Thesis (MPhil (Visual Arts. Illustration))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009 . / This thesis investigates the historical roots of botanical illustration. It argues that far from being simply scientific representations of plants and flowers, empty of artistic comment and only accompaniments to a scientific text, botanical illustrations assisted in presenting plants brought to Europe from the colonies, in ways that influenced the easy assimilation and appropriation of these plants into European culture. The "mastery of nature", which implies an attitude of dominance by humans over nature, is discussed as symptomatic of the European colonial period. European acts and attitudes of dominance are manifest in scientific approaches toward botany, botanical illustrations and gardens. This thesis proposes that attitudes of dominance have resulted in humans being spiritually and physically separated from nature. This thesis proposes that associations of botany, flowers and botanical illustrations with the feminine have assisted in human domination over nature. In much the same way as female is dominated by male, in a human sense, so plants and flowers were pictured as feminine − replete with feminine associations of subservience, weakness and vulnerability − making a human domination of the plant world possible. The artworks produced in conjunction with this thesis, for the degree Master of Philosophy (Illustration), aim to promote a sense of human attachment to and identification with the plants painted, in opposition to the separateness from nature that is promoted by the "mastery of nature". While traditional botanical illustration, in service to modern science, promoted the supremacy of vision as a way of knowing nature, the artworks draw attention to the unseen issues around plants and the human spiritual connections with them. This thesis proposes that, in a contemporary context characterized by an environmental crisis, there is a new role to be played by botanical illustration: it is felt that botanical illustrations should emphasize human connections with the plant world, thus alerting humans to the necessity of nature for our physical, as well as spiritual, survival.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among the teachers' use of the individual elements of lesson design, students' mastery of mathematics objectives, the hours of inservice training completed by the teachers and the teachers' years of experience. The individual elements of lesson design are defined by Madeline Hunter and are anticipatory set, objective and purpose, input, modeling, checking for understanding, guided practice, and independent practice.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

In this diploma work there are compared performances and the difficulty of gymnasts' routines (exercies) at the World level. In rhythmic gymnastics (RG) by monitoring and observation I am going to find out the reason, why the national team members the places in the fifth top ten gymnasts (athlets). In this work I am going to observe one of the best European gymnast A. Maksymenko of Ukraine, who regularly participates in the European, World Championships and in the Olympic Games, and the best Czech gymnast M. Míčková, the competitor without participation in the Olympic Games. Further I am going to observe one of the oldest Austrian gymnast, which is also the Olympic participant, but one of the last advancing, level is more similar exercises Czech gymnastics. By observing videos of gymnasts all around (exercise with hoop, ball, clubs and ribbon) according to the international rules of the RG, I am going to compare complexly the change of the rules which are valid in the contemporary olympic cycle and were valid in the previous rules of the last Olympic cycle. In this analyzes I am going to focus on the routines as a whole, from the perspective of the technical elements (difficulties), dynamic rotating elements with rotations under the apparatus (DER, "risc"), mastery handling, innovative handling...

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-06-07T12:02:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Perin_.pdf: 3224127 bytes, checksum: b72439ae1e819fdfb1006a14c16d100a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-07T12:02:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Adriano Perin_.pdf: 3224127 bytes, checksum: b72439ae1e819fdfb1006a14c16d100a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-28 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho apresenta uma reconstrução e uma defesa do pensamento crítico-transcendental kantiano no que concerne ao problema do sistema da razão. Sustenta-se a tese de que a consideração kantiana do problema do sistema se fundamenta na autossuficiência dos domínios teórico e prático da razão. Garante-se, para tal, que essa consideração parte da certeza da necessidade de um método próprio para a filosofia em relação à matemática e culmina na justificação crítica do mesmo método enquanto sintético a priori. Assegura-se, outrossim, que a posição kantiana mantém a sua singularidade ao conceber as determinações teórica e prática da razão ambas como ativas e determinantes em seus domínios próprios de atuação. A estrutura da tese é amparada por quatro momentos na argumentação do trabalho. Inicialmente, pondera-se a (in)dependência de justificação da filosofia em relação à matemática no pensamento de Leibniz, Wolff e na posição de Kant da década de 1750. Num segundo momento, considera-se a defesa kantiana, na década de 1760, do método da filosofia enquanto analítico, e a retomada dessa posição, na década de 1770. Num terceiro momento, apresenta-se a justificação crítica do método da filosofia enquanto sintético a priori no empreendimento da dedução das categorias. Num quarto e último momento, por fim, atende-se especificamente à consideração do problema do sistema nas décadas de 1780 e 1790. Apresenta-se, como resultado desses quatro momentos da investigação, a conclusão de que a abordagem do problema do sistema deixa-se ler, na própria formulação kantiana, como um “sistema da Crítica”. Fórmula essa que representa uma filosofia que, desde que estruturada enquanto Weltbegriff, nutre-se da positividade das determinações teórica e prática da razão e, para tal, é justamente resultante da observância de um plano concebido segundo o seu Schulbegriff. / This PhD research presents a reconstruction and a defense of Kant’s critical-transcendental philosophy concerning the problem of the system of reason. The thesis presented here sustains that Kant’s approach to the problem is grounded on the self-sufficiency of the theoretical and practical domains of reason. For this purpose, it is argued that Kant’s approach departs from the guarantee of the necessity of a specific method for philosophy in relation to mathematics and ends up with the critical justification of this method as synthetic a priori. It is also argued that the Kantian position maintains its singularity while conceiving the theoretical and practical determinations of reason as both active and determinative in their own domains. The structure of the thesis is grounded upon four steps of argumentation. Initially, the (in)dependent justification of philosophy in relation to mathematics in Leibniz, Wolff and the Kantian position in the 1750s is taken into account. Secondly, Kant’s account of the method of philosophy as analytic in the 1760s and its reconsideration in the 1770s is pointed out. After that, the critical justification of the method of philosophy as synthetic a priori in the enterprise of the deduction of the categories is set forth. Finally, a consideration of the problem of the system of philosophy in the 1780s and 1790s is carried out. As a result of these four moments of investigation, the conclusion reached is that Kant’s approach to the problem of the system of reason is better read, in his own words, as a “system of the Critic”. This being the formula of a philosophy that, as Weltbegriff, is nourished by both theoretical and practical determinations of reason, and, as such, counts on the consideration of a plan which is precisely conceived according to its Schulbegriff

Submitted by Nathalya Silva (nathyjf033@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T19:17:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_InvestigamdoAspectosMastery.pdf: 2561340 bytes, checksum: 06ce1bc29dd53cccc054c7ba5e8d75de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-29T12:34:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_InvestigamdoAspectosMastery.pdf: 2561340 bytes, checksum: 06ce1bc29dd53cccc054c7ba5e8d75de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T12:34:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Tese_InvestigamdoAspectosMastery.pdf: 2561340 bytes, checksum: 06ce1bc29dd53cccc054c7ba5e8d75de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-22 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O “ensino tradicional” de Ciências apresenta vários aspectos problemáticos, tais como: a baixa taxa de retenção da informação nas - predominantes - aulas expositivas; a baixa taxa de domínio do conteúdo; o conceito de domínio de fatos e ferramentas, em contraposição ao domínio do pensamento científico; o esquema predominante de avaliações classificativas, em detrimento ao de formativas. Estes problemas poderiam ser minimizados levando-se em conta, por exemplo: a necessidade da redução da carga cognitiva; a consideração dos conhecimentos prévios do estudante; práticas que estimulem o engajamento dos estudantes, bem como provê-los com feedback sistemático; o uso da Tecnologia no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Dentre as propostas alternativas de ensino, o “mastery learning” (ensino para domínio) de Keller (proposto na década de 60) troca o esquema predominante de aulas expositivas pelo de estudantes realizando avaliações formativas em sala. O método eleva a taxa de domínio do conteúdo, gerando um efeito de inversão de notas finais (a maioria dos estudantes obtendo as melhores notas). No entanto, apesar de todas as evidências descritas na literatura de que essa alternativa de ensino traz resultados positivos, o método perdeu quase toda a popularidade a partir da década de 80. Um dos fatores pode ter sido a alta carga de trabalho requerida para sua aplicação. No presente trabalho, propomos um modelo matemático para descrever o esquema de um curso executado de acordo com o plano Keller. Este modelo prediz a evolução temporal da distribuição de estudantes por unidade de conteúdo, prediz o efeito de inversão nas notas finais e estabelece condições sob as quais este efeito pode ser observado. O modelo também fornece uma quantificação da carga de trabalho despendida na execução de avaliações, de forma que ele pode ser uma ferramenta útil para aqueles que estão planejando ou interessados em investigações adicionais sobre cursos Keller. Como auxílio na solução dos problemas do ensino tradicional, a Tecnologia, por sua vez, permite o desenvolvimento de ferramentas que podem auxiliar nas práticas que estimulem o engajamento, na identificação de conhecimentos prévios, no provimento de feedback sistemático, na implementação de avaliações formativas e no desenvolvimento do pensamento científico. No presente trabalho, também focamos na questão da sobrecarga da memória de trabalho visual que pode surgir no uso de simulações ix computacionais, as quais envolvem objetos cujas características variam no tempo. Investigamos a retenção na memória visual de quadrados com uma característica simples (cor) que pode variar com o tempo. Nossos resultados registram o impacto na capacidade da memória visual gerado pela alteração das características dos objetos com o passar do tempo. Especificamente, mostramos que a memória visual pode armazenar, aproximadamente, até 2 objetos do tipo quadrados com duas cores separadas no tempo, em contraste com o limite de 4 objetos estáticos encontrado na literatura. Nosso trabalho revela que essas variações temporais de características irão aumentar a carga cognitiva visual, o que pode acabar prejudicando a eficácia educacional da simulação. Desse modo, nossa pesquisa indica que não somente a quantidade de objetos estáticos desnecessários deve ser reduzida nas simulações computacionais, mas também a quantidade de dinâmica desnecessária deve ser reduzida, uma vez que essa dinâmica gera carga cognitiva visual.

O presente trabalho apresenta o estudo que visou a caracterização do processo de significação de conceitos químicos como domínio e apropriação de ferramentas culturais. O registro dos dados aconteceu durante a aplicação de um ambiente virtual de aprendizagem que tinha a solubilidade dos materiais, como conceito central. Os sujeitos da investigação foram alunos do Ensino Médio da Rede Estadual de Ensino do Estado de São Paulo, que participavam do Programa de Pré-Iniciação Científica da USP. Todo o projeto foi planejado tomando como referenciais teóricos a teoria do desenvolvimento humano de Lev Vigotski, a teoria da linguagem de Mikhail Bakhtin, a teoria da ação mediada de James Wertsch e o modelo de organização do ensino de Marcelo Giordan. Este estudo buscou resposta para a seguinte questão de pesquisa: Compreender o processo de significação como domínio e apropriação de ferramentas culturais, permitirá que caracterizemos a aprendizagem como um processo de produção de significados? Para que pudéssemos responder a esta questão e alcançar nosso objeto, desenvolvemos uma sequência didática problematizadora, acompanhamos o processo de resolução do problema e reconstruímos este processo em busca dos conceitos utilizado para resolver o problema. Depois reconstruímos o processo histórico da significação dos conceitos químicos, analisamos os significados produzidos pelos alunos e caracterizamos esses significados como domínio e apropriação de ferramentas culturais. Verificamos que os alunos dominaram e se apropriaram dos conceitos químicos, da forma de organização dos enunciados própria da esfera científica e do uso de modelos como ferramentas capazes de realizar atividades concretas. / This paper presents a study that aimed to characterize the process of meaning of chemical concepts such as mastery and appropriation of cultural tools. Data registration occurred during the implementation of a virtual learning environment which had the solubility of the materials as a main concept. The subject of the investigation was a group of high school students from a State School in the State of São Paulo, who attended the Program of Pre-Scientific Initiation at USP. The entire project was designed taking as a theoretical framework to human development theory of Lev Vygotsky, the language theory of Mikhail Bakhtin, the mediated action theory of James Wertsch and the organizational model for teaching of Marcelo Giordan. This study sought answer for the following research question: To understand the process of meaning as mastery and appropriation of cultural tools, will we characterize learning as a process of producing meanings? So, in order to be able to answer this question and reach our goal, we developed a didactic problematical sequence, we follow the problem solving process and reconstruct this process in search of the concepts used to solve the problem. Then we reconstructed the historical process of chemical concept meanings, analyze the meanings produced by the students and we characterized these meanings as mastery and appropriation of cultural tools. We found that students have mastered and appropriated themselves of the chemical concepts, the organizational form of the statements used on its own scientific sphere and the use of models as tools capable of performing concret activities.

本論文旨在探討閱讀檔案評量結合閱讀策略教學對於中台灣低成就國中生的影響。本研究對象為兩名八年級國中生，在七年級時因段考成績被學校歸為低成就組。這兩名學生上學期的英語成績平均相近，上課參與度高，作業確實繳交。 本研究採用Li (2008)與Yang (2007)針對國中基本學力測驗英語閱讀測驗題型提出之六大分類：確認文章主旨、引導正確結論、導出暗示推論、猜測字詞意義、尋找細部資訊、找出字詞指涉，並將此分類納為閱讀策略教學之目標。學生必須遵照閱讀檔案評量進度表，在接受閱讀策略教學同時，透過讀書心得練習策略，並透過閱讀檔案進行自評。研究為期十七週，每週一節課。為求完整了解學生閱讀與學習行為改變，並探究閱讀檔案評量結合閱讀策略教學之成效，本研究除蒐集學生閱讀檔案，亦施行仿全民英檢閱讀測驗，發放問卷，和學生進行面談，並觀察學生學習狀況。 本研究發現閱讀檔案評量結合閱讀策略教學能夠幫助低成就國中生精熟閱讀策略及提高閱讀成效。即使學生在進行檔案評量前後，對自己使用閱讀策略的認知和實際進行檔案評量的表現有所出入，學生於閱讀時進行選擇、反省、分享之情形仍較進行檔案評量前增加，充分體現檔案評量的精神。而學生閱讀行為之改變均符合Benson (2003)所談之促進學習自主原則。一旦學生學習自主性增加，學習動機隨之提高，學習反應良好，也同時負起學習責任(Cameron, 2007; Chen, 2004; Sarwar, 2002; ÜSTÜNLÜOGLU, 2009)。 本研究因此建議教育部基測委員會不應該僅以單選題型式來測驗學生閱讀能力，而應該嘗試其他題型。此外，本研究也建議英語教師設計適合學生的閱讀教材，或訂出學生閱讀分級讀本的規則，並建議編者把閱讀檔案評量與閱讀策略教學融入課本中。而按學生個別差異進行適性及彈性的調整仍有其必要性，以期發揮檔案評量結合策略教學對於學生閱讀表現之最大成效。 / The present study aims to investigate the effects of reading portfolio assessment (RPA) and reading strategy instruction on the junior high low achievers in central Taiwan. Participants in the present study were two eighth graders who were identified as low achievers according to their performance in monthly exams when in the seventh grade. They had something in common: having similar English average scores last semester, taking active participation in class, and finishing assignments by due dates. According to Li’s (2008) and Yang’s (2007) categorization of reading strategies, the Basic Competence Test (BCT) English reading comprehension tests are designed based on the following six reading strategies— identifying the main idea, drawing correct conclusions, drawing implications and inferences, determining the meaning out of the context, finding the detailed information, and finding the targets of the references. Following the RPA syllabus, the participants received reading strategy instruction, practiced the strategies through journals, and assessed themselves through reading portfolios. The observation took one class period every week for 17 weeks. With the help of simulated General English Proficiency Test (GEPT) reading comprehension tests, questionnaires, reading portfolios, conferences, and observations, the findings of the present study showed the participants’ change in reading/learning behaviors and the effectiveness of RPA/reading strategy instruction. The results indicated that RPA and reading strategy instruction may make the junior high low achievers master reading strategies and perform well in reading. Even though there is inconsistence between their understanding of their strategy use before RPA and their actual performance during RPA, they thoroughly show Katz and Johnson-Kuby’s (1996) three elements of portfolio assessment with increase in selection, reflection, and sharing when reading. The changed reading behaviors correspond to Benson’s (2003) principles for fostering learner autonomy; because of increased learner autonomy, they raise their learning motivation, have positive learning response, and take responsibility for their learning (Cameron, 2007; Chen, 2004; Sarwar, 2002; ÜSTÜNLÜOGLU, 2009). At last, the present study suggested that the BCT committee consider trying more diverse ways to test reading ability, rather than focusing only on single choice questions. Furthermore, this study suggested that English teachers design reading materials suitable for students or set up a system to get students to read higher level books, and that textbook editors include RPA and reading strategy instruction. Meanwhile, editors and teachers have to keep in mind that personal and diverse adjustments are permitted in order to have the best effectiveness on students’ learning of reading, as long as the adjustments follow guidelines for RPA.

The aim of this study was twofold: first, to investigate the effect of grade level on students&rsquo / motivational beliefs (self-efficacy, intrinsic value, mastery goals and performance goals) in science, and second to examine the relationships between students&rsquo / motivational beliefs and their science grades. The Turkish version of the Approaches to Learning Instrument (mastery goals and performance goals) and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (self-efficacy and intrinsic value) were used as data collection instruments. The Turkish version of the Approaches to Learning Instrument (ALI) was adopted into Turkish and pilot tested with 390 elementary school students. The main study was applied to 900 elementary school students in Grades 6 through 8 from 5 randomly selected schools in Bolu. The data obtained from the measuring instruments were analyzed by using Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVA) and correlation analyses. Results of the analyses revealed that grade level has a significant effect on students&rsquo / motivational beliefs and as grade level increases student motivation in science declines. Accordingly, 6th grade students are found to be more self-efficacious in science and they show more intrinsic interest in science and study science course for the reasons of learning and mastering as well as showing their abilities to others compared to 7th grade and 8th grade students. Concerning the motivational level of 7 and 8 graders, results also showed that 7 graders&rsquo / motivational beliefs are more favorable than 8 graders. Moreover, results revealed significant positive relationships between all motivational belief variables and science grade in all grade levels except for the performance goal orientation. Additionally, significant positive relationships were found among all motivational belief variables.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal