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La presente investigación tiene como finalidad encontrar la relación que existe entre el empleo materno y la desnutrición crónica infantil para niños entre los 13 a 59 meses en el Perú. Para ello, se utilizó la base datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del 2019 donde se obtuvo la información de la madre y su hijo, así como sus medidas antropométricas. Adicionalmente, se emplearon las metodologías de Logit y Probit para cuantificar el impacto que tienen estas variables entre sí. En base a los criterios de selección del modelo, el modelo Probit fue el que mejor se ajustó para poder explicar la relación entre estas dos variables. El resultado que se obtuvo fue que para una madre el hecho de trabajar reduce la probabilidad de que su hijo sufra de desnutrición crónica. Asimismo, se encontraron otras variables que afectan a la desnutrición crónica infantil: nivel socioeconómico, urbanidad, número de hijos en el hogar y tipo de trabajo de la madre. / This research aims to find the relationship between maternal employment and chronic child malnutrition for children between 13 to 59 months in Peru. For this, the database that we used was the Demographic and Family Health Survey of 2019, where we can find the information of the mother and her child, as well as their anthropometric measurements. In addition, the Logit and Probit methodologies were used to quantify the impact that these variables have to each other. Based on the model selection criteria, the Probit model was the one that had the best adjusted to be able to explain the relationship between these two variables. The result was that for a mother, working reduces the probability that her child will suffer from chronic malnutrition. Also, this investigation found other variables that affect the chronic child malnutrition such as urbanity, socioeconomic status, urbanity, type of work of the mother and number of children in the home. / Trabajo de investigación

Childbearing is often associated with employment interruptions in women’s careers. Since 2005, the German federal government has implemented childcare reforms aiming at expanding the suitable infrastructure for children under the age of three, which should facilitate and accelerate the return to employment. The reforms have been a paradigm shift, because they show a shift from a traditional breadwinner family model to a dual earner-carer model. Despite federal leadership in childcare reforms, the characteristics of the care infrastructure in Germany vary by state and over time, which may contribute to different employment-interruption lengths. The study at hand evaluates Germany’s recent childcare reforms regarding the impact on maternal employment by examining relationships between childcare-characteristics -namely quality and availability- and mothers’ employment interruptions. A piecewise-constant exponential model is used to capture the cross-state and over time differences in childcare and their impact on the timing of women’s return to employment within the first three years after birth of their first child. The study uses individual data from the Pairfam 10.0 study and childcare indicators, which are collected by the federal and state’s statistical bureaus. The risk population includes 927 first-time mothers who gave birth between March 2006 and March 2018. Within this period, 525 first-time mothers return to employment within the first three years after childbirth.   A significant positive effect of the childcare reform on maternal employment is revealed. Both the availability expansion and the quality improvements are associated with earlier returns to employment, establishing both institutional and cultural effects of childcare policies. An educational gradient of the effect of childcare quality on maternal employment was tested, but the results were not significant.

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Background: Childhood obesity has posed serious public health challenge in the 21st century since it affects child physical and emotional health. The rate of childhood obesity is dramatically rising in low- and middle-income countries where Egypt is one of those countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between socio-economic determinants and childhood obesity among children under the age of five years in Egypt and report on the overall status of childhood obesity in the country. Methods: The study identifies Egypt as the study area where the target population for the study was children under five years. A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Data were derived from the Egypt Demographic Health Survey, 2014. To determine the associations, bivariate analysis based on Pearson’s chi-squared test and multivariable-adjusted logistic regression were performed. Analysis was done using R commander and R-studio. Results: The study included a sample of 12258 children. The prevalence of obesity among children under five years of age was 4.5%. Children from the richest households had higher odds (ORadj = 1.23; 95% CI 0.83, 1.82) of child obesity compared to children from the poorest households.  Children with mothers who had occupation had higher odds (ORadj = 1.22; 95% CI: 0.95,1.56) of obesity. Conclusion: The study did not establish any significant association between socioeconomic status (mother’s education, wealth index, place of residence and mother’s occupation) and childhood obesity.

The primary aim of this research was to determine whether the home environment of secondary school children has an influence on their academic performance. A literature study was done where the major aspects of the home environment were identified: family lifestyle, parental involvement and attitude, physical living conditions. An analysis of academic performance and the factors affecting it was done. A measuring instrument was developed in order to measure the home environment in terms of being positive or negative. The results of the empirical research indicated that while home environment and age do play a significant role in the academic performance of secondary school children, gender, maternal employment, and whether the child lives permanently with both parents, did not. The educational implications of the findings and the teacher's role are discussed, and guidelines regarding the development of a home environment conducive to better academic performance are given. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

本研究主要在探討臺灣地區經濟發展'職業結構及家庭結構變遷過程中,女性高等教育參與之變化. 利用政府之調查統計資料分析:1.經濟發展'職業結構變遷'家庭結構變遷與高等教育參與之關係.2.高等教育中性別隔離狀況及其變動趨勢.3.女性就業之行職業集中狀況.並藉由文獻及性別隔離狀況變動之分析探討影響臺灣地區高等教育性別隔離之原因.

The primary aim of this research was to determine whether the home environment of secondary school children has an influence on their academic performance. A literature study was done where the major aspects of the home environment were identified: family lifestyle, parental involvement and attitude, physical living conditions. An analysis of academic performance and the factors affecting it was done. A measuring instrument was developed in order to measure the home environment in terms of being positive or negative. The results of the empirical research indicated that while home environment and age do play a significant role in the academic performance of secondary school children, gender, maternal employment, and whether the child lives permanently with both parents, did not. The educational implications of the findings and the teacher's role are discussed, and guidelines regarding the development of a home environment conducive to better academic performance are given. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Psychology of Education)

The thesis called "The impact of family policy on labour market efficiency" deals with the relation between family policy and the labour market, specifically with the economic gender inequality and the impact of parenthood on the economic status of families. While analyzing this relation it describes the historical development and the current situation of the labour market in the Czech Republic, with specific attention dedicated to the position of women and the possibilities of harmonizing work and motherhood. The situation in the Czech Republic is not only compared to the Visegrad countries and Germany, but general trends in other EU and OECD countries as well. The thesis clarifies the development of family policy in the Czech Republic and describes the current family-specific policy measures. It looks closely at the area of childcare services, which has strong impact on the position of parents, specifically mothers, in the labour market. In the last part of the thesis, the author evaluates the currently proposed and discussed family policy changes based on the acquired information, and analyses them as far as their impact and relation to the labour market are concerned. The author then provides additional suggestions stemming from both the acquired information and his own experience.