Since 1991 government control of textbooks no longer takes place and the pedagogical framing is influenced by production relations in a rectified global mass culture where impressions and role models from the media have greater influence on students’ worldview and their socialization. Norms, ideas, values and attitudes are conveyed through language which is therefore seen as central in the creation of ideas about what is considered male or female. The purpose of the study is to examine, from a gender perspective, how girls/women and boys/men are portrayed and represented in both text and image in two textbooks in the subject of Swedish for kids in the third grade. Furthermore, the study aims to investigate the type of professions and/or activities occurring as masculine and feminine. The theories used for the analysis of the material are Yvonne Hirdman’s gender theory, Raewyn Connell's conception of gender relations and Bronwyn Davies sociological theory. The questions that are answered in the study are the following: * In what way is gender constructed in the representation of girls/women and boys/men by image and text in textbooks? * Which professions and/or activities are linked to masculinity and femininity? I have in my investigation concluded that boys/men and girls/women are represented differently in both textbooks. In the textbook ”LäsDax 3” I found that both genders are represented in a stereotypical way, while the other textbook “ABC-klubben, Nyckeln till skatten” is trying to move beyond the stereotypical representation. In the latter mentioned textbook, men and women are both allowed to exceed the prevailing genus contract of society by describing girls as active and men as emotional. Regarding professions and/or activities I could also find that they differ in the textbooks. ”LäsDax 3” follows the norms of society regarding what is seen as masculine or feminine, while “ABC-klubben, Nyckeln till skatten” exceeds society’s norms.

L’infertilité masculine est actuellement considérée comme un problème majeur qui pose une situation alarmante sur la santé publique. L’oligozoospermie, l’asthénozoospermie et la tératozoospermie sont les trois anomalies les plus connues des spermatozoïdes. Elles affectent, respectivement, la densité, la motilité et la morphologie des spermatozoïdes. Un spermatozoïde anormal est très souvent corrélé à des altérations génétiques et épigénétiques qui peuvent affecter considérablement le transcriptome. Dans ce sens, le séquençage aléatoire du transcriptome entier des spermatozoïdes ou RNA-seq constitue un outil puissant pour caractériser ces maladies. Jusqu’à présent, il n’existe aucune étude exploitant des données RNA-seq chez des hommes présentant de telles anomalies spermatiques. L’objectif principal de notre étude fût d’identifier des profils distincts des modifications du transcriptome de chaque phénotype d’infertilité pour ainsi révéler des gènes-signatures qui tamponnent une spermatogenèse pathologiquePour ce faire, les transcriptomes des spermatozoïdes de 60 sujets infertiles atteints soit d’oligozoospermie, d’asthénozoospermie ou de tératozoospermie ont été comparés à ceux de 20 patients fertiles. Ces analyses supervisées nous ont conduit à identifier: (i) les gènes clés spécifiques aux différentes anomalies des spermatozoïdes (ii) les voies de signalisation associées, (ii) les différents longs ARNs non codants dérégulés dans ces anomalies. Au niveau de l’oligozoospermie, les transcrits de spermatozoïdes dérégulés étaient associées à divers stades de la spermatogenèse, y compris le cycle cellulaire méiotique, l’assemblage du complexe synaptonémal, la cohésion des chromatides sœurs, les processus métaboliques de piRNA, le processus catabolique protéique dépendant de la voie de l’ubiquitine, à la réponse aux dommages de l'ADN et particulièrement le processus de fécondation. Quant à l’asthenozoospermia, la spermatogenèse, l’assemblage du cil, des voies métaboliques reliées à la spermatogenèse, la chimiotaxie et la physiologie des cellules immunitaires ont été significativement dérégulés. De plus, ce qui nous a intéressé au plus était l’analyse des transcrits sous-exprimés qui a permis l’identification de nombreux transcrits associées aux modifications des histones. Nous avons aussi mis en évidence une sous expression des gènes différentiellement exprimés qui définit la tératozoospermie. Cette sous expression est associée au système ubiquitine-protéasome, à l’organisation du cytosquelette, au cycle cellulaire, à la SUMOylation en réponse aux dommages de l'ADN et aux protéines de réparation ainsi qu’à de nombreux modulateurs épigénétiques. Les gènes signature de l'oligozoospermie ont été liés au processus de fécondation et les composants de la matrice extracellulaire, tandis que ceux de la tératozoospermie sont liés à la spermatogenèse et la morphogenèse cellulaire, alors que les gènes signature de l'asthénozoospermie sont impliqués dans l'assemblage du ribosome et du flagelle. En complément de cette étude, nous avons réalisé une étude très globale du paysage épigénétique du sperme des hommes infertiles. Nous avons, ainsi comparé les niveaux des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO), de méthylation de l’ADN, ainsi que l’intégrité de la chromatine dans les spermatozoïdes de 30 individus infertiles avec ceux de 33 individus fertiles. Nos analyses montrent des niveaux élevés d’ERO chez les individus infertiles. Ces niveaux sont d’une part négativement corrélés avec les niveaux de méthylation globale de l’ADN et d’autre part négativement corrélés avec ceux de la 5-hydroxyméthylcytosine et de la 5-formylcytosine (intermédiaire dans le processus de déméthylation active). Ces derniers suggèrent qu’une infertilité associée au stress oxydatif conditionne l’épigénome du sperme. En conclusion, l’ensemble de notre travail apporte des ressources précieuses et originales dans la compréhension des pathologies de sperme. / Male infertility is actually considered as a public alarming health problem. The sperm pathologies spectrum ranges between different phenotypes including oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia and teratozoospermia depending on the sperm conventional parameters abnormalities. Abnormal sperm is characterized by genetic alterations and epigenetic alterations which can affect the transcriptome extensively. These alterations in RNA profiles are retrospectively indicative of aberrant spermatogenic events. RNA-seq is a powerful tool for comprehensive characterization of whole transcriptome. To date, RNA-seq analysis of sperm from infertile men has not been reported. Our objectives are: (i) recognize key clusters, key pathways and specific gene transcripts for different sperm abnormalities; (ii) catalog the spermatozoal lncRNAs in different sperm pathologies; (iii) identify signature genes which are mechanistically important in the cascade of events driving a pathological spermatogenesis; (iii) portray the global epigenetic landscape in sperm from infertile men. Expression data from 60 sperm samples from 3 groups of infertile men (oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia, and teratozoospermia) were generated on Illumina HiSeq platform, compared to 20 fertiles, and the resulting gene expression patterns were analyzed for functional enrichment. Our supervised analyses identified numerous differentially expressed genes between fertile and infertile men. In oligozoospermia, the deregulated spermatozoal transcripts were associated with various stages of spermatogenesis including meiotic cell cycle, synaptonemal complex assembly, sister chromatid cohesion, piRNA metabolic process, ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, cellular response to DNA damage stimulus and interestingly fertilization. As for asthenozoospermia, spermatogenesis, cilium assembly, metabolic-related pathways, chemotaxis and immune cell physiology were most significantly differentially expressed. Interestingly, numerous transcripts associated with histone modifications were highly down-regulated. With regards to teratozoospermia, we evidenced sperm-specific differentially expressed genes which are involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome, cytoskeleton organization, the cell cycle pathway, SUMOylation of DNA damage response and repair proteins, as well as many putative epigenetic modulators of gene expression.. We also attempted to identify distinct patterns of gene expression changes that were definite to the different abnormal sperm phenotypes in infertile men relative to controls. Signature genes of oligozoospermia were over-enriched by genes involved in fertilization and extracellular matrix components, while signature genes of teratozoospermia were enriched by genes involved in spermatogenesis and cellular components involved in morphogenesis, whilst signature genes of asthenozoospermia were enriched by genes implicated in ribosome and cilium assembly.We complemented this work by a parallel epigenetic analysis of the global epigenetic landscape in infertile men. We compared the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA integrity and global epigenetic parameters in sperm from 33 infertile subjects with abnormal semen parameters compared to fertile individuals. We pointed out that infertile men are characterized by strikingly high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which were in part negatively correlated with the global DNA methylation, and positively correlated with the levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine (active demethylation intermediates). These findings suggest that male infertility associated with oxidative stress shapes the sperm epigenetic landscape. In summary, this original work yielded a transcriptional portrait of sperm abnormalities and provided valuable resources that would further elucidate sperm pathologies.

El tema desarrollado en este artículo académico es la representación de la mujer en los diarios sensacionalistas peruanos, Trome y Karibeña, dando como hipótesis que estos medios de comunicación son el reflejo de una cultura machista, en donde se realzan estereotipos de mujer como objeto sexual, como subordinada al hombre o excluida del ámbito laboral. Para ello se analizarán las notas de los diarios, se abarcará la percepción de los lectores, y se conversará con especialistas que expliquen por qué en el Perú se acepta este trato hacia la mujer y bajo qué influencia social se da. Con esta información se concluirá que, en la actualidad, la prensa presenta una fuerte influencia de estereotipos sexistas, que se han normalizado, y, son el reflejo del machismo y desigualdad de género existente en el Perú y Latinoamérica. / The theme developed in this academic article is the representation of women in the Peruvian sensationalist newspapers, Trome and Karibeña, assuming that these media are the reflection of a masculine culture, where stereotypes of women as sexual objects are enhanced, as subordinate to men or excluded from the workplace. For this reason, the notes of the newspapers will be analyzed, the perception of the readers will be covered, and we will talk with specialists who explain why in Peru this treatment towards women is accepted and under what social influence it is given. With this information it will be concluded that, at present, the press has a strong influence of sexist stereotypes, which have normalized, and are the reflection of the gender inequality in Peru and Latin America. / Tesis

According to the traditional gender structures the man is seen as the breadwinner and the woman as the housewife. These traditional patterns are slowly being replaced by more equal relationships and today, women are a natural part of the workforce. It is becoming increasingly common nowadays for women in relationships to have a higher income than their partners. Previous research from the United States points out that the connection between the role as family provider and masculinity is still up to date. In this study the man’s experiences about not being the breadwinner is accordingly investigated. Questions about the division of labour in the home, equality in the relationship and how the man experiences the change of the traditional gender structures is in focus. This qualitative study finds its result based on six swedish male respondents experiences concerning not being the main wage earners. The result of the study indicate that these men is actively striving towards an equal daily life as it seems to be the ideal in Sweden. The interviewed men describe that they do not attach significant importance regarding them not being the breadwinner, but shades of strategies that are used to maintain parts of the traditional masculinity can however be interpreted. Keywords: / Enligt de traditionella könsstrukturerna så ses mannen som familjeförsörjaren och kvinnan ses som hemmafrun. Dessa traditionella mönster ersätts sakta men säkert av mer jämställda relationer och idag är kvinnor en naturlig del av arbetskraften. Det blir numer allt vanligare att kvinnan i relationer har en högre inkomst än sin partner. Tidigare forskning från USA poängterar att kopplingen mellan rollen som familjeförsörjare och manlighet fortfarande är aktuell. I denna studie undersöks därmed mannens upplevelser av att inte vara den huvudsakliga inkomsttagaren. Frågor gällande arbetsfördelningen i hemmet, jämställdhet i relationen och hur mannen upplever förändringen av de traditionella könsstrukturerna står i centrum. Denna kvalitativa studie finner sitt resultat baserat på sex svenska manliga intervjupersoners upplevelser angående att inte vara den huvudsakliga inkomsttagaren. Studiens resultat tyder på att dessa män aktivt strävar efter att leva ett jämställt vardagsliv då det tycks vara idealet i Sverige. De intervjuade männen beskriver att de inte fäster någon större betydelse vid att de inte är huvudinkomsttagaren, däremot kan nyanser uttydas av att strategier trots allt används för att bibehålla delar av den traditionella manligheten.

The diploma thesis focuses on the perception of family, upbringing and parenthood from the perspective of fathers. The theoretical part of the thesis introduces key definitions and theoretical conceptions related to family, childrearing, parenthood and fatherhood, including historical changes in the perception of these concepts. Furthermore, functions of the family, the diversity of family roles, and relationships between family members are discussed in the context of current knowledge about gender aspects of family systems. The empirical part of the thesis is based on qualitative research design. The aim of the empirical part is to explore via in-depth interviews with young fathers how these fathers perceive and experience their role as fathers, whether and how they perceive social changes of the father's role and how they relate to these changes.

Ce travail propose une réflexion sur le principe féminin dans l’œuvre romanesque d’Ernest J. Gaines : Catherine Carmier, Of Love and Dust, A Gathering of Old Men, In My Father’s House, A Lesson Before Dying, The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. Il tente de définir le sujet féminin et d’identifier ses principes moraux [par opposition aux principes masculins]. Il s’articule autour de trois parties et dévoile une évolution du principe féminin dans l’œuvre gainesienne. De Catherine Carmier à The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, le principe féminin se fortifie. Dans les premiers romans, le féminin agit conformément au devoir [et par devoir], il prône un idéal de vertu, une sagesse qui l’empêche de créer. Le féminin s’affirme alors progressivement par le biais du langage dans un face à face avec le masculin et déconstruit l’idéologie blanche. Ce travail explore la violence de la construction anormale du sujet noir et les stratégies de déconstruction du mythe de la suprématie blanche. L’analyse de la libération identitaire révèle une déstabilisation des frontières du genre. Face au masculin dévirilisé, le féminin se virilise et relève la féminité du masculin. Enfin, dans le roman The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, le féminin devient militantisme et activisme. La mère de la communauté noire, s’identifiant à la loi Divine de la famille, parvient à créer, à s’imposer, à transmettre des principes moraux à des hommes en devenir. Les destins du féminin et le masculin sont alors en miroir : ils travaillent pour obtenir la reconnaissance de l’homme blanc, se perfectionnent. Ce travail révèle l’idée de la mort digne, idée d’une liberté qui s’affirme dans la négativité. / This thesis studies the principles of the feminine in Ernest J. Gaines’ six novels: Catherine Carmier, Of Love and Dust, A Gathering of Old Men, In My Father’s House, A Lesson Before Dying and The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman. It defines the feminine subject and identifies its moral principles. There is a gradual evolution of the feminine in the works of Ernest J. Gaines. From Catherine Carmier to The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, the feminine strengthens itself. In the first novels, the feminine acts out of duty, advocates wisdom, which prevents it from creating things. The feminine gradually reaffirms itself through language and faces the masculine. This work explores the violence of the abnormal construction of the Black self and the strategies of deconstruction of the myth of white supremacy. The analysis of the reconstruction of the self shows a redefinition of genres. The feminine is virilized and feminizes the masculine. Finally, in The Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, the feminine becomes militant and activist. The mother of the black community, identifying herself with the female Divine Law of the family, embodies female agency; she raises her sons and teaches them moral principles. The feminine and the masculine function as mirror images of each other; they work to get the recognition of the White man, and they seek to improve themselves. This study highlights the idea of dignity in death, of freedom which asserts itself in negativity.

The study of men’s health behaviors has received a great deal of attention worldwide. Studies have been conducted to identify determinates related to men’s health care usage. Masculinity and spousal control are well accepted determinates of men’s health care seeking. However, the concept of masculine capital and how it factors into men’s health care seeking has been a relatively new topic of research. The researchers do not believe there has been a study to date that examines the social control wives place on their husbands, and how that social control may influence their spouses’ health, how masculinity plays into men’s health behaviors, and how men maintain masculine capital in the face of social control, if at all. Therefore, this study sought to examine how masculinity and the social control wives placed on their husbands intersected. The purpose of this study was twofold. First, the study sought to gain a greater understanding of how wives exert social control over spousal health behaviors. Second, the study sought to examine how men maintain masculinity, specifically masculine capital in the face of social control that their wives placed on their health behaviors. Focus groups were conducted with married male participants in Cache County, Utah. Umberson’s 1987 model of social control was modified to analyze the data. The constructs of masculinity and masculine capital were added to Umberson’s original constructs of family relationships, social control, health behaviors, and physical health/mortality. In addition, the construct of social control was substituted for spousal social control. At the conclusion of the research study, the research team changed the unidirectional arrows leading from the concept of masculinity and masculine capital to bidirectional arrows to reflect the idea that masculinity and masculine capital not only affect the concept of family relationships, spousal social control, and health behaviors, but those elements in turn affect masculinity and masculine capital. The researchers found the updated proposed model to be accurate in that masculinity and masculine capital influence many realms of a man’s life and that spousal social control can have a great influence on a man’s health-related behaviors and physical health.

Studien har genomförts för att undersöka hur barn väljer leksaker, om det är färg, utseende eller funktion som har en betydande roll i deras val av leksaker. Studien är relevant i tiden då vi lever i ett samhälle som till stor del är uppdelat utifrån könsstereotypa mönster. Tidigare forskning nämner barns olika färgval. Vidare diskuterar tidigare forskning barns leksaksval och vad som ligger till grund för dessa. Studien använder sig av teorin socialkonstruktivismen och perspektivet genusperspektivet. I studien behandlas begreppen genus, könsstereotypa mönster, könsneutralitet samt feminin och maskulin.Empirin har samlats in genom barnsamtal med 21 barn i åldrarna tre till fem år på två olika förskolor i sydöstra Sverige. Under intervjuerna användes förbestämda frågor samt riktiga leksaker som barnen kunde titta och känna på. Resultatet i studien visar att majoriteten av flickor väljer utifrån leksakens färg och utseende, medan de flesta pojkar väljer leksaker utifrån dess funktion. Barnens motiveringar till deras val av leksak kan till största del kopplas till könsstereotypa mönster vad gäller färg, utseende och funktion. Vart dessa föreställningar kommer ifrån är svårt att säga då barnet kan ha påverkats både från hemmet, förskolan eller samhället.

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This study investigated two aspects of masculine gender role strain—gender role conflict and gender role stress—and their relationship to religious orientation, spiritual well-being, and sex-role egalitarianism among Latter-day Saint (LDS or Mormon) men. To investigate these variables, a sample of 201 LDS undergraduate men who were predominantly White/Caucasian and single completed the Gender Role Conflict Scale, Masculine Gender Role Stress Scale, Intrinsic/Extrinsic Religious Orientation Scale-Revised, Spiritual Well-Being Scale, and the Sex-Role Egalitarianism Scale. As predicted, LDS men who reported higher levels of religiosity and spiritual well-being reported lower levels of gender role strain. This study also found that participants who reported more egalitarian sex-role attitudes reported lower levels of gender role strain. Separate stepwise regression analyses found that, of the five predictor variables (intrinsic religiosity, extrinsic religiosity, existential well-being, religious well-being, and sex-role egalitarianism), existential well-being and sex-role egalitarianism were the strongest predictors of variance in gender role conflict and gender role stress. The discussion focuses on explanations of significant findings, limitations, directions for future research, and implications for clinical practice.