In general, PN code synchronization consists of two steps: PN code acquisition (coarse alignment) and PN code tracking (fine alignment), to estimate the delay offset between received and locally generated codes. Recently, the schemes with a joint adaptive process of PN code acquisition and the weight coefficients of smart antenna have been proposed for improving the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) and simultaneously achieving better mean-acquisition-time (MAT) performance in direct-sequence code-division multiple access (DS-CDMA) systems. In which, the setting of the threshold plays an important role on the MAT performance. Often, the received SINR is varying, using the fixed threshold acquisition algorithms may result in undesirable performance. To improve the above problem, in this thesis, a new adaptive threshold scheme is devised in a joint adaptive code acquisition and beam-forming DS-CDMA receiver for code acquisition under a fading multipath and additive white Gaussian-noise (AWGN) channels. The basic idea of this new adaptive threshold scheme is to estimate the averaged output power of smart antenna to scale a reference threshold for each observation interval, such that it can approximately achieve a constant false alarm rate (CFAR) criteria. The system probabilities of the proposed scheme are derived for evaluating MAT under a slowly fading two-paths channels. Numerical analyses and simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive threshold scheme does achieve better performance, in terms of the output SINR, the detection probability and the MAT, compared to a fixed threshold method.

Power system generators are interconnected in a distributed network to allow sharing of power. If one of the generators cannot meet the power demand, spare power is diverted from neighbouring generators. However, this approach also allows for propagation of electric disturbances. An oscillation arising from a disturbance at a given generator site will affect the normal operation of neighbouring generators and might cause them to fail. Hours of production time will be lost in the time it takes to restart the power plant. If the disturbance is detected early, appropriate control measures can be applied to ensure system stability. The aim of this study is to improve existing algorithms that estimate the oscillation parameters from acquired generator data to detect potentially dangerous power system disturbances. When disturbances occur in power systems (due to load changes or faults), damped oscillations (or &quotmodes") are created. Modes which are heavily damped die out quickly and pose no threat to system stability. Lightly damped modes, by contrast, die out slowly and are more problematic. Of more concern still are &quotnegatively damped" modes which grow exponentially with time and can ultimately cause the power system to fail. Widespread blackouts are then possible. To avert power system failures it is necessary to monitor the damping of the oscillating modes. This thesis proposes a number of damping estimation algorithms for this task. If the damping is found to be very small or even negative, then additional damping needs to be introduced via appropriate control strategies. This thesis presents a number of new algorithms for estimating the damping of modal oscillations in power systems. The first of these algorithms uses multiple orthogonal sliding windows along with least-squares techniques to estimate the modal damping. This algorithm produces results which are superior to those of earlier sliding window algorithms (that use only one pair of sliding windows to estimate the damping). The second algorithm uses a different modification of the standard sliding window damping estimation algorithm - the algorithm exploits the fact that the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) within the Fourier transform of practical power system signals is typically constant across a wide frequency range. Accordingly, damping estimates are obtained at a range of frequencies and then averaged. The third algorithm applied to power system analysis is based on optimal estimation theory. It is computationally efficient and gives optimal accuracy, at least for modes which are well separated in frequency.

Τα σύγχρονα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα, καθώς επίσης και οι επόμενες γενιές τους, πρέπει να προσαρμόζονται για να υποστηρίζουν ένα μεγάλο αριθμό από υπηρεσίες με διαφορετικές απαιτήσεις ποιότητας. Για παράδειγμα, στα κυψελικά συστήματα, οι κυψέλες μικραίνουν σε μέγεθος και αυξάνονται σε πλήθος για να υποστηρίζουν ένα συνεχώς αυξανόμενο πλήθος χρηστών. Επίσης, σε μια άλλη κατεύθυνση, τα δίκτυα αισθητήρων αποτελούνται από μικρές συσκευές που εισάγουν περιορισμούς μεγέϑους, ενέργειας και επεξεργαστικής ισχύος. Αυτά τα δυο παραδείγματα επιδεικνύου τόσο την αυξανόμενη πολυπλοκότητα των τηλεπικοινωνιακών συστημάτων όσο και τις ιδιαίτερες απαιτήσεις που υπάρχουν στους μεμονωμένους κόμβους τους. Τα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα πολλαπλών εισόδων και εξόδων έχουν την δυνατότητα να προσφέρουν αυξημένη χωρητικότητα και αξιοπιστία στην μετάδοση δεδομένων μέσω της έννοιας της χωρικής ποικιλομορφίας (space diversity). Συγκεκριμένα, αυτό επιτυγχάνεται με την μετάδοση της ζητούμενης πληροφορίας μέσω ενός αριθμού από διαφορετικά χωρικά μονοπάτια τα οποία δημιουργούνται από την ύπαρξη πολλαπλών κεραιών στον πομπό ή/και στον δέκτη. Ωστόσο, η προαναφερόμενη πολυπλοκότητα στα τηλεπικοινωνιακά συστήματα και οι ιδιαίτερες απαιτήσεις των κόμβων έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα να μην επαρκούν οι τεχνικές που έχουν αναπτυχθεί. Μια πιθανή διέξοδο έρχεται να δώσει η ιδέα της συνεργασίας. Η έννοια της συνεργασίας έχει διάφορες οπτικές γωνίες σε ένα τηλεπικοινωνιακό σύστημα. Πρώτον, αν οι συσκευές δεν μπορούν να υποστηρίξουν πολλαπλές κεραίες (π.χ. λόγω μεγέϑους όπως στα δίκτυα αισθητήρων και στα κινητά τηλέφωνα), σίγουρα μπορούν να συνεργαστούν ώστε με έναν κατανεμημένο τρόπο να προσφέρουν σε επίπεδο συστήματος τα απαραίτητα διαφορετικά χωρικά μονοπάτια. Δεύτερον, ακόμη και αν είναι δυνατή η χρήση πολλαπλών κεραιών σε κάποιον κόμβο ενός δικτύου, π.χ. σε σταθμούς ϐάσης κυψελικών συστημάτων, ο αριθμός τους μπορεί απλώς να μην αρκεί λόγω της αυξημένης πολυπλοκότητας και του μεγέθους του δικτύου. Η κατάλληλη χρήση συνεργατικών κόμβων μπορεί να δώσει επίσης λύση στον εν λόγω περιορισμό.Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή ϑα ϐασιστεί πάνω σε συνεργατικά συστήματα υπό την πρώτη οπτική γωνία που παρουσιάστηκε παραπάνω. Συγκεκριμένα, ϑα ϑεωϱηθεί ένα συνεργατικό δίκτυο με τρεις κόμβους, δηλαδή μια πηγή, έναν αναμεταδότη και έναν προορισμό. ϑα μελετηθούν τεχνικές εκτίμησης των καναλιών που συμμετέχουν στην μετάδοση της πληροφορίας αναδεικνύοντας τα ϐασικά χαρακτηριστικά που εισάγει η έννοια της συνεργασίας στις εν λόγω τεχνικές. Επίσης, ϑα παρουσιαστούν υλοποιήσεις διαφόρων συνεργατικών πρωτοκόλλων μετάδοσης σε ένα πραγματικό τηλεπικοινωνιακό σύστημα προσφέροντας έτσι την απαραίτητη πρακτική διαίσθηση πίσω από αυτά τα συστήματα. Συγκεκριμένα, αφού παρουσιαστούν κάποιες ϐασικές έννοιες για τις συνεργατικές επικοινωνίες και την λειτουργία της εκτίμησης καναλιών, ϑα μελετηθεί το πρόβλημα εκτίμησης με μερική επίβλεψη σε σχέση με το μοντέλο του συνεργατικού συστήματος που ϑεωρήθηκε. Προτείνονται εναλλακτικά σχήματα για την υλοποίηση του εκτιμητή καθώς επίσης και ένας απλός σχεδιασμός της ακολουθίας συμβόλων που υποβοηθάει το εφαρμοζόμενο κριτήριο ετεροσυσχέτισης. ΄Ολες οι έννοιες που παρουσιάζονται σε αυτό το κεφάλαιο υποστηρίζονται με πειραματικά και ημιαναλυτικά επιχειρήματα. Στην συνέχεια, παρουσιάζεται το πρόβλημα σχεδιασμού της κατανομής ενέργειας σε σύμβολα εκμάθησης για την εκτίμηση συσχετισμένων καναλιών. Αφού περιγραφεί το προς μελέτη πρόβλημα, ϑα επικεντρωθούμε στο κριτήριο ελαχίστων τετραγώνων για το οποίο παρουσιάζονται η ϐέλτιστη και τρεις υποβέλτιστες λύσεις που συνοδεύονται από χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα και παρατηρήσεις. ΄Επειτα, μελετάται το κριτήριο ελάχιστου μέσου τετραγωνικού σφάλματος για δυο περιπτώσεις. Στην πρώτη, παρουσιάζεται μια ανάλυση χειρότερης περίπτωσης και γίνεται η σύνδεση των λύσεων του προβλήματος με τις λύσεις του προηγούμενου κριτηρίου. Επίσης, υπό την υπόθεση των καναλιών χωρίς συσχέτιση, παρουσιάζεται η ϐέλτιστη λύση για τον σχεδιασμό της ακολουθίας των συμβόλων εκμάθησης. Στην τρίτη κατεύθυνση, ϑα παρουσιαστεί αρχικά το σύστημα στο οποίο ϑα υλοποιηθούν και εκτελεστούν τα πρωτόκολλα συνεργατικής επικοινωνίας. Στην συνέχεια, παρουσιάζονται τα εν λόγω σχήματα και το κεφάλαιο καταλήγει με την πειραματική διαδικασία, την παρουσίαση και αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων καθώς και την εξαγωγή χρήσιμων συμπερασμάτων. Στο τέλος της διατριβής περιγράφονται συνοπτικά τα ϐασικά συμπεράσματα που έχουν προκύψει και παρουσιάζονται κάποιες ενδιαφέρουσες νέες κατευθύνσεις. / Contemporary communication systems, as well as their next generations, are expected to adapt to a rapidly increasing number of desired applications and quality of service levels. For example, in cellular systems, the cells are getting smaller in size and larger in numbers in order to support the increasing number of users. Also, towards another direction, wireless sensor network consist of small devices that comply with stringent constraints such as size, consumed energy and computational power. These examples demonstrate both the high complexity of communication networks and the specific requirements that exist in individual communication nodes. Multiple input multiple output systems are capable of offering high capacity and reliable data communications utilizing the notion of spatial diversity. This is achieved by transmitting the desired information through different spatial paths that are created because of multiple antennas at the transmitter and/or the receiver side. However, the aforementioned complexity of communication networks and the specific requirements of the nodes have as a result that currently proposed techniques, for such systems, are inadequate. A possible solution to this dead end is the idea of cooperation. Cooperation has several aspects in a communication system. Firstly, if the nodes cannot support multiple antennas (e.g. due to size restriction as in sensor networks and mobile phones), they can cooperate in order to provide, in a distributed manner, the desired spatial paths. Secondly, even if multiple antennas can be used, as in base stations, their number might not be good enough because of the increased complexity and size of the network. The appropriate use of cooperative nodes can provide a solution to this problem, too. This dissertation has been focused on cooperative systems that are viewed according to the first aspect. Specifically, it has been assumed that the cooperative network consists of three nodes, a source, a relay and a destination. On this network, channel estimation techniques have been studied pointing out the main characteristics that are inherent to cooperation. Moreover, test-bed implementations have been provided for several well known cooperative schemes and protocols pointing out the practical aspects of such systems. In more detail, after the presentation of some introductory notions on cooperation and channel estimation, a semi-blind technique has been studied that is based on the so called cross-relation criterion. Two alternative schemes for constructing the channel estimator have been proposed as well as a simple training design procedure for improving the estimation performance has been devised. The results that have been produced are supported by semi analytic arguments and computer simulations. Then, a training design problem has been studied for a training based channel estimator. The design has been focused on the energy allocation of training symbols under the assumption that channel taps are correlated. After the description of the problem, the least squares criterion has been utilized and the optimal solution, along with three suboptimal ones, has been presented and useful conclusions have been drawn. Also, the problem has been studied under the minimum mean square error criterion for two cases. In the first one, a worst case analysis has been presented. There, a connection to the least squares solution was provided. In the second case, relaxing the assumption of correlated channel taps, the optimal solution has been presented. In the third direction, a number of well known protocols have been implemented in a test-bed system. A measurement campaign has been conducted to acquire the bit error performance and the computational complexity of the protocols. The protocols have been compared according to three different metrics and useful insights have been identified. The dissertation is concluded with a brief presentation of the main points that have been raised in the aforementioned directions. Moreover, new interesting research directions have been provided.

In developing an understanding of real-world problems, researchers develop mathematical and statistical models. Various model selection methods exist which can be used to obtain a mathematical model that best describes the real-world situation in some or other sense. These methods aim to assess the merits of competing models by concentrating on a particular criterion. Each selection method is associated with its own criterion and is named accordingly. The better known ones include Akaike's Information Criterion, Mallows' Cp and cross-validation, to name a few. The value of the criterion is calculated for each model and the model corresponding to the minimum value of the criterion is then selected as the "best" model. / Mathematical Sciences / M. Sc. (Statistics)

O objetivo deste trabalho e o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta estatistica que sirva de base para o estudo do preco spot da energia eletrica do subsistema Sudeste/Centro-Oeste do Sistema Interligado Nacional, utilizando a estimacao por regressao linear e teste de razao de verossimilhanca como instrumentos para desenvolvimento e avaliacao dos modelos. Na analise dos resultados estatsticos descritivos dos modelos, diferentemente do que e observado na literatura, a primeira conclusao e a verificacao de que as variaveis sazonais, quando analisadas isoladamente, apresentam resultados pouco aderentes ao preco spot PLD. Apos a analise da componente sazonal e verificada a influencia da energia fornecida e a energia demandada como variaveis de entrada, com o qual conclui-se que especificamente a energia armazenada e producao de energia termeletrica sao as variaveis que mais influenciam os precos spot no subsistema estudado. Entre os modelos testados, o que particularmente ofereceu os melhores resultados foi um modelo misto criado a partir da escolha das melhores variaveis de entrada dos modelos testados preliminarmente, alcancando um coeficiente de determinacao R2 de 0.825, resultado esse que pode ser considerado aderente ao preco spot. No ultimo capitulo e apresentada uma introducao ao modelo de predicao do preco spot, possibilitando dessa forma a analise do comportamento do preco a partir da alteracao das variaveis de entrada. / The objective of this work is the development of a statistical method to study the spot prices of the electrical energy of the Southeast/Middle-West (SE-CO) subsystem of the The Brazilian National Connected System, using the Least Squares Estimation and Likelihood Ratio Test as tools to perform and evaluate the models. Verifying the descriptive statistical results of the models, differently from what is observed in the literature, the first observation is that the seasonal component, when analyzed alone, presented results loosely adherent to the spot price PLD. It is then evaluated the influence of the energy supply and the energy demand as input variables, verifying that specifically the stored water and the thermoelectric power production are the variables that the most influence the spot prices in the studied subsystem. Among the models, the one that offered the best result was a mixed model created from the selection of the best input variables of the preliminarily tested models, achieving a coeficient of determination R2 of 0.825, a result that can be considered adherent to the spot price. At the last part of the work It is presented an introduction to the spot price prediction model, allowing the analysis of the price behavior by the changing of the input variables.

Cieľom práce je aplikácia lokálnych aproximátorov pre riadenie reálnych mechatronických sústav pomocou metódy dopredného riadenia predstavujúcej zaujímavú alternatívu k metódam využívajúcim globálne aproximátory. Po ukážkových príkladoch funkcie lokálnych aproximátorov bol navrhnutý algoritmus implementovaný pre riadenie dvoch sústav, elektronickej škrtiacej klapky a výukového modelu magnetickej levitácie, predstavujúcich vysoko nelineárne a nestabilné sústavy. Skúmali sme, či riadiaci algoritmus bude mať pozitívny vplyv na presnosť regulácie, ďalej bola skúmaná jeho schopnosť prispôsobiť sa zmene parametrov sústavy a tiež prípadná možnosť jeho implementácie pre mikrokontrolér znížením vzorkovacej frekvencie. Výsledky ukázali, že riadenie založené na lokálnych modeloch zlepšilo riadenie v porovnaní s jednoduchým PID regulátorom a že má schopnosť adaptability. Veľmi výhodné sa zdá byť jeho použitie pre zariadenia umožnujúce vzorkovaciu frekvenciu do 1 kHz.

Spectrum, environment and location awareness are key characteristics of cognitive radio (CR). Knowledge of a user’s location as well as the surrounding environment type may enhance various CR tasks, such as spectrum sensing, dynamic channel allocation and interference management. This dissertation deals with the optimisation of adaptive localisation techniques for CR. The first part entails the development and evaluation of an efficient bandwidth determination (BD) model, which is a key component of the cognitive positioning system. This bandwidth efficiency is achieved using the Cramer-Rao lower bound derivations for a single-input-multiple-output (SIMO) antenna scheme. The performances of the single-input-single-output (SISO) and SIMO BD models are compared using three different generalised environmental models, viz. rural, urban and suburban areas. In the case of all three scenarios, the results reveal a marked improvement in the bandwidth efficiency for a SIMO antenna positioning scheme, especially for the 1×3 urban case, where a 62% root mean square error (RMSE) improvement over the SISO system is observed. The second part of the dissertation involves the presentation of a multiband time-of arrival (TOA) positioning technique for CR. The RMSE positional accuracy is evaluated using a fixed and dynamic bandwidth availability model. In the case of the fixed bandwidth availability model, the multiband TOA positioning model is initially evaluated using the two-step maximum-likelihood (TSML) location estimation algorithm for a scenario where line-of-sight represents the dominant signal path. Thereafter, a more realistic dynamic bandwidth availability model has been proposed, which is based on data obtained from an ultra-high frequency spectrum occupancy measurement campaign. The RMSE performance is then verified using the non-linear least squares, linear least squares and TSML location estimation techniques, using five different bandwidths. The proposed multiband positioning model performs well in poor signal-to-noise ratio conditions (-10 dB to 0 dB) when compared to a single band TOA system. These results indicate the advantage of opportunistic TOA location estimation in a CR environment. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / unrestricted

The incorporation of Gallium Nitride (GaN) Power Amplifiers (PAs) into future high power aperture radar systems is certain; however, the introduction of this technology into multifunction radar systems will present new challenges to radar engineers. This dissertation describes a broad investigation into amplitude and phase transients produced by GaN PAs when they are excited with multifunction radar waveforms. These transients are the result of self-heating electrothermal memory effects and are manifested as interpulse instabilities that can negatively impact the coherent processing of multiple pulses. A behavioral model based on a Foster network topology has been developed to replicate the measured amplitude and phase transients accurately. This model has been used to develop a digital predistortion technique that successfully mitigates the impact of the transients. The Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Improvement Factor and the Root Mean Square (RMS) Pulse-to-Pulse Stability are used as metrics to assess the impact of the transients on radar system performance and to test the effectiveness of a novel digital predistortion concept. / Ph. D. / The incorporation of Gallium Nitride (GaN) Power Amplifiers (PAs) into future radar systems is certain, and will present new challenges to radar engineers. This dissertation describes a broad investigation into signal transients produced by GaN PAs when they are excited with a wide variety of RF pulsed waveforms. These waveforms are representative of those used by a radar system to conduct multiple functions or missions. The transients are primarily the result of changes in the GaN PA gain due to self-heating, and are manifested as differences in consecutive pulses. These pulse-to-pulse differences negatively affect the ability of a radar system to extract information from a received echo. A behavioral model based on a Foster network topology has been developed to replicate the measured signal transients accurately. This model has been used to develop a digital predistortion technique that successfully counteracts the transients mitigating the impact of the transients. The Moving Target Indicator (MTI) Improvement Factor and the Root Mean Square (RMS) Pulse-to-Pulse Stability are used as performance metrics to quantify the effect of the transients on radar system performance and to test the effectiveness of a novel digital predistortion concept.

Tidigare studier visar på att blodtrycket hos gravida sjunker under andra trimestern och sedanökar i ett senare skede av graviditeten. Högt blodtryck hos gravida kan medföra hälsorisker, vilket gör mätningar av blodtryck relevanta. Dock uppstår det osäkerhet då olika personer inom vården hanterar blodtrycksmätningarna på olika sätt. Delar av vårdpersonalen avrundarmätvärden och andra gör det inte, vilket kan leda till svårigheter att tolkablodtrycksutvecklingen. I uppsatsen behandlas ett dataset innehållandes blodtrycksvärden hos gravida genom att skatta nio olika linjära regressionsmodeller med blandade effekter. Därefter genomförs en simuleringsstudie med syfte att undersöka hur mätproblem orsakat av avrundningar påverkar parameterskattningar och modellval i en linjär blandad modell. Slutsatsen är att blodtrycksavrundningarna inte påverkar typ 1-felet men påverkar styrkan. Dock innebär inte detta något problem vid fortsatt analys av blodtrycksvärdena i det verkliga datasetet.

The main objective of the thesis was to investigate the feasibility of accurately and precisely fore- casting the number of both national and provincial bene ciaries of social security grants in South Africa, using simple autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models. The series of the monthly number of bene ciaries of the old age, child support, foster care and disability grants from April 2004 to March 2010 were used to achieve the objectives of the thesis. The conclusions from analysing the series were that: (1) ARIMA models for forecasting are province and grant-type spe- ci c; (2) for some grants, national forecasts obtained by aggregating provincial ARIMA forecasts are more accurate and precise than those obtained by ARIMA modelling national series; and (3) for some grants, forecasts obtained by modelling the latest half of the series were more accurate and precise than those obtained from modelling the full series. / Mathematical Sciences / M.Sc. (Statistics)