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[pt] Em decorrência do acirrado ambiente concorrencial, as empresas alimentícias de cárneos embutidos vêem-se obrigadas a melhorar seus sistemas produtivos de forma contínua, o que implica em definir de modo coordenado seu processo de busca e escolha de tecnologia dentro dos imperativos de higiene que devem vigorar nesse ramo industrial. Para que isso possa ser efetivamente implementado, faz-se necessário que a organização identifique as oportunidades mercadológicas reconhecendo, quando não os benefícios das novas tecnologias, ao menos a sua necessidade. Este trabalho apresenta a configuração da indústria de alimentos brasileira para então atingir o complexo carne, em especial o setor de cárneos embutidos. Em seguida, apresenta uma classificação da tecnologia e sua análise sob o ponto de vista estratégico. Adiante as formulações teóricas das etapas de absorção da tecnologia são avaliadas de acordo com a postura de empresas fornecedoras e compradoras de equipamentos do setor. Por fim, propõe uma estrutura de análise do funcionamento do processo de escolha de equipamentos, propiciando informações importantes à boa gestão das empresas e ao meio acadêmico. / [en] As a result of a strident competitive environment, food manufacturers of stuffed meat are required to improve their production processes continuouslly. The fact implies in defining, in a coordinated way, their procedures for technology search and selection, following higienic standards which must rule this industrial segment. For this purpose, food organizations need to identify market opportunities, recognizing the benefits of new technologies, or at least their usefulness. This study presents the actual configuration of the Brazilian food industry and sequentially the meat segment, more specifically the stuffed meat sector. It then discusses the concept of technology and overviews a methodology to technology strategic analysis. Moreover, the theorical formulations on the phases of technology use are evaluated in accordance with the attitude of equipment producers and their clients. Conclusivelly, it proposes an structured analysis of the process of equipment search, providing an important set of informations to a better industry management and also to academics. / [es] Debido a la alta competitividad, las empresas alimenticias de cárnicos embutidos se han visto obligadas a mejorar sus sistemas productivos de forma continua, lo que implica definir de modo coordinado el proceso de búsqueda y selección de tecnología dentro de las normas de higiene de esta rama industrial. Para poder implemetar efectivamente este preoceso, es necesario que la organización identifique las oportunidades mercadológicas reconociendo, cuando no los benefícios de las nuevas tecnologías, al menos su necesidad. Este trabajo presenta primeramente la configuración de la industria de alimentos brasilera, para después alcanzar el complejo carne, en especial el sector de cárnicos embutidos. Mas adelante, se presenta una clasificación de la tecnología y su análisis desde el punto de vista estratégico. Se evalúan las formulaciones teóricas de las etapas de absorción de la tecnología de acuerdo con la postura de empresas suministradoras y compradoras de equipos del sector. Finalmente, se propone una extructura de análisis de la funcionadad del proceso de selección de equipos, propiciando informaciones importantes a una buena gestión de las empresas y al medio académico.

The study was conducted in four rural communities of the Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality in the Mpumalanga Province of South Africa. The objective of the study was to determine the contribution of beef cattle farming to the income of communal households in Chief Luthuli Municipality. Data were analysed descriptively. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify the factors that affect the contribution of beef cattle to income in the study area. It was found that beef cattle farming in the communal areas studied were practiced equally by women (50%) and men (50%). Over 50.5% of respondents were over 51 years old and 9.5% of youth participated in beef cattle farming. The literacy rate among respondents in the study area was 55%, including Grade 11 or below, Grade 12 and post matric education. Approximately 48% of the respondents relied on pension income, while 28.5% reported that the main source of income in their households came from a combination of beef cattle production and pension. 60.5% of the respondents were found to have more than 20 years of beef cattle farming experience, while 36.5% have between one and twelve years’ experience. The majority of the respondents (80%) grazed their cattle on the mountainside, 14.5% said they used communal grazing and 5.5% grazed their animals in their backyard. It was also found that 50% of respondents maintained up to ten head of cattle and the other 50% had more than ten cattle in their herds. Of the households that sold their beef cattle, 77% earned R 10,000 or less per annum while 23% earned between R 11,000 and R 60,000 per annum. Beef cattle farming were therefore found to constitute 19% of household income in the communal areas in Chief Albert Luthuli Municipality. The independent variables which collectively have a statistically significant influence on the income from beef cattle production at 5% level of significance were: number of beef cattle (t = 16.8, P < 0.000) and age at mortality (t = -2.59, P< 0.010). The number of beef cattle has a positive and statistically significant effect and mortality age a negative effect. It was concluded that the 19% contribution to household income coming from beef cattle farming in the study area was to be expected in light of the fact more than half (50.5%) of the respondents were older than 51 years old and 48% of respondents relied on pensions as a source of income. The danger is that because beef cattle farming in the study area have been marginalised as an agricultural activity, the rural poor are decreasingly engaging in beef cattle production as a source of income. / Agriculture / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do produto final relacionado ao manejo pré-abate de suínos, que permitiu analisar os procedimentos e o cumprimento das normas de bem-estar animal. O manejo pré-abate é definido como o conjunto de práticas com os animais desde a propriedade até o frigorífico. Os procedimentos pré-abate estão diretamente relacionados a perdas relacionadas à qualidade da carne e perdas econômicas em todo o sistema produtivo. Foram avaliados 144 animais, em um período de seis dias de abate com relação à capacidade de retenção de água, pH inicial e final e coloração. Posteriormente, os resultados foram analisados com relação os defeitos tecnológicos como PSE e DFD. Conclui-se que o manejo inadequado influenciou na qualidade dos produtos. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the final product related to the pre-slaughtering of pigs, which allowed the analysis of procedures and compliance with animal welfare standards. Pre-slaughter management is defined as the set of practices with the animals from the property to the slaughterhouse. Pre- slaughter procedures are directly related to losses related to meat quality and economic losses throughout the production system. A total of 144 animals were evaluated over a six day slaughter period in relation to water retention capacity, initial and final pH, and staining. Subsequently, the results were analyzed with regard to technological defects such as PSE and DFD. It was concluded that improper handling influenced the quality of the products.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade do produto final relacionado ao manejo pré-abate de suínos, que permitiu analisar os procedimentos e o cumprimento das normas de bem-estar animal. O manejo pré-abate é definido como o conjunto de práticas com os animais desde a propriedade até o frigorífico. Os procedimentos pré-abate estão diretamente relacionados a perdas relacionadas à qualidade da carne e perdas econômicas em todo o sistema produtivo. Foram avaliados 144 animais, em um período de seis dias de abate com relação à capacidade de retenção de água, pH inicial e final e coloração. Posteriormente, os resultados foram analisados com relação os defeitos tecnológicos como PSE e DFD. Conclui-se que o manejo inadequado influenciou na qualidade dos produtos. / The objective of this work was to evaluate the quality of the final product related to the pre-slaughtering of pigs, which allowed the analysis of procedures and compliance with animal welfare standards. Pre-slaughter management is defined as the set of practices with the animals from the property to the slaughterhouse. Pre- slaughter procedures are directly related to losses related to meat quality and economic losses throughout the production system. A total of 144 animals were evaluated over a six day slaughter period in relation to water retention capacity, initial and final pH, and staining. Subsequently, the results were analyzed with regard to technological defects such as PSE and DFD. It was concluded that improper handling influenced the quality of the products.

When you verify the economic profitability and quantify the centers of costs of a productive activity you are developing an analysis of production costs. This analysis allows a clearer reading and a more accurate diagnosis of the actual economic situation of the property. The objective of this study was to verify the main costs of production, between two systems of sales of sheep. The systems were characterized in S1 - this occurred when the product was animals for sale of breeding; and S2 - when the product was the sale of lambs to the slaughter. All data were obtained according to costs and performance of activity during the period of 15 January 2013 to 15 January 2014, of a property in south-central Sergipe. For storage and interpretation of the data we used two software management of the agricultural Prodap GP® (2007) to assess the economic indicators and the MultOvinos® for analysis zootecnical indicares. Variable costs possessed greater representation on the operational costs, for both the S1 and S2 representing 86.7% and 85.5% respectively. The greater representation of variable costs, in both systems, was with the concentrated feed used in animal nutrition S1 59.7% and S2 58.5%. The forage represented 14.2% and the hand labor 8.7% in S1, while in S2 13.9% for the forage and 17.1% with hand labor. Already fixed costs represented 13.3% in S1 and 14.5% in S2, the greatest contribution of fixed cost comes from the cost of depreciation of assets S1 98.8% and S2 98.6 %. Revenue from the sale S1 was composed of a ruffian and breeding animals both males and females. Revenue from S2 was composed by selling lamb to the slaughter and disposal of animals. The S1 totaled a gross income of R$ 77,850.00 and S2 R$ 34,149.28. During the study period the two systems evaluated achieved gross margin (difference between gross income and effective operational cost) negative S1 R$ $-9,267.31 and S2 R$ -10,310.88, leading to a short decapitalisation term and showing be precise a rapid decision- making by the producer so he can continue in the activity. / Quando se busca verificar a rentabilidade econômica e quantificar os centros de gastos de uma atividade produtiva está se desenvolvendo uma análise de custos de produção. Esta análise permiti uma leitura mais clara e um diagnóstico mais preciso da real situação econômica da propriedade. Objetivou-se com esse estudo verificar os principais custos de produção em dois sistemas de comercialização de ovinos. Os sistemas foram caracterizados em S1 - quando o produto eram animais para comercialização de reprodutores; e S2 quando o produto era a comercialização de cordeiros para o abate. Foram obtidos todos os dados quanto as despesas e as receitas da atividade durante o período de 15 de janeiro de 2013 a 15 de janeiro de 2014 de uma propriedade no centro-sul sergipano. Para armazenamento e interpretação dos dados foi utilizado dois softwares de gerenciamento agropecuário, o PRODAP GP® (2007) para as análises econômicas e o MultOvinos® para avaliação dos indicadores zootécnicos. Os custos variáveis possuíram maior representação sobre o custo operacional, tanto do S1 como do S2 representando 86,7% e 85,5% respectivamente. A maior representatividade dos custos variáveis em ambos os sistemas foi com o alimento concentrado fornecido aos animais S1 59,7% e S2 58,5%. O volumoso representou 14,2% e a mão-de-obra 8,7% no S1, enquanto que no S2 13,9% para o alimento volumoso e 17,1% com mão-de-obra. Já os custos fixos representaram 13,3% no S1 e 14,5% no S2. Dos custos fixos, a maior contribuição provém dos custos com a depreciação dos bens S1 98,8% e S2 98,6%. A receita do S1 foi composta pela venda de um rufião e de animais reprodutores tanto machos como fêmeas. A receita do S2 foi composta pela venda de cordeiro para o abate e de animais de descarte. O S1 totalizou uma renda bruta de R$ 77.850,00 e o S2 de R$ 34.149,28. Durante o período estudado os dois sistemas avaliados obtiveram margem bruta (diferença entre a renda bruta e o custo operacional efetivo) negativa S1 R$-9.267,31 e S2 R$ -10.310,88, levando a uma descapitalização em curto prazo e mostrando ser preciso uma rápida tomada de decisão por parte do produtor para que ele possa continuar na atividade.

In this study on product development and positioning in the hunting industry in the Eastern Cape, two conceptual frameworks were developed, based on a literature study. These positioning and product development concepts were tested against primary and secondary information gathered about the hunting industry. The game and hunting industries were in a strong growth phase at the time of this study. These industries are playing an increasingly important role in the economy of the Eastern Cape, and more and more agricultural land is utilised for game ranching. From the perspective of obtaining a competitive advantage in an increasingly competitive environment, it is therefore important for hunting providers to develop suitable products, and to position these products correctly. It is also important to investigate the characteristics of the game and hunting industries in the Eastern Cape and to get information about the characteristics of the market in which product development and positioning take place. Hunting is the most important form of game utilisation in the Eastern Cape, followed by cropping of game and live game sales. At the time of this study, the total value of the game utilised annually in the Eastern Cape was in excess of R168 million. Game utilisation seemed to be taking place on a sustainable basis, as the number of animals utilised annually was less than the annual production. Kudu and springbok provide the biggest total income, and, together with mountain reedbuck, are the most abundant species in the Eastern Cape. The main game-producing areas in the Eastern Cape coincide with the areas where extensive beef, sheep and goat farming are practised. The hunting products on offer from hunting providers, differ in certain ways. Aspects like price, type of hunting provided, game species available for hunting, terrain where hunting takes place, and various other aspects in connection with the hunt, differ from hunting provider to hunting provider. Characteristics of the hunting experience that hunters desire may be divided into core and variable elements. The core elements include: · the conditions pertaining to the hunt being spelt out clearly; · the maintenance of safety standards; · reasonable day fees; · the presence of game in sufficient numbers; and · other aspects generally desired by hunters. In the study it was found that the needs of hunters also differ regarding certain aspects of the hunting experience. These variable elements include price levels, type and availability of accommodation, and the role of the hunting provider. The core aspects that hunters desire are as a rule part of the product offering. From a product development perspective, the variable elements provide an opportunity to customise products to hunter needs. The inclusion or exclusion of variable elements from the product offering give rise to certain unique product features, and therefore provide the opportunity for product differentiation. After development, products are positioned firstly by selecting a market segment to focus on. Secondly, the needs of hunters in the target segment should be clearly identified, followed by the development of suitable products based on hunter needs, and taking into account the features of competitive offerings. Decisions should also be taken about the features to be included in the product offering to achieve product differentiation. After development of a suitable product, an image or brand should be chosen for the product, and this image should be effectively communicated to the market. A number of possible positioning options were identified for hunting providers. It was found that factors like the physical features of the ranch, available infrastructure, the market segment chosen, desires of the hunting providers, and the perception of the needs of hunters, eventually influence decisions about product development and positioning. The final decisions on positioning should take the core competencies of the hunting provider into account and should ensure that the hunting provider has the ability to fill the chosen position in the market.

China's economic success has helped it become one of the largest markets in the world. As a result, the demand for agricultural commodities in China has experienced a significant increase. Increasingly affluent Chinese people are paying increasing attention to food safety and quality instead of just quantity. Understanding how meat demands and prices are related to food safety and quality in Beijing will provide guidance for industry and policymakers interested in the Chinese meat market. The purpose of this study is to develop two models to analyze meat demand and prices associated with food safety and quality respectively. First, An Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS) is used to investigate the effects of food safety on meat consumption. To address the potential bias of zero consumption in the estimation procedures, a simulated maximum likelihood (SML) estimation is applied in the regression. Second, we analyze the implicit price of meat with the intrinsic and extrinsic attributes using a hedonic price model. Five meat categories are regressed on several intrinsic and extrinsic attributes in the model using household survey data collected in Beijing in 2007. The key results of this research have two major outcomes. First, food safety has a significant and positive influence on meat consumption for Beijing residents. Second, the quality-related attributes or characteristics such as meat appearance, supermarket, meat brand, and processed meat as well as demographic variables such as household head's income have a significantly positive influence on the price of meat, which suggest that the consumers in Beijing are willing to pay a price premium to guarantee the quality and safety of meat.

In spite of the documented success of Pathogen Reduction and Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (PR/HACCP) at the processing level, farm-level and retail-level application is optional. Several factors impact the gap of food safety regulations from farm to fork. This thesis focuses on the retail level. At the retail level, pathogen survival and the associated ability to cause further disease to humans even after being subjected to certain processing and packaging conditions have varying implications on the probability of sickness or death. This issue also arises over the fact that, sometimes, appropriate handling and processing instructions are not properly followed by consumers. The primary goals of the project are to develop an optimal food safety intervention strategy that incorporates risk, cost, and the value of pathogen reduction with alternative control mechanism. We wish to evaluate incentives for PR/HACCP-like planning and adherence to best management practices that promote safe food production. These incentives will be evaluated for the retail level. In addition, we will develop optimal intervention strategies for ready-to-eat meats and poultry products that incorporate risk assessment, cost of intervention, and the value of risk reduction of alternative strategies for the farm-to-table continuum. The model adopted in this study is an expansion of the stochastic optimization model developed by Nganje, Kaitibie, and Sorin (2005) to include the optimal intervention strategy at the retail ( consumer) level. These components are simulated with firm-level microbial data at the processing and retail level using stochastic optimizer software. Stochastic dominance was also used to compare across the optimal strategies and determine if there is one clear choice that is preferred. This allowed us incorporate risk preferences of firms. The scenario method was used to determine what factors would likely affect the adoption of PR/HACCP at the retail level. Finally, this thesis provides firms and policymakers a direction for future options concerning risk mitigation strategies.

En el rubro alimenticio, debido al trabajo con insumos perecibles, el desperdicio de comida en su cadena de suministro es inevitable. Este problema afecta a una MYPE dedicada al procesamiento cárnico en Lima, Perú. Resulta que en promedio el 15.78% de inventarios se desperdician, lo que asciende a un 8% en su facturación anual. La investigación evidencia que esto ocurre por tres motivos: Error en la programación de la producción, productos en proceso no rotativos y se compra materia prima de más. A través de las herramientas Kanban y 5s, en conjunto con un método de pronóstico de la demanda y el Kardex se espera la reducción del 7% de mermas actual en el almacén. La validación del modelo propuesto se realiza mediante el programa Arena Simulator, en el cual se logró reducir la merma a niveles óptimos. La viabilidad se aprueba mediante los resultados favorables de las consideraciones económicas como Valor Actual Neto (VAN), la Tasa Interna de Retorno (TIR) y la Relación Beneficio-Costo (RBC) y, por último, se evalúan el impacto ambiental y organizacional. Se concluye que la implementación del modelo presenta un impacto factible en los parámetros mencionados y surge necesidad de mantenerlo a largo plazo. / In the food industry, due to working with perishable inputs, food waste in your supply chain is inevitable. This problem affects an MYPE dedicated to meat processing in Lima, Peru. It turns out that on average 15.78% of inventories are wasted, which amounts to 8% in their annual turnover. The research shows that this occurs for three reasons: Error in the production scheduling, non-rotating products in process and raw material is purchased too much. Through the Kanban and 5s tools, in conjunction with a demand forecasting method and the Kardex, a reduction of 7% of current losses in the warehouse is expected. The validation of the proposed model is carried out through the Arena Simulator program, in which it was possible to reduce the waste to optimal levels. The viability is approved by means of the favorable results of the economic considerations such as Net Present Value (NPV), the Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Benefit-Cost Ratio (RBC) and, finally, the environmental and organizational impact are evaluated. It is concluded that the implementation of the model has a feasible impact on the mentioned parameters and there is a need to maintain it in the long term. / Trabajo de investigación