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Titel: Psykisk hälsa och arbetstillfredsställelse hos svenska fastighetsmäklare – En kvantitativ studie om utbrändhet, känsla av sammanhang och arbetstillfredsställelse. Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i företagsekonomi C. Författare: Josephine Lindberg och Maria Lundkvist Handledare: Martin Ahlenius Datum: 2024 - Maj Syfte: Utbrändhet är idag ett stort problem som påverkar flera aspekter av livet, exempelvis psykisk och fysisk hälsa samt arbetstillfredsställelse. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka hur nivåerna av utbrändhet och känslan av sammanhang (KASAM) påverkar arbetstillfredsställelse bland fullständigt registrerade och yrkesmässigt aktiva fastighetsmäklare i Sverige. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvantitativ forskningsmetod där en tvärsnittsstudie genomförts med hjälp av en enkätundersökning som genererade totalt 404 svar. Studiens population består av fullständigt registrerade och yrkesmässigt aktiva fastighetsmäklare i Sverige. Den data som kom av enkätundersökningen analyserades i statistikprogrammet JASP och presenterades därefter i olika figurer och tabeller som återfinns i resultatet samt bilagor. Resultat och slutsats: Av studien framkom att respondenterna generellt upplever låga nivåer av utbrändhet samt höga nivåer av KASAM och arbetstillfredsställelse. Resultatet tydliggör ett samband innebärande att låga nivåer av utbrändhet korrelerar med högre nivåer av KASAM samt arbetstillfredsställelse. Examensarbetets bidrag: Av studien genererades ett generaliserbart resultat som bidrar med praktisk likväl som teoretisk kunskap om nivåerna av utbrändhet, KASAM och arbetstillfredsställelse hos populationen. Även kunskap om hur de tre teoretiska modellerna påverkar varandra bland de svenska fastighetsmäklarna presenteras. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Utifrån studiens resultat och begränsningar ges ett antal förslag till vidare forskning relaterade till de teoretiska modellerna som appliceras i denna studie. Bland annat föreslås en longitudinell studie som undersöker utbrändhet, KASAM och arbetstillfredsställelse. Ytterligare förslag är att undersöka hur värdena skiljer sig åt geografiskt. Nyckelord: Fastighetsmäklare, Utbrändhet, Maslach Burnout Inventory, Känsla av sammanhang, Arbetstillfredsställelse.

Yes / Quality of residential care for people with severe dementia is in urgent need of improvement. One reason for this may be the assumption that people with severe dementia are unaware of what is happening to them. However, there is converging evidence to suggest that global assumptions of unawareness are inappropriate. This trial platform study aims to assist care staff in perceiving and responding to subtle signs of awareness and thus enhance their practice. Methods/Design: In Stage One, a measure of awareness in severe dementia will be developed. Two focus groups and an expert panel will contribute to item and scale development. In Stage Two observational data will be used to further develop the measure. Working in four care homes, we will recruit 40 individuals with severe dementia who have no, or very limited, verbal communication. Data on inter-rater reliability and frequency of all items and exploratory factor analysis will be used to identify items to be retained. Test-retest and inter-rater reliability for the new measure will be calculated. Correlations with scores for well-being and behaviour and with proxy ratings of quality of life will provide an indication of concurrent validity. In Stage Three the new measure will be used in a single blind cluster randomised trial. Eight care homes will participate, with 10 residents recruited in each giving a total sample of 80 people with severe dementia. Homes will be randomised to intervention or usual care conditions. In the intervention condition, staff will receive training in using the new measure and will undertake observations of designated residents. For residents with dementia, outcomes will be assessed in terms of change from baseline in scores for behaviour, well-being and quality of life. For care staff, outcomes will be assessed in terms of change from baseline in scores for attitudes, care practice, and well-being. Discussion: The results will inform the design of a larger-scale trial intended to provide definitive evidence about the benefits of increasing the sensitivity of care staff to signs of awareness in residents with severe dementia. Trial Registration: ISRCTN59507580 http://www.controlled-trials.com.

A Síndrome de Burnout entre os profissionais da área da saúde vem sendo estudada em vários países e sua associação com transtornos depressivos tem sido relatada por vários estudos. Os resultados indicam validade para o burnout, diferenciando-o da depressão e por outro lado, associação dos índices de burnout e a sintomatologia depressiva. O Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) é o instrumento mais utilizado para avaliar o burnout. A estrutura de três fatores do MBI tem sido confirmada em várias amostras de diversos países. Entretanto, não encontramos estudos investigando a influência da depressão nas características psicométricas do MBI-HSS. Portanto, neste estudo, investigamos a validade do MBI-HSS em uma amostra de 521 auxiliares de enfermagem de um hospital universitário utilizando a análise fatorial exploratória, análise fatorial confirmatória e consistência interna pelo alfa de Cronbach. A amostra total foi dividida em um grupo com depressão maior e outro sem depressão maior. Tanto a amostra total, quanto as subamostras apresentaram elevados valores de alfa de Cronbach para a subescala de esgotamento emocional e valores intermediários para as subescalas de realização pessoal e de despersonalização. A análise do gráfico Scree plot, diferente da análise fatorial exploratória sem fixar os fatores, indicou a solução de três fatores, como na versão original da MBI-HSS. Fixando-se em três fatores, a análise fatorial exploratória revelou maior carga fatorial em Esgotamento Emocional (EE) de dois itens de Despersonalização (DE) na subamostra com depressão maior, mas não na subamostra sem depressão maior. Diferentemente, os itens 6 e 16 de EE apresentaram maior carga fatorial em DE na subamostra sem depressão mas não a amostra com depressão. Nossos resultados indicam que a presença de depressão maior pode influenciar as propriedades psicométricas da MBI-HSS. Sugerimos que pesquisadores considerem a avaliação da validade da MBI-HSS na amostra em questão anteriormente ao uso do MBI-HSS, incluindo a avaliação dos indivíduos com e sem depressão separadamente. / The burnout syndrome among health professionals has been studied in several countries and its association with depressive disorders have been reported by several studies. The results indicate validity for burnout, differentiating it from depression and on the other hand, association between burnout and depressive symptomatology. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) has been the most used instrument to evaluate burnout. The three-factor structure of the MBI has been confirmed in several samples from different countries. However, we did not find studies investigating the influence of depression on the psychometric characteristics of the MBI-HSS. Therefore, we investigated the validity of the MBI-HSS in a sample of 521 nursing assistants in a university hospital using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha coefficient). The total sample was divided into a group with major depression and one without major depression. Both the total sample and the subsamples showed high values of Cronbach\'s alpha for the subscale of emotional exhaustion and intermediate values for the subscales of personal accomplishment and depersonalization. The Scree plot analysis, unlike exploratory factor analysis without fixing the factors, indicated the three-factor solution, as in the original MBI-HSS. Settling into three factors, the exploratory factor analysis revealed the highest load factor in Emotional Exhaustion (EE) of two items in the subsample of Depersonalization (DE) with major depression but not in the subsample without major depression. In contrast, items 6 and 16 of EE had higher factor loading in DE in the subsample without depression but not in the sample with depression. Our results indicate that the presence of major depression may influence the psychometric properties of the MBI-HSS. We suggest that researchers consider the evaluation of the validity of the MBI-HSS in the sample prior to the use of the MBI-HSS, including assessment of individuals with and without depression separately

A Síndrome de Burnout entre os profissionais da área da saúde vem sendo estudada em vários países e sua associação com transtornos depressivos tem sido relatada por vários estudos. Os resultados indicam validade para o burnout, diferenciando-o da depressão e por outro lado, associação dos índices de burnout e a sintomatologia depressiva. O Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) é o instrumento mais utilizado para avaliar o burnout. A estrutura de três fatores do MBI tem sido confirmada em várias amostras de diversos países. Entretanto, não encontramos estudos investigando a influência da depressão nas características psicométricas do MBI-HSS. Portanto, neste estudo, investigamos a validade do MBI-HSS em uma amostra de 521 auxiliares de enfermagem de um hospital universitário utilizando a análise fatorial exploratória, análise fatorial confirmatória e consistência interna pelo alfa de Cronbach. A amostra total foi dividida em um grupo com depressão maior e outro sem depressão maior. Tanto a amostra total, quanto as subamostras apresentaram elevados valores de alfa de Cronbach para a subescala de esgotamento emocional e valores intermediários para as subescalas de realização pessoal e de despersonalização. A análise do gráfico Scree plot, diferente da análise fatorial exploratória sem fixar os fatores, indicou a solução de três fatores, como na versão original da MBI-HSS. Fixando-se em três fatores, a análise fatorial exploratória revelou maior carga fatorial em Esgotamento Emocional (EE) de dois itens de Despersonalização (DE) na subamostra com depressão maior, mas não na subamostra sem depressão maior. Diferentemente, os itens 6 e 16 de EE apresentaram maior carga fatorial em DE na subamostra sem depressão mas não a amostra com depressão. Nossos resultados indicam que a presença de depressão maior pode influenciar as propriedades psicométricas da MBI-HSS. Sugerimos que pesquisadores considerem a avaliação da validade da MBI-HSS na amostra em questão anteriormente ao uso do MBI-HSS, incluindo a avaliação dos indivíduos com e sem depressão separadamente. / The burnout syndrome among health professionals has been studied in several countries and its association with depressive disorders have been reported by several studies. The results indicate validity for burnout, differentiating it from depression and on the other hand, association between burnout and depressive symptomatology. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) has been the most used instrument to evaluate burnout. The three-factor structure of the MBI has been confirmed in several samples from different countries. However, we did not find studies investigating the influence of depression on the psychometric characteristics of the MBI-HSS. Therefore, we investigated the validity of the MBI-HSS in a sample of 521 nursing assistants in a university hospital using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency (Cronbachs alpha coefficient). The total sample was divided into a group with major depression and one without major depression. Both the total sample and the subsamples showed high values of Cronbach\'s alpha for the subscale of emotional exhaustion and intermediate values for the subscales of personal accomplishment and depersonalization. The Scree plot analysis, unlike exploratory factor analysis without fixing the factors, indicated the three-factor solution, as in the original MBI-HSS. Settling into three factors, the exploratory factor analysis revealed the highest load factor in Emotional Exhaustion (EE) of two items in the subsample of Depersonalization (DE) with major depression but not in the subsample without major depression. In contrast, items 6 and 16 of EE had higher factor loading in DE in the subsample without depression but not in the sample with depression. Our results indicate that the presence of major depression may influence the psychometric properties of the MBI-HSS. We suggest that researchers consider the evaluation of the validity of the MBI-HSS in the sample prior to the use of the MBI-HSS, including assessment of individuals with and without depression separately

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Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between nursing leadership and burnout among nurses in health care as well as the incidence of multidimensional leadership and burnout in Finnish nursing. A further purpose was to test a factor structure of Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) and Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) in Finnish health care. The empirical data were gathered by postal questionnaires from nursing staff working in university, central and district hospitals, health centers as well as psychiatric and private hospitals (n = 900, response rate 73%). In addition, a follow-up study was performed at a one-year interval (n = 100, response rate 79%). After deleting unusable questionnaires, the sample consisted of 627, and the follow-up study of 78 nurses and nurse leaders. The data were analyzed with descriptive and multivariate statistical methods. Nurse leaders proved to be transformational leaders who rewarded their subordinates, but traditional active and passive management-by-exception and laissez-faire leadership also appeared in their leadership behavior. Half of the nursing staff were moderately burned out and about one tenth were highly burned out. Nearly one fifth suffered from high emotional exhaustion. Nursing leadership has both positive and negative effects on burnout among nursing staff. Rewarding transformational leadership and active management-by-exception functioned as protecting factors, and passive laissez-faire leadership as an exposing factor. However, the results suggest that the relation between leadership and burnout is complex, affected by situational factors of leadership and the ambiguous nature of burnout. The six- and three-factor structure of the MLQ as well as the three-factor structure of the MBI were empirically supported. According to psychometric properties both instruments are well applicable to Finnish health care research. The results can be used in academic leadership education and leadership training in health care organizations, as well as to improve the quality of work life and to promote work well-being. The results can also be utilized in studies applying MLQ and MBI as well as when exploring factor structure of measures and in validation studies of instruments. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää hoitotyön johtajuuden ja hoitohenkilöstön työuupumuksen yhteyttä terveydenhuollossa sekä moniulotteisen johtajuuden ja työuupumuksen esiintymistä suomalaisessa hoitotyössä. Lisäksi tarkoituksena oli testata suomalaisessa terveydenhuollossa moniulotteisen johtajuusmittarin ja kolmiulotteisen työuupumusmittarin rakennetta. Empiirinen tutkimusaineisto kerättiin postikyselyllä yliopisto-, keskus- ja aluesairaaloiden, terveyskeskusten sekä psykiatristen ja yksityisten sairaaloiden hoitohenkilöstöltä (n = 900, vastausprosentti 73). Lisäksi toteutettiin seurantakysely vuoden intervallilla (n = 100, vastausprosentti 79). Aineistosta jouduttiin poistamaan vastauksia, ja poistojen jälkeen tutkimusjoukko muodostui 627:stä ja seurantakyselyssä 78 hoitajasta ja hoitotyön esimiehestä. Aineiston analyysissä käytettiin tilastollisina kuvailevina menetelminä ristiintaulukointia, kontingenssikerrointa, χ²-testiä, Pearsonin tulomomenttikorrelaatiokerrointa, t-testiä, Mann-Whitney U-testiä, Wilcoxonin testiä, yksi- ja kaksisuuntaista varianssianalyysiä sekä Kruskal-Wallisin testiä. Monimuuttujamenetelminä olivat rakenneyhtälömallitus ja lineaarinen regressioanalyysi. Mittareiden luotettavuuden arvioinnissa käytettiin eksploratiivista ja konfirmatorista faktorianalyysiä, Cronbachin alpha -kerrointa, osiosummakorrelaatioita, osioiden välisiä korrelaatioita, Pearsonin tulomomenttikorrelaatiokerrointa ja intraclass-korrelaatiokerrointa. Hoitotyön johtajat osoittautuivat työntekijöitä palkitseviksi muutosjohtajiksi, mutta johtamiskäyttäytymisessä esiintyi myös perinteistä työntekijöiden aktiivista ja passiivista valvomista sekä välttävää johtajuutta. Eroja ilmeni johtajan iän, työkokemuksen, työtehtävän ja perustyöhön osallistumisen mukaan. Puolella hoitohenkilöstöstä esiintyi keskimääräistä ja noin kymmenesosalla voimakasta työuupumusta. Voimakkaasta emotionaalisesta väsymyksestä kärsi lähes joka viides. Hoitotyön johtajuudella on sekä myönteisiä että kielteisiä vaikutuksia hoitohenkilöstön työuupumuksen kannalta. Palkitseva muutosjohtajuus ja työntekijöiden aktiivinen valvominen toimivat työuupumukselta suojaavina tekijöinä ja passiivinen välttäminen työuupumukselle altistavana tekijänä. Tulokset viittaavat kuitenkin siihen, että johtajuuden ja työuupumuksen yhteys on kompleksinen, ja tähän vaikuttavat johtajuuden tilannetekijät ja työuupumuksen moniselitteinen luonne. Hoitohenkilöstön ikä, työllisyystilanne, työaikamuoto ja työtehtävän luonne vaikuttivat johtajuuden ja työuupumuksen yhteyteen, joka oli suhteellisen pysyvä vuoden intervallilla mitattuna. Myös johtajuus ja työuupumus osoittautuivat stabiileiksi ilmiöiksi. Johtajuusmittarin kuuden ja kolmen faktorin rakenne sekä työuupumusmittarin kolmen faktorin rakenne saivat empiiristä tukea. Mittareita voidaan pitää psykometristen ominaisuuksiensa perusteella suomalaiseen terveydenhuoltotutkimukseen soveltuvina. Tutkimustuloksia voidaan hyödyntää terveydenhuoltoalan yliopistollisessa ja terveydenhuollon organisaatioiden sisäisessä johtamiskoulutuksessa, työelämän laadun parantamisessa ja työhyvinvoinnin edistämisessä, johtajuus- ja työuupumusmittaria soveltavissa tutkimuksissa sekä laajemmin mittareiden kehittämistyössä ja validointitutkimuksissa.

The impact of occupational stress on physiological and psychological well-being of employees is well documented, as well as the adverse effects of occupational stress on organisational functioning. Nursing occupational stressors are divided in nursing-specific demands, job demands and lack of organisational support. If unattended, occupational stress may progress to burnout. Burnout is a type of response to chronic emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job and it is conceptualised as emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation and personal accomplishment. It has been an issue particularly prominent in the human service occupations. The nursing profession specifically meets these criteria. Individuals who work under these circumstances are at greater risk of developing burnout. 53 nurses completed a biographical questionnaire, the Nursing Stress Survey (NSS) and the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI). Results indicate that trauma unit nursing staff experience moderate levels of occupational stress and average levels of burnout. Various stressors were identified that nursing staff experienced relatively severely. Emotional exhaustion is related to nursing-specific demands, job demands and lack of organisational support with large effect, indicating the importance of occupational stress in the development of burnout. It is important that management take cognizance of the relationships in order to have a pro-active approach to organisational stress management with the implementation of preventative interventions. / Dissertation (MCom (Human Resources Management))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Human Resource Management / unrestricted

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists (CRNAs) administer more than 43 million anesthetics within the United States and practice in every setting where there is anesthesia. Stress and burnout can be a common problem for CRNAs. The purpose of this correlation study was to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI) and burnout syndrome among CRNAs. The research questions assessed CRNAs and the relationship between EI and burnout syndrome, the burnout score and the four dimensions of EI, and EI and the three dimensions of burnout. Certified and recertified CRNAs (N = 506) completed the Wong and Law Emotional Intelligence Scale, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and a demographics survey. The results of a correlation analysis and linear regression indicate that there is a correlation between EI and burnout syndrome for CRNAs and when increasing the EI score by one unit, a 20% reduction in burnout occurs. A relationship also exists between the burnout score and the four dimensions of EI for CRNAs, with self-emotion appraisal and regulation of emotion statistically significant (p < 0.05). Each component of burnout syndrome correlated with a CRNA's EI score, with diminished personal accomplishment having the strongest correlation (r = .451; p < 0.05). EI is present for CRNAs, and there is an inverse relationship with burnout syndrome, which is a new contribution to the literature. Regarding positive social change, results may yield modifications in the education of Student Registered Nurse Anesthetist (SRNA) or opportunities for CRNAs to build additional EI skills. This study offers healthcare administrators insight that EI is a factor in reducing burnout and beneficial to increasing wellness of the healthcare staff.

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