Près de 15% des couples sont confrontés à des problèmes d'infertilité. Dans près de la moitié des cas, une composante masculine est retrouvée, avec souvent une anomalie des paramètres du spermogramme montrant une diminution de la qualité du sperme. L'étiologie de la grande majorité des infertilités masculines reste inconnue et une origine génétique est probablement responsable d'une proportion importante des troubles de la spermatogénèse. Ce travail comporte deux parties: dans la 1ère partie, l'analyse d'une large cohorte de patients (n=87), nous a permis d'identifier deux nouvelles mutations du gène AURKC. La mutation [c.36-2A>G] a été identifiée uniquement à l'état hétérozygote chez deux frères et le 2ème variant identifié [p.Y248*]: est une mutation récurrente retrouvée chez 11 patients non apparenté d'origine maghrébine et européenne. La 2ème partie de notre étude a été réalisée sur 20 patients infertiles présentant un phénotype homogène d'anomalies flagellaire de type flagelles courts, absents et de calibre irrégulier associé a une asthénozoospermie. Nous avons appliqué la stratégie d'homozygotie par filiation qui a permis de mettre en évidence deux régions d'homozygoties communes: la 1ère région, située sur le chromosome 3, est commune à 9/20 patients et la 2ème sur le chromosome 20 commune à 13/20 patients. Trois gènes candidats présents dans ces régions ont été sélectionnés : les gènes KIF9, SPAG4 et DNAH1. Le séquençage du gène DNAH1 a permis de mettre en évidence des mutations de type faux-sens [c.3877G>A], run-on [c.12796 T>C] et d'épissage [c.5094+1G>A] [c.11958-1G>A]. L'absence de la protéine DNAH1 a pu être mise en évidence par immunomarquage sur les spermatozoïdes d'un patients porteur de la mutation [c.11958-1G>A] et confirme la dégradation du transcrit muté par NMD également observé. Les analyses par microscopie électronique sur les spermatozoïdes d'un patient de la cohorte ont permis de mettre en évidence des anomalies de la structure de l'axonème. Cette étude précise le diagnostic d'infertilité masculine et élargit les connaissances sur les gènes impliquées dans la spermatogenèse.

Sexual assault in the United States continues to be a major societal problem which often results in serious long-term consequences for the survivors, with perpetrators most commonly being men. Sexual assault prevention programs for college men often lack theories to guide the research and demonstrate mixed results. Previous research has demonstrated that more traditional male gender role identity is linked to sexual assault supportive attitudes and behaviors, suggesting that masculine ideology could be a contributing factor to college men?s reactions to a sexual assault prevention program. The purpose of this study was to test a model of how male gender role identity constructs influence college men?s reactions to a sexual assault prevention program through the Elaboration Likelihood Model. Participants were 97 college men, ages 18 to 22. They completed measures of adherence to masculine ideologies, then participated in an hour long sexual assault prevention program focused on bystander prevention, and finally completed measures of central route processing and outcome variables. Structural equation modeling was used to test a model of how masculine ideologies and central route processing contributed to outcome results. These results indicated that men who adhered to more traditional masculine ideologies were less likely to engage in central route processing, a thoughtful processing of the information provided in the prevention program. Additionally, less adherence to traditional masculinity predicted more behavioral intentions to change as a result of the program and less acceptance of rape myths. More engagement in central route processing also predicted more positive outcomes such as behavioral intentions to change and less rape myth acceptance. Results from hierarchical linear regression analysis indicated that central route processing was more influential on the outcome variables than masculine ideology. Implications for this research include support of sexual assault prevention programs based on the Elaboration Likelihood Model as being potentially effective regardless of the men?s existing masculine ideologies.

La recherche réalisée dans le cadre de notre thèse vise à étudier les conditions de la construction de l’énonciation de l’homosexualité masculine en proposant une analyse comparative des époques récentes. Ce qui nous intéresse alors, ce sont ainsi les supports de communication (espaces médiatiques et technologies numériques) et les formes de prise de parole. Notre thèse s’organise autour de trois parties. La première partie consiste à mettre en avant le contexte et les caractéristiques de l’énonciation de l’homosexualité. Nous proposons de revenir sur les travaux de Michel Foucault (au travers de son ouvrage La volonté de savoir) afin d’étudier la mise en discours du sexe et ainsi la construction des sexualités. Cela nous amène ainsi à identifier, à travers les époques, les variations de l’énonciation allant d’une logique du secret à une logique revendicative (voire subversive), mais également à étudier la place et les différentes conceptions du coming out. Dans une deuxième partie, nous mettons en avant les différents héritages des formes d’énonciation. Pour cela, nous évoquons les différentes manières de représenter l’homosexualité masculine au cinéma, à la télévision et dans les web séries, à travers une approche linéaire et généalogique des années 1930 à aujourd’hui. Puis, nous revenons également sur les pratiques de la drague homosexuelle selon les lieux ouverts et fermés ; ce qui nous amène alors à nous interroger sur l’existence d’une libération des formes expressives. Enfin, à partir de l’analyse de l’application mobile Grindr, nous proposons dans une troisième et dernière partie, d’identifier les différentes figures du dragueur et ses itinérances à l’heure de la géolocalisation. Nous abordons plus précisément le statut et le rapport à l’image, l’identification des différents types de regards qui s’organisent dans l’application, et les enjeux et les conséquences dans le cadre de l’énonciation de l’homosexualité. / The research conducted as part of our thesis aims at looking into the construction of the utterance of male homosexuality putting forward comparative analysis of recent times. Our concern is communication medium (media environment and digital technologies) as well as the different forms of speaking. Our thesis is organized around three parts. The first part consists in highlighting the context and the characteristics about telling homosexuality. We will suggest to revisit Michel Foucault’s work (through his work La volonté de savoir – The will to know) in order to study the implementation of the discourse about sex and then the construction of sexualities. It is also a question of identifying the variations of the self-ascription from the logic of secret to a protest or even subversive form of logic through different times, with the evocation of the place and the different aspects of “coming out”. In a second part, we will explain the different legacies of the ways to express homosexuality. We will then mention the different ways to represent male homosexuality in films, television and in web series through a linear and genealogical basis from the 1930’s until today. We will next review the practice of cruising according to open or closed areas: this will lead us to question the existence of the liberation of expressive forms. Finally, in a third and last part, we will put forward, from the mobile phone application Grindr, the identification of the different features of the cruiser as well as his roaming in a geo-tracking world. We will discuss more precisely the status and the relationship to image, the identification of the different types of views organized through the applications and the stakes and consequences as part of the utterance of homosexuality.

INTRODUÇÃO: A varicocele é a dilatação das veias do plexo pampiniforme do testículo. A associação entre a varicocele e a infertilidade é diagnosticada em 20 a 40% dos homens inférteis. Atualmente, o estudo ultrassonográfico da varicocele é realizado com o paciente na posição supina antes e durante a realização de Valsalva, levando-se em consideração o diâmetro das veias (> 0,20cm), e a presença de refluxo maior que 1, segundo ao estudo Doppler espectral. OBJETIVO: A) Propor uma nova metodologia na avaliação ultrassonográfica da varicocele. B) Avaliar a concordância dos achados no exame ultrassonográfico com Doppler colorido dos vasos dos plexos pampiniformes e as alterações no espermograma na infertilidade masculina. C) Avaliar a correlação entre o diâmetro de um dos vasos dos plexos pampiniformes e as alterações no espermograma na infertilidade masculina. MÉTODOS: Foram examinados 266 pacientes, provenientes do setor de reprodução humana do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de São Paulo (HCUSP), por meio de duplex Doppler colorido, inicialmente com o paciente em decúbito dorsal e posteriormente, após 5 minutos de espera, na posição ortostática, realizando as medidas dos diâmetros transversais dos plexos pampiniforme nas duas posições, tanto em repouso como em Valsalva. Ao estudo pulsado foi considerado refluxo patológico apenas quando persistia por mais de 1 segundo, com uma velocidade superior que 2 cm/s. Estes pacientes também foram submetidos a analise seminal. RESULTADOS: Em relação à metodologia de realização do exame, observou-se aumento no diâmetro do plexo pampiniforme apenas com a variação da posição de cerca de 18% à direita e 5,9% à esquerda, bem como aumento na detecção do refluxo venoso na posição ortostática, de 23% à direita e 6,8% à esquerda. Observou-se também correlação direta entre as alterações no espermograma com o refluxo venoso, 65% à direita e 86% à esquerda, o mesmo não ocorrendo com o diâmetro do plexo pampiniforme. CONCLUSÕES: A) O exame de ultrassongrafia com Doppler colorido deve ser realizado na posição ortostática, após um período de latência de no mínimo cinco minutos, com condições ambientais confortáveis e manobra de esforço. B) Houve concordância significativa entre o refluxo venoso nos plexos pampiniformes e as alterações do espermograma. C) Não há correlação significativa entre o diâmetro de um dos vasos dos plexos pampiniformes e o espermograma / INTRODUCTION: Varicocele is the dilatation of the veins of the pampiniform plexus of the testicle. The association between varicocele and infertility is diagnosed in 20 to 40% of the infertile men. Currently, in the ultrasound study of varicocele, the diameter of the veins is carried through with the patient in the supine position, before and during the Valsalva maneuver, taking the diameter of the veins consideration (> 0,20cm), and a more than 1 second bigger presence of reflux according to spectral Doppler study. OBJECTIVE: A) To consider a new methodology in the ultrasonographic evaluation of varicocele. B) To evaluate the agreement of the findings in the colorful Doppler ultrasonographic examination of the pampiniform plexus vases with the alterations in the spermogram in masculine infertility. C) To evaluate the correlation between the diameter of one the pampiniform plexus vases and the alterations in the spermogram in the masculine infertility. METHODS: 266 patients from the reproduction sector human being of the Hospital of the Clinics of the University of São Paulo (HCUSP) had been examined, by means of colorful duplex-Doppler, initially with the patient in dorsal decubitus and later, after 5 minutes, in the orthostatic position, carrying through the transversal measures of the diameter of the pampiniform plexus in the two positions, in rest and in Valsalva. To the pulse study reflux was considered pathological only when persisted for more than 1 second, with speed superior to 2 cm/s. These patients were also submitted to seminal analysis. RESULTS: Regarding the methodology of accomplishment of the examination, an increase in the diameter of pampiniform plexus was noted only with the variation of the examination position, about 18% to the right and 5,9% to the left, as well as an increase in the detection of venous reflux in the orthostatic position, 23% to right and 6,8% to the left. It was also detected a correct correlation between variations in the spermogram and the venous reflux, 65% to the right and 86% to the left, the same not occurring with the diameter of pampiniform plexus. CONCLUSIONS: A) The colorful Doppler ultrasound examination must be carried through in the orthostatic position, after a period of latency of at least five minutes, with comfortable environement conditions and effort maneuver. B) A significant accordance between the pampiniform plexus venous reflux and the alterations of the spermogram. C) It does not have significant correlation between the diameter of one of the pampiniform plexus vases and the spermogram

Submitted by Haroudo Xavier Filho (haroudo.xavierfo@ufpe.br) on 2016-03-03T17:15:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO (2015-02-26) - FLÁVIA DANIELLE SANTOS OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2032716 bytes, checksum: d991c656d75f06a0d954f82c02c07945 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T17:15:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇÃO (2015-02-26) - FLÁVIA DANIELLE SANTOS OLIVEIRA.pdf: 2032716 bytes, checksum: d991c656d75f06a0d954f82c02c07945 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / CAPES / Apesar do histórico de desigualdades de gênero no mercado de trabalho, as mulheres vêm conseguindo superar as tradicionais barreiras impostas. Nos últimos 50 anos sua presença no mercado de trabalho tornou-se cada vez maior no mercado de trabalho. Embora a maioria dos cargos de liderança ainda seja ocupados por homens, existe uma tendência crescente não apenas de aumento da participação mais também de maior valorização da liderança feminina. Todavia, os estereótipos de gênero relacionados ao exercício da liderança presentes na sociedade ainda são um fator que dificulta o acesso das mulheres aos cargos mais altos dentro das organizações. Levando em consideração este contexto, a presente dissertação é uma investigação voltada para analisar as condições homens e mulheres no mercado de trabalho, especialmente relacionadas ao exercício da liderança. O objetivo foi explorar as relações entre gênero e vida profissional nas organizações, com ênfase em atuação no trabalho, percepções acerca dos sexos, processos de liderança e carreira. Para tanto, foram investigados 784 trabalhadores e trabalhadoras da Região Metropolitana do Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil, todos maiores de 18 anos e vinculados formalmente a uma organização publica e/ou privada. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem quantitativa, tendo sidos os dados coletados através de questionários estruturados com perguntas sobre sociodemografia, vida profissional e traços de liderança. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: (I) Apesar de semelhanças entre os sexos quanto a segmento de atuação, nível do cargo, titulação, experiência, jornada de trabalho e desempenho profissional, as mulheres tem rendimento substancialmente inferior ao dos homens; (II) Apesar das diferenças de rendimentos, os indivíduos de ambos os sexos mostram-se igualmente satisfeitos com o seu trabalho; (III) Homens e mulheres mostram capacidade geral de liderança equivalente; (IV) Parece haver diferenças entre os sexos quanto ao estilo de liderança; (V) O estilo de liderança masculino mostrou-se mais associado ao desempenho e ao sucesso profissional do que o estilo de liderança feminino; (VI) O estilo de liderança feminino parece produzir mais impactos quando exercido por homens, não havendo diferenças desse tipo quanto ao estilo de liderança masculino; (VII) As mulheres são vistas como tendo mais capacidade geral de liderança do que o homem. Conclui-se que, no universo pesquisado, existe uma injusta desigualdade de gênero quanto à remuneração, apesar de existir uma semelhança entre eles em termos de atuação e capacidade profissionais. Tal descriminação está ligada a diferenças quanto à forma de exercício da liderança e também ao modo como elas são recebidas pela organização e pela sociedade, com um mesmo padrão percebido mais positivamente quanto exercido por homens do que por mulheres, embora se declare reconhecer o valor feminino. Ao final, sugere-se a replicação do estudo do tema por meio da realização de pesquisas futuras que incluam amostras maiores e mais diversificadas, assim como mais e melhores variáveis, detalhando melhor as diversas características dos traços e aspectos da vida profissional dos sujeitos, incluindo a área de formação do profissional e o setor específico que ocupa na empresa. / In spite of a history of gender inequalities, women have been overcoming the traditional obstacles imposed upon them in the labor market. Ideed, in the last 50 years, their presence in the professional world has been increasing. Though most of the leadership positions are still occupied by men, there is a growing trend not only in the greater participation of women, but also in the appreciation of the female leadership. However, the gender stereotypes regarding leadership present in society are still a factor that hinders women's access to the highest positions in the organizations where they work. Taking this context into consideration, the present dissertation is an investigation oriented towards analyzing the conditions of men and women in the job market, particularly regarding the exercising of leadership. The goal was to explore the relationships between gender and professional life in organizations, with an emphasis on work performance, perceptions regarding gender, leadership processes, and career. For that purpose, 784 men and women from the Metropolitan Region of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil, were investigated, all them being above the age of 18 years and formally working at a public or private organization. The research had a quantitative approach, with data being collected by means of structured forms containing questions regarding sociodemographics, professional life, and leadership traits. The main results found were that: (I) In spite of similarities between the genders as to the segment of the economy that they worked in, their position in the company, degree of education, experience, hours worked, and professional performance, the women have an income that is substantially lower than that of the men; (II) In spite of the differences in income, individual of both sexes were equally satisfied with their work; (III) Men and women displayed an equivalent overall capacity for leadership; (IV) There seem to be gender differences regarding the style of leadership; (V) The masculine style of leadership was shown to be more associated to professional performance and success than the female one; (VI) The female style of leadership seems to produce more impacts when it is exercised by men then when by women; (VII) Women are seen as having more general capacity for leadership than men. It is concluded that, within the universe researched, that there is an unfair gender inequality as to remuneration, even though there is a similaritybetween them in terms of professional performance and capacity. Such discrimination is associated to differences in the form of exercising leadership, and also to the way they are received by the organization and by society, with a same pattern being perceived in a more positive light when it is exercised by men than by women, though a recognition of the value of women is declared. In the end, it is suggested that the study be replicated by means of future research with the inclusion of larger and more diversified samples, as well as more variables, better detailing the avrious characteristics of the traits and aspects of professional life of the subjects, including field of professional qualification and the specific sector within the company that one works in.

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-26T19:58:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T13:36:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-10T13:40:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T13:40:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação-Carlos Eduardo Ribeiro Pacheco Filho.pdf: 1986616 bytes, checksum: c6e6e51544b7efb62824926067ae31df (MD5) Ficha Catalográfica.pdf: 1896 bytes, checksum: 8e6685eebacc515d136d8b2097393a52 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-26 / FAPEAM - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas / The gender question is an issue that has been debated throughout the world since about the 1970s, initially placed on the schedule by activists of the feminist movement. Over the years, the discussion gained momentum and expanded the academic setting, promoting important studies about the female condition, based on theories such as masculine domination and patriarcalism. In recent years, it has gained the prominence of gender oriented to the labor market, in order to analyze the participation of women as productive force, as well as how this process develops. Such research has pointed in the direction of inequality between men and women in the workplace, showing an precariousness in female inclusion in the labor market. Interested in this approach, this study seeks to sociologically analyze the affirmative action policies of gender equity developed by the Banco do Brasil, most notably the Pro-Gender Equity Program and the Women's Empowerment Principles, verifying the impacts on his career employees in the agencies of the city of Manaus. / A questão de gênero é um assunto que tem sido debatido em todo o mundo desde aproximadamente a década de 1970, inicialmente colocado em pauta pelas militantes do movimento feminista. Com o passar dos anos, a discussão ganhou força e se ampliou no cenário acadêmico, promovendo importantes estudos acerca da condição feminina, tendo por base teorias como a dominação masculina e o patriarcalismo. Nos últimos anos, tem ganhado destaque o recorte de gênero voltado ao mercado de trabalho, com o intuito de analisar a participação das mulheres como força produtiva, bem como a maneira como esse processo se desenvolve. Tais pesquisas têm apontado na direção da desigualdade existente entre homens e mulheres no âmbito laboral, evidenciando uma precarização na inserção feminina no mundo do trabalho. Interessado neste enfoque, o presente estudo busca analisar sociologicamente as políticas afirmativas de equidade de gênero desenvolvidas pelo Banco do Brasil, com maior destaque ao Programa Pró-equidade de Gênero e aos Princípios de Empoderamento das mulheres, verificando os impactos que as mesmas têm causado nos quadros de seus funcionários de carreira lotados em agências da cidade de Manaus.

O presente estudo centra-se na perspectiva de se trazer subsídios para a promoção da saúde e da sexualidade masculina na Atenção Primária à Saúde, de forma a contribuir nas discussões e propostas para a efetivação da Política de Atenção Integral à saúde do homem, sobre os efeitos dos processos relacionados à sexualidade e gênero. Além disso, buscamos através dele, oportunizar a qualificação de recursos humanos, na perspectiva de subsidiar linhas de cuidado que resguardem a integralidade, sobretudo na atenção primária através da Estratégia de Saúde da Família, a partir do reconhecimento de que a população masculina acessa menos o sistema de saúde, e que este acesso acontece especialmente por meio da atenção especializada, o que requer mecanismos de fortalecimento e qualificação da atenção primária, para que as ações de saúde não se restrinjam à recuperação, garantindo, sobretudo, a promoção da saúde e a prevenção a agravos evitáveis. OBJETIVO: Compreender o sentido que os trabalhadores da Estratégia de Saúde da Família atribuem à sexualidade masculina e aos cuidados com a saúde do homem, em um contexto sociocultural, bem como, de desenvolver uma atividade educativa com os sujeitos do estudo, a partir da pesquisaação com referenciais teórico-metodológicos de Paulo Freire. METODOLOGIA: Tal estudo é de natureza qualitativa e humanista, apoiada em uma abordagem compreensiva e mediatizada pela pesquisa-ação. O local de realização desta pesquisa foi a Unidade de Saúde da Família Penha I, também conhecida como Sebastião Lúcio Ferreira. Os trabalhadores que compõem a equipe de Saúde da Família Penha I, os quais representam os sujeitos do estudo são um médico, uma enfermeira, uma técnica de enfermagem, seis Agentes Comunitários de Saúde e uma recepcionista. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizadas a entrevista semi-estruturada e a observação participante envolvendo todos os membros desta equipe, os quais aceitaram voluntariamente participar do estudo. Os dados obtidos a partir das falas emitidas pelos sujeitos pesquisados, bem como pela observação participante, foram transcritos, digitados, analisados qualitativamente, e, portanto categorizados a partir do referencial de Freire (1992). RESULTADOS: Os resultados evidenciam a predominância do ideário masculino associado a sucesso, poder, força, virilidade e invulnerabilidade, explicitados através de percepções compatíveis com este ideário masculino, uma vez que expõem de maneira simples associações de ser homem com designações de machismo, autoritarismo, fortaleza e comando, além de valorização excessiva da sexualidade e virilidade.Entretanto, entendemos que quando os homens tentam seguir esse modelo masculino, acabam se comportando de maneira inexpressiva e competitiva, o que compromete suas necessidades básicas. Evidenciamos também a necessidade de priorização da atenção à saúde do homem através da ESF, a partir de políticas de saúde que assegurem seus direitos enquanto sujeitos de atenção, bem como a Educação para Saúde dos trabalhadores na linha da integralidade. / The present study is centered in the perspective of to supply subsidies for the health promotion and the masculine sexuality in the Health Primary Attention to contribute to discussions and proposals to carry out Politics Whole Attention to the man health on the process effects related to sexuality and gender. Moreover, we search for through it to become opportune the human resources qualification, in the perspective of to subsidize care ways which protect the integrality, Above all in the primary attention through the family health strategy, from the re cognition that the masculine population access fewer the health system and that this access happens especially through specializes attention and this requires processes the primary attention strengthen and qualification in order that the health actions don\'t be restricted to the recovery, guaranteeing, mainly the health promotion and prevention to avoid aggravations. OBJECTIVE: understand the meaning that the workers of Family Health Strategy give to masculine sexuality and to cares of men health in socio-cultural context, as well as, develop an educational activity with the peoples of the study, from the research action with theoretician methodical of Paulo Freire. METHODOLOGY: This study is a quality and humanist kind and deals with understanding and based on the research-action. The place of this research accomplishment was the Family Health Unity of Penha I, also knew as Sebastião Lucio Ferreira. The workers that compose the Family Health Team of Penha-I and who represents the study people are: a doctor, a nurse, a nursing technical, six health community agents and a receptionist. For the collection of data it had been utilized the semi-structured interview and the observation participated involving all the members of this team, which accept voluntarily participate of this study. The data gotten from the speech get out by people researched, as well by the observation participating had been transcribed, typed, analyzed qualitatively, and therefore, categorized from the Freire referential (1992). RESULTS: The results reveal the prevalence of the masculine ideal associated to the success, the power, the strength, the virility and the invulnerability, explained through the perception compatible with this masculine ideal, since these results reveal, in a simple way, the associations of being a man with male assignments, authoritarianism, strength and command, beyond the extreme sexuality and virility valorization. However, we understand that when the men try to follow this model, end up by behave in a way expressionless and competitive, and this compromises their basic needs. We show, also, the necessity of the man health attention priority through the Family Health Team, from the health politics that assures their rights as a people in attention, as well the education to the health workers in the way of integrality.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research proposes a reception study over masculinity representations in Brazilian advertisements transmitted over free-to-air television and its role in distinct class men's gender identity formation. We did align to the Cultural Studies strand, especially, to Jesús Martín-Barbero's Latin American theoretical and methodological mediation perspectives. Still in theoretical terms we do emphasize on the discussions referring to male gender's social construction and, in a complementary way, on the articulation with the contemporary notion of social class. Methodologically, we did perform a reception study with 10 different age, civil state and profession men, who do reside in Santa Maria, classified as high and popular classes by Quadros and Antunes' definition (2001). The data collection techniques used in this study were the questionnaire, which consisted of a pilot study with 40 instruments, and a semi structured in depth interview. Besides that, for the reception exam over the masculine gender we did mark out a corpus of advertisements (beer, car, technology, bank and clothing/hygiene products) defined by the results of the questionnaires and used as responsible support to stimulate debate with the receptors. We did analyze the mediations of sociality, rituality and tecnicity (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2006) in the advertising speech's appropriation relations (negotiation or resistance) concerning to the masculinity representations, defined by beauty, sexuality, work and family categories. As a result of this work, the advertising shows up as an important source of patterns and references to contemporary subjects to live the masculinity; at the same way contributing to the relativization of the traditional masculine pattern, related to machism and patriarchy that hegemonically vigorates until a few decades ago. At last, the construction of gender identities based on beauty, sexuality, work and family, from the readings and the ways of using the advertising speech is made in a differenced way by the cleavages of social classes. / A presente pesquisa propõe um estudo de recepção das representações sobre a masculinidade nos anúncios publicitários brasileiros veiculados na televisão aberta e o seu papel na formação da identidade de gênero de homens pertencentes a classes distintas. Alinhamo-nos à vertente dos estudos culturais, especialmente, à perspectiva teórico-metodológica latino-americana das mediações de Jesús Martín- Barbero. Ainda em termos teóricos, nossa ênfase está centrada nas discussões referentes à construção social do gênero masculino e, de forma complementar, na articulação com a noção contemporânea de classe social. Metodologicamente, realizamos um estudo de recepção com dez homens residentes em Santa Maria/RS com idades, estado civil, profissões variadas e classificados, a partir da definição de Quadros e Antunes (2001), em classes populares e altas. As técnicas de coletas de dados empregadas neste estudo foram o questionário, que se caracterizou com um estudo piloto com quarenta instrumentos, e a entrevista semiestruturada em profundidade. Além disso, para o exame da recepção sobre o gênero masculino delimitamos um corpus de anúncios publicitários (cerveja, carro, tecnologia, banco, tecnologia e vestuário/produtos de higiene), definidos com base nos resultados dos questionários e usados como suportes responsáveis para o estímulo do debate com os receptores. Analisamos as mediações da socialidade, ritualidade e tecnicidade (MARTÍN-BARBERO, 2006) nas relações de apropriação (negociação ou resistência) do discurso publicitário no que diz respeito às representações de masculinidade, aqui, definida pelas categorias de beleza, sexualidade, trabalho e família. Como resultado deste trabalho, a publicidade aparece como uma importante fonte de padrões e referências para que os sujeitos contemporâneos vivenciem a masculinidade; da mesma forma que contribui, inclusive, para a relativização do padrão masculino tradicional, relacionado ao machismo e ao patriarcado, que vigorou hegemônico até poucas décadas atrás. Por fim, a construção das identidades de gênero baseada na beleza, na sexualidade, no trabalho e na família, a partir das leituras e dos modos de usos do discurso publicitário, é feita de forma diferenciada a partir das clivagens de classes sociais.

Parmi les couples avec un projet parental, le facteur masculin d’infertilité est responsable d’environ 20%. Malgré de longues années d’activités d’assistance médicale à la procréation, un nombre important de cas reste idiopathiques. Considérant le nombre élevé des gènes potentiellement impliqués dans la gamétogenèse, il est fort probable que la majorité des formes ‘idiopathiques’ sont d’origine génétique. Dans l'étude présente, nous avons d’identifier deux nouveaux gènes impliqués dans une infertilité masculine. Nos données suggèrent que la mutation dans TEX15 puisse corréler avec une diminution du nombre de spermatozoïdes au fil du temps. Un test diagnostique identifiant la mutation chez un patient pourrait fournir une indication d’organiser au plus tôt une cryopréservation du sperme. On a aussi identifié MAGEB4 liées à l’X comme un nouveau gène impliqué dans une infertilité masculine héritée. Cette étude fournit le premier indice sur la fonction physiologique d'une protéine MAGE. / Among couples with a desire for a child, male factor is responsible approximately 20%. Despite long years of assisted reproductive activities, a significant number of cases remain idiopathic. Considering the high predicted number of genes involved in male gametogenesis, it is likely that most ‘idiopathic’ forms may have a genetic origin. In the present study, we have defined two new genes implicated in male infertility. Our data suggested that a nonsense mutation in TEX15 correlates with a decrease in sperm count over time. A diagnostic test identifying the mutation in man could provide an indication of spermatogenic failure and prompt patients to undertake sperm cryopreservation at an early age. We also identified MAGEB4 as a new X-linked gene involved in an inherited male infertility. This study provides the first clue on the physiological function of a MAGE protein.

(in English): As the title itself indicates, the topic of this thesis is the linguistic sexism in contemporary Spanish. The theoretical part offers a critical perspective on the phenomenon of so called sexism in language and defines terms such as linguistic sexism, androcentrism or invisibilization of women in the language. It also provides a brief outline of the development of gender linguistics with an emphasis on Spanish-speaking countries and provides an overview of important works on the topic. The thesis also deals with the contrast between linguistic sexism and sexism as a social issue, as well as with the question whether language can be sexist, or whether the sexism is caused by the way the speakers use the language. Particular attention is paid to the issue of gender in language and phenomena that are considered as sexist, especially the generic masculine. The practical part is mainly dedicated to lexical issues: denoting women in professions that were traditionally male and idioms and set phrases that can be examples of sexist use of language or a possible reflection of social sexism in language. It also analyses the asymmetry in addressing women and men in a polite way, inadequate pairs, apparently dual forms and missing lexical units as well as insults and profanities that can be...