shown that the health of future generations can also be impaired when the reproductive health of the father is diminished. Many persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are known environmental endocrine disruptors that may affect male fertility. Folic acid (FA) has been reported to improve sperm production. Considering these elements, we hypothesized that prenatal exposure to environmentally-relevant POPs affects male reproductive health over three generations and FA could potentially protect the father's sperm from the adverse effects. The general objective of this thesis is therefore to determine whether prenatal exposure to POPs has effects on reproductive health and male fertility over several generations and whether FA supplementation before and during pregnancy counteracts these effects. Hence, we reproduced paternal transmission over generations using a four-generation animal model by exposing only the first generation of males during their fetal growth. Founder Sprague-Dawley females F0 received corn oil or a mixture of POPs representative of that observed in the environment before mating and until parturition. Their diets also contained standard or supplemented levels of FA. Subsequently, the F1-F4 generations received standard diets without POPs or FA supplementation. Fertility parameters and reproductive health were assessed in males of the F1 to F4 generations. Prenatal POPs exposure of F1 males decreased sperm viability and motility across 3 generations. Sperm quality was partly rescued by FA supplementation in F1-F2, with minimal protective effects in F3-F4. Fertility was not affected in F1 and F2, but ancestral POPs and/or FA supplementation induced poorest pregnancy outcomes of F3 fathers (F4 litters). We observed fewer fetuses from POPs-exposed lineages and the combination of ancestral POP with FA supplementation decreased fertility rate and increased the preimplantation losses. Ancestral POPs exposure harms male reproductive parameters. Although FA supplementation improved many parameters it only mitigated several POPs effects across 4 generations. Nonetheless, FA supplementation and male development merit further investigation, especially considering recent reports that, in men, impaired semen quality is an early predictor of disease.

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