Since the industrialization, the role of breadwinning has been part of the male gender identity. Even though it today has become more common with female breadwinners, the previous assumption of the man as a breadwinner is still a norm in society. This study examines what this norm breaking means for women and their relationships with their men. The purpose is to study Swedish women's experiences of being a breadwinner, how it affects the relationship and the roles one has in a relationship. Previous research has mainly been focused on objective financial aspects of female breadwinning but there is a lack of women's subjective experiences. This study is based on qualitative interviews with seven Swedish female breadwinners. The study shows that education is fundamental to explaining their role as female breadwinner. It also shows that the women's personal traits and good relationships with their men explains their experiences of being a female breadwinner. / Rollen som familjeförsörjare har sedan industrialiseringen varit en del av den manliga könsidentiteten. Trots att det idag blivit vanligare med kvinnliga familjeförsörjare, är den tidigare föreställningen om mannen som försörjare fortsatt en norm i samhället. I denna studie undersöks vad denna normbrytning betyder för kvinnorna och deras relationer till sina män. Syftet är att studera svenska kvinnors upplevelser av att vara familjeförsörjare, hur det påverkar relationen och de roller man har i en relation. Tidigare forskning har i hög grad fokuserat på objektiva finansiella aspekter av kvinnlig familjeförsörjning där det finns en avsaknad av kvinnors subjektiva upplevelser. Den här studien är baserad på kvalitativa intervjuer med sju svenska kvinnliga familjeförsörjare. Studien visar att utbildning är grundläggande för att förklara deras roll som familjeförsörjare. Studien visar också att kvinnornas personliga egenskaper och goda relationer till sina män förklarar deras upplevelser av att vara familjeförsörjare.

This diploma thesis deals with gender markers of nouns denoting animals in contemporary English. The differences will be researched in technical texts published in both the online and print versions of scientific magazines. The work is divided into two main parts. The theoretical part will describe predominantly grammatical categories of nouns (number, countability, determination, gender, case) connected with gender issues. The first half of the practical part concentrates primarily on observation of animal names, collectives, or their forms in singular and plural. The second half is engaged exclusively in singular pronouns as they able to distinguish masculine, feminine and neutral gender in animals.

Près de 15% des couples sont confrontés à des problèmes d'infertilité. Dans près de la moitié des cas, une composante masculine est retrouvée, avec souvent une anomalie des paramètres du spermogramme montrant une diminution de la qualité du sperme. L'étiologie de la grande majorité des infertilités masculines reste inconnue et une origine génétique est probablement responsable d'une proportion importante des troubles de la spermatogénèse. Ce travail comporte deux parties: dans la 1ère partie, l'analyse d'une large cohorte de patients (n=87), nous a permis d'identifier deux nouvelles mutations du gène AURKC. La mutation [c.36-2A>G] a été identifiée uniquement à l'état hétérozygote chez deux frères et le 2ème variant identifié [p.Y248*]: est une mutation récurrente retrouvée chez 11 patients non apparenté d'origine maghrébine et européenne. La 2ème partie de notre étude a été réalisée sur 20 patients infertiles présentant un phénotype homogène d'anomalies flagellaire de type flagelles courts, absents et de calibre irrégulier associé a une asthénozoospermie. Nous avons appliqué la stratégie d'homozygotie par filiation qui a permis de mettre en évidence deux régions d'homozygoties communes: la 1ère région, située sur le chromosome 3, est commune à 9/20 patients et la 2ème sur le chromosome 20 commune à 13/20 patients. Trois gènes candidats présents dans ces régions ont été sélectionnés : les gènes KIF9, SPAG4 et DNAH1. Le séquençage du gène DNAH1 a permis de mettre en évidence des mutations de type faux-sens [c.3877G>A], run-on [c.12796 T>C] et d'épissage [c.5094+1G>A] [c.11958-1G>A]. L'absence de la protéine DNAH1 a pu être mise en évidence par immunomarquage sur les spermatozoïdes d'un patients porteur de la mutation [c.11958-1G>A] et confirme la dégradation du transcrit muté par NMD également observé. Les analyses par microscopie électronique sur les spermatozoïdes d'un patient de la cohorte ont permis de mettre en évidence des anomalies de la structure de l'axonème. Cette étude précise le diagnostic d'infertilité masculine et élargit les connaissances sur les gènes impliquées dans la spermatogenèse. / About 15% of couples are confronted with infertility problems. In half of the cases, a male factor component is found, often with abnormal semen parameters. The etiology of the large majority of male infertility remains unknown and genetic origin is probably responsible of a significant proportion of spermatogenesis disorders. This work comprises two parts: in the first part, the analysis of a large cohort of patients (n = 87), allowed us to identify two new mutations in AURKC gene. A splice site mutation [c.36-2A> G] was identified in only two brothers and the second variant identified [p.Y248*] is a recurrent mutation found in 11 unrelated patients. The second part of our study was carried out on 20 infertile patients with flagellar abnormalities associated with asthenozoospermia. We have applied the strategy of homozygosity by descent who has bring out two regions of homozygosity: the first region, located on chromosome 3, is common for 9/20 patients and the second one, located on chromosome 20, is common for 13/20 patients. Three candidate genes present in these regions were selected: KIF9, SPAG4 and DNAH1. Sequencing of DNAH1 gene has bring out three type of mutations: missense mutation [c.3877G> A], run-on mutation [c.12796 T> C] and splice site mutation [c.5094 +1 G> A] [c.11958-1G> A]. The absence of dnah1 protein has been shown by immunostaining of spermatozoa of a patient carrier the mutation [c.11958-1G> A] and confirms the degradation of the mutated transcript by NMD. An electron microscopic analysis of spermatozoa of one patient of the cohort reveals axoneme abnormalities. This study clarifies the diagnosis of male infertility and broadens the knowledge of the genes involved in spermatogenesis.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:24:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1637.pdf: 1239767 bytes, checksum: 502750fb906e6565bb3190c5561143cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-12-07 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The research had as objective to study how the increase on the number of women labor force has affected the division of the domestic work and the construction of the masculine social identity based in the provider paper, through the workers' perception on this change. This study examines the re-meaning or reiteration of the gender identities, having as cross section the generation insertion in the world of the work. Forty two metallurgic workers of São Carlos, SP (being thirty men and twelve women) had been interviewing, recovering the trajectories of life and work and their gender attributions, in the industrial and domestic space. The choice of the metallurgic sector elapsed for consisting in a space of masculine work historically recognized, being this profile changed, slowly, in last the two decades. It was possible to verify a generation cross section that delimits the position of the workers in relation to the work division and their expectation on their gender identity. It has been noticed that the oldest workers (with more than 40 years old), still see in the formal job market (with steady work and labor register) the privileged way of access in the labor and familiar structuring and the construction and valuation of the masculine identity. Presence of a speech of bigger equality between men and women was verified in workers between 30 to 39 years old. Finally, it was observed that young workers (until 29 years old) have greater propensity to insert themselves in the logic of transformations of flexible capitalism, marked for the instability in the labor trajectories. This context has influenced some changes in the gender perception in relation to the sexual division of the work and the biggest dubiousness of the construction of the masculine identity entailed to the work / A pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar como a feminização crescente do mercado de trabalho tem afetado a divisão do trabalho doméstico e a construção da identidade social masculina baseada no papel de provedor, através da percepção dos trabalhadores sobre essa mudança. Examina a resignificação ou reiteração das identidades de gênero, tendo como recorte a inserção geracional no mundo do trabalho. Foram entrevistados quarenta e dois trabalhadores metalúrgicos da cidade de São Carlos SP (sendo trinta homens e doze mulheres), recuperando suas trajetórias de vida e trabalho bem como suas atribuições de gênero, no espaço fabril e doméstico. A escolha do setor metalúrgico decorreu por constituir-se, historicamente, num espaço de trabalho masculino por excelência, sendo que este perfil tem mudado lentamente nas últimas duas décadas. Foi possível verificar um recorte geracional que delimita a posição dos trabalhadores em relação à divisão do trabalho e sua expectativa em relação à sua identidade de gênero. Notouse que os trabalhadores mais velhos (com mais de 40 anos de idade), ainda vêem no mercado de trabalho formal, estável e com carteira assinada, a via de acesso privilegiada na estruturação laboral/familiar e na construção e valorização da identidade masculina. Entre os trabalhadores na faixa dos 30 aos 39 anos de idade verificou-se a presença de um discurso de maior igualdade entre homens e mulheres. Finalmente, observou-se que trabalhadores jovens (com até 29 anos de idade) têm maior propensão a se inserir de maneira mais ampla na lógica de transformações do capitalismo flexibilizado, marcada pela instabilidade nos trajetos laborais. Esse contexto tem influenciado algumas mudanças na percepção de gênero em relação à divisão sexual do trabalho e o maior questionamento da construção da identidade masculina vinculada ao trabalho

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:39:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 890484 bytes, checksum: 763a795ded517690834f9581aae02f16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / One of the main objectives of our doctoral research project is to problematize several aspects related to masculine friendship (as understood by Foucault, mainly in his last works such as Da amizade como modo de vida, 2010 ) in four short stories by Caio Fernando Abreu. The analysed short stories were written between 1970 1982 as part of Abreu s first published book, Inventário do Irremediável (1970) going up to Morangos mofados (1982), the latter a text taken as a mark of the author s positive recognition by critics and public in general. The specific short narratives chosen to compose our corpus Madrugada (1970), O afogado (1975), Uma história de borboletas (1977) e Aqueles dois (1982) make us consider textuality as a space for ficcional representation, questioning heteronormative systems and homophobia in general, while bringing to light strategies of resistance and reinvention of masculinities. We have stressed the contradictions and unsolved topics emerging from each narrative, as well as problematic and promising topics related to homoerotic masculine friendship, here taken as means of cultural interventions in which new arrangements and relational possibilities look for recognition. / Nosso trabalho de doutorado analisa quatro contos representativos na obra de Caio Fernando Abreu no que se refere à problematização da amizade masculina nos termos de Michael Foucault, principalmente, em seu texto Da amizade como modo de vida (FOUCAULT, 2010). Os contos analisados cobrem um período de aproximadamente uma década (1970-1982), transcorridos entre o primeiro livro publicado, Inventário do irremediável (1970) até Morangos mofados (1982), obra que marcou o reconhecimento da crítica e de público do autor. As narrativas específicas escolhidas para nosso corpus, Madrugada (1970), O afogado (1975), Uma história de borboletas (1977) e Aqueles dois (1982), articulam nossas considerações sobre a textualidade como o espaço de representação ficcional que questiona os regimes heteronormativos e a homofobia, proporcionando estratégias de resistência dos desejos e prazeres e as políticas de representação e reinvenção das masculinidades. Buscou-se evidenciar as contradições e impasses que emergem das narrativas, bem como as potencialidades e pontos problemáticos das relações de amizade homoerótica masculina aqui literariamente representadas, que servem como meios de intervenção cultural nos quais são projetados novos arranjos e possibilidades relacionais que buscam por legibilidade social.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:12:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 HilanaCRS_DISSERT.pdf: 527997 bytes, checksum: 6a5d195240496a23303bcbe24bbd836c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-11-30 / To elucidate the important contribution of care ethics in improving human relations and social intimates, this work reveals the fragility and lack of ethics on the formation of a just society, equal, peaceful and caring. To this end, we study on the moral development of men and women, warning of the natural differences between the sexes, which change for both the way of seeing life and live it - which does not imply inferiority to some genres. From this study it is clear that the natural care is innate to humans, it provides a tendency to act for the good of all life forms and nature as a whole. But it is evident here a greater sensitivity of women to such care because they possess perception and more emotion than men, which make them more participatory and involved in relationships. This greater openness to care found in women, due in part to the strong and lasting relationship with their mothers. Thus is revealed the power that women have to positively change the direction of human relationships, providing careful with your example, protective and caring, the awakening of a new and comprehensive ethics - opens to the truth, and features especially for affections. Therefore, the care ethics arises from the life experiences of women and aims, through them, to join the men's morality in order to bring out the relevant fact of interdependence between human beings, of human fragility and the need for relationships to the fullness of life / Visando a elucidar a importante contribui??o da ?tica do cuidado no aperfei?oamento das rela??es humanas ?ntimas e sociais, este trabalho revela a fragilidade e insufici?ncia da ?tica atual para a forma??o de uma sociedade justa, igualit?ria, pac?fica e cuidadosa. Para tanto ? feito um estudo sobre o desenvolvimento moral de homens e mulheres, alertando para as naturais diferen?as de comportamento e pensamento existente entre os sexos, as quais modificam para ambos a maneira de ver a vida e de viv?-la - o que n?o implica em inferioridade para algum dos g?neros. Partindo desse estudo, fica claro que o cuidado natural ? inato ao humano, o que lhe propicia a tend?ncia de agir em favor do bem de todas as formas de vida e da natureza como um todo. Mas evidencia-se aqui uma sensibilidade maior das mulheres a esse cuidado por elas possu?rem percep??o e emotividade mais agu?adas que os homens, o que as tornam mais participativas e envolvidas em relacionamentos. Essa maior abertura ao cuidado encontrada na mulher, deve-se em parte ao forte e duradouro relacionamento com suas m?es. Assim, ? revelado o poder que as mulheres t?m em mudar positivamente a dire??o dos relacionamentos humanos, proporcionando com seu exemplo cuidadoso, protetor e sol?cito, o despertar de uma ampla e nova ?tica - com abertura para a verdade, para particularidades e principalmente para os afetos. Portanto, a ?tica do cuidado surge das experi?ncias de vida das mulheres e almeja, por meio delas, juntar-se ? moralidade masculina no intuito de trazer ? tona a relevante realidade da interdepend?ncia entre os seres, da fragilidade humana e a necessidade das rela??es afetivas para a plenitude da vida

Para compreender o significado da carteira masculina de bolso e sua importância na história cotidiana humana, fez-se necessário, primeiramente, o resgate pela origem da palavra por meio do estudo etimológico e a busca por sua raiz, bem como seu aparecimento apresentado por uma datação. Para a inserção do objeto de estudo no âmbito do design de produto, apresentando-o como uma resposta as necessidades cotidianas em voga, foram necessárias incursões ao campo da moda, a compreensão de seus conceitos assim como suas áreas de atuação, onde, atualmente, se encontra instalada as raras informações a respeito da carteira masculina. Por fim, o resgate dos padrões monetários brasileiros, compreendendo e analisando-os formalmente, bem como a necessidade de levantamento das formas adquiridas pelo dinheiro monetário e pelos documentos pessoais portados nas carteiras como elementos possíveis de alterações de projeto do artefato deste estudo após o cruzamento de dados com exemplos de carteiras adquiridas ao longo do trabalho. / To understand the significance of the masculine pocket wallet and its importance in day by day human history, it was first necessary to recover the origin of the word through study and the search for its etymological root as well as its appearance presented by a dating. For the insertion of the object of study within the product design, presenting it as a response to everyday needs in vogue, it has been done necessary incursions into the field of fashion, the understanding of its concepts as well as their areas of expertise, where, currently, is installed the scarce information about the men\'s wallet. Finally, the recovering of Brazilian monetary standards, formally understanding and analyzing them as well as the need for survey the acquired shapes of money and personal documents ported in wallets as possible elements of design changes in the object of this study after matching data with examples of wallets acquired during the this work.

In recent years there has been a resurgence of gender inequality in China. Today, women are pressured to get married by the state and their social surroundings, as they told if they remain unmarried and have the "three highs"; high age, education and salary, they will become leftovers on the marriage market. Previous research on the concept of labelling women as "leftover" has 4 shown that labelling women as "leftover" can have several different negative impacts. In this thesis, both the theory of masculine hegemony and the theory of symbolic interaction have been used. The concept creates a hegemonic masculinity as it is a normative practice that promotes the subordination of women. However, as the concept is based on the notion that all Chinese men, or at least those of relevant social standing, would find the "three highs" undesirable, it is relevant to see how Chinese men in fact do position themselves in relation to the hegemonic masculinity on an individual level. In symbolic interaction, the concept of gender is created through social construction when people attach special meanings to the sex of a person, a process which is called "doing gender". Therefore symbolic interaction is used to see what special meaning Chinese men attach to women having the "three highs" and masculine hegemony to put their answers into a larger context. If it could be shown that Chinese men do not comply with the hegemonic masculinity, Chinese women would not have to feel obliged to adjust to the hegemonic masculinity and thereby making it easier for them to pursue higher education, high paying jobs and marrying at a later age. However, as this thesis is a qualitative study, and therefore a limited number of data subjects, the generalizability of the result should not be exaggerated. The interviews that were conducted for this thesis showed that the data subjects were familiar with the concept and that they considered it to be natural for there to be women China labelled as "leftover". Nevertheless, in relation to their own marital choices, the data subjects did not attach the negative meaning as set out by the hegemonic masculinity, a result which to some extent was confirmed by the data subjects’ experiences and other control questions. The result is interesting, and enforces Connell and MesserSchmidt’s theory, that even though a hegemonic masculinity is normative, not everyone has to comply with it. As the cornerstone of the concept is that Chinese men find women with the "three highs" undesirable, the result of the study shows that there is a need for the concept to be further examined and questioned. / 近年，性别不平等在中国又开始回潮。今天，中国女性在婚姻问题上受到来自社会的不小压力。如果这些女性尚未结婚而又具有?三高? ，即高龄、高学历和高薪，那她们将有可能成为婚姻上的剩女。以往研究表明，女性被打上?剩女? 的标签后，这?剩? 字会给她们带来若干负面影响。本文运用两个理论：「支配性男性气质」(hegemonic masculinity) 和「象征性互动」(symbolic interaction) 理论。「支配性男性气质」作为理论说明男性如何建立规范使妇女处于从属地位。此观念基于这样一个已有概念，即中国男性不喜欢?三高? 女性。本文主要讨论中国男人在「支配性男性气质」主导的社会里如何自我定位。根据「象征性互动」理论，性别的概念是经由社会建構创造的性意思，过程被称为「做性别」(doing gender) 。「象征性互动」理论因此被用来观察中国男性对?三高?女性存在的特殊想法。而「支配性男性气质」的理论则把他们的回答放到一个更大的范围内。如果我们能够证明中国男性并不完全赞同「支配性男性气质」的概念，那么中国女性就没有必要认为必须顺应「支配性男性气质」的一些规范，从而使这些女性更愿意接受高等教育，从事高收入工作和晚婚。需要指出的是，由于本论文是定性研究，样本数量有限，结果不一定具有普遍性。本文受访者均熟悉・剩女?这个观念，并且觉得这些・三高・女性很自然地被社会标签为?剩余?。但尽管如此，当谈及他们自己的婚姻选择时，这些受访者却并不在意「支配性男性气质」对女性标签的负面意义。此现象在一定程度上从受访者个人经历和我们附加的对照性问题上得到证实。这一结果相当有意思，根据康奈尔（Connell）和梅塞施密特（MesserSchmidt）的理论，即使「支配性男性气质」是一个常态，但其在统计学上并不一定最常见。由于已有的概念认为中国男性不喜欢?三高?女性，本研究结果显示，有必要对这一概念作进一步的探讨和分析。

La spermatogenèse est un processus complexe qui dépend de la coopération de nombreux gènes. Son produit final le spermatozoïde, est un sujet d’étude idéal car il renferme à la fois des indices d’événements passés ainsi que des informations qui seront transmises à l'ovocyte lors de la fécondation. L'identification de nouveaux acteurs de la spermatogenèse, des modifications spécifiques de l'ADN du sperme ou la présence de transcrits spécifiques pourraient servir comme biomarqueurs dans le diagnostic de l’infertilité. Cette thèse avait pour but d’analyser le génome, le transcriptome et l’épigénome de spermatozoïdes dans le contexte de l'infertilité masculine. Nous avons identifié de nouvelles causes génétiques et confirmé la présence d'anomalies de méthylation dans le sperme d'hommes infertiles. Nous avons découvert 20 mutations dans le gène SOX8, chez des patients atteints de trouble du développement sexuel ou d'infertilité masculine ou féminine, qui apparaît comme un régulateur du développement et de la fonction gonadique. Par séquençage d’exome, une mutation dans le gène ATAD2 modeleur de la chromatine spécifique de la lignée germinale mâle fut également identifiée. Par RNA-seq et MeDIP-chIP du sperme d’hommes fertiles et infertiles, nous avons caractérisé la signature transcriptionnelle du sperme. La majorité des ARNs spermatiques humain est remarquablement conservée chez les mammifères placentaires suggérant des fonctions ancestrales importantes. Enfin, nos données transcriptomiques et épigénétiques tendent à indiquer qu’une expression et une régulation adéquates des gènes impliqués dans le remodelage de la chromatine constituent un facteur clé pour la fertilité masculine. / Spermatogenesis is a complex process which depends on the cooperation of many genes. The end-product, the spermatozoon, is an ideal subject for study since it carries both clues of the past events and information which will be transmitted to the oocyte at fertilization. The identification of main actors of spermatogenesis, specific modifications of sperm DNAs or sperm specific isoforms could improve our understanding of a such complex mechanism and could serve as a determination of biomarkers or diagnostic tools for fertility. The aim of the project was to go further three omes: genome, epigenome and transcriptome of mature human sperm in the context of male infertility. We identified new genetic causes of male infertility and confirmed the presence of methylation abnormalities in sperm cells of infertile men. Firstly, SOX8 gene was found mutated in a cohort of 20 patients with disorder of sex development and male or female infertility. Similarly, to NR5A1, SOX8 appears to be a novel regulator of gonadal development and function. Then by exome-sequencing, we identified a homozygous nonsense mutation in the male germline-specific chromatin modeler ATAD2. Furthermore, RNA-seq and MeDIP-chIP of sperm from fertile and infertile men along with bioinformatics analyzes of the generated data, enabled us to characterize more deeply the normal sperm transcriptional signature. We also found that the majority of human sperm RNAs are remarkably preserved in placental mammals suggesting crucial ancestral functions. Finally, proper expression and regulation of chromatin remodelers seem to be critical for male fertility, as revealed by both the transcriptomic and the epigenetic data.

Upon being announced as one of the winners of the 1973 National Book Award, John Williams’ novel Augustus (1972) was classified as a book of a supposedly more traditional form compared to John Barth’s experimental work Chimera (1972) that Augustus shared the prize with that year. This essay will examine John Williams’ novel Augustus, with the purpose of analysing two of the novel’s main characters, Augustus and his daughter Julia. To define both of the characters, this essay will be looking in-depth into how Williams showcases the various ways both characters go about using the power that is bestowed upon them. This essay will be employing Fredric Jameson’s Postmodernism, or, The Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (1991) to establish the environment of nihilism present in the Roman Empire that nears the “waning of affect” and exhaustion Jameson states occurs with the coming of postmodernism. Ferdinand de Saussure’s Course in General Linguistics (1916) will be placed in dialogue with Luce Irigaray’s Speculum of the Other Woman (1974) to showcase the varying masculine and feminine practices of language both characters employ and the consequences these forms of expression bring with the duplicitous ways of the Roman Empire looming in the background behind both Augustus and Julia.