No description available.

Este trabalho trata de um estudo experimental das respostas de desgaste e de atrito encontradas em um sistema deslizante lubrificado. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de deslizamento em um equipamento para ensaios de desgaste, adotando-se o dispositivo pino-contra-disco, para ensaios com movimento relativo rotativo contínuo entre as amostras, e o dispositivo pino-contra-placa, para ensaios com movimento relativo alternado, ou oscilatório, entre as amostras. Os materiais metálicos ensaiados foram pinos de aço AISI 52100 e contra-corpos de aço AISI 8640. O óleo lubrificante foi o mineral de base parafínico, IV 100. Foram variadas as condições de aditivação e de contaminação do óleo lubrificante e foram utilizados dois níveis de carregamento mecânico, determinada pela relação velocidade/carga. O desgaste foi estudado por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, medição da área afetada pelo desgaste, perfilometria das superfícies desgastadas e análise de óleo. O atrito e o potencial de contato foram monitorados ao longo dos ensaios. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o desgaste dos corpos metálicos foi sensível ao carregamento mecânico, à aditivação e à contaminação do óleo. Diferenças foram notadas nas morfologias superficiais entre os resultados de desgaste dos ensaios rotativos e oscilatórios. / This work concerns with experimental study of wear and friction responses of lubricated sliding system. Sliding tests were carried out using pin-on-disk wear testing machine for tests with continuous rotating movement, and the pin-on-plate device, for reciprocating tests between specimens. The metallic test coupons were AISI 52100 steel pins and AISI 8640 steel counter-faces. The used lubricant was paraffinic mineral oil, VI 100. The presence of additives and contamination in the lubricant oil were investigated under two mechanical loading levels, determined by the velocity/load relation. The wear was studied by means of optic and scanning electronic microscopes, perfilometry and dimensional analysis of the worn surfaces and oil analysis. The friction and the contact potential were monitored through out the sliding tests. The results showed that the wear of the metallic materials was susceptible to the mechanical loading, the additive and the contamination existence in the oil. It was observed differences among the wear results of the rotating and the reciprocating tests in terms of surface morphologies.

Este trabalho trata de um estudo experimental das respostas de desgaste e de atrito encontradas em um sistema deslizante lubrificado. Para tanto, foram realizados ensaios de deslizamento em um equipamento para ensaios de desgaste, adotando-se o dispositivo pino-contra-disco, para ensaios com movimento relativo rotativo contínuo entre as amostras, e o dispositivo pino-contra-placa, para ensaios com movimento relativo alternado, ou oscilatório, entre as amostras. Os materiais metálicos ensaiados foram pinos de aço AISI 52100 e contra-corpos de aço AISI 8640. O óleo lubrificante foi o mineral de base parafínico, IV 100. Foram variadas as condições de aditivação e de contaminação do óleo lubrificante e foram utilizados dois níveis de carregamento mecânico, determinada pela relação velocidade/carga. O desgaste foi estudado por microscopia óptica e eletrônica de varredura, medição da área afetada pelo desgaste, perfilometria das superfícies desgastadas e análise de óleo. O atrito e o potencial de contato foram monitorados ao longo dos ensaios. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que o desgaste dos corpos metálicos foi sensível ao carregamento mecânico, à aditivação e à contaminação do óleo. Diferenças foram notadas nas morfologias superficiais entre os resultados de desgaste dos ensaios rotativos e oscilatórios. / This work concerns with experimental study of wear and friction responses of lubricated sliding system. Sliding tests were carried out using pin-on-disk wear testing machine for tests with continuous rotating movement, and the pin-on-plate device, for reciprocating tests between specimens. The metallic test coupons were AISI 52100 steel pins and AISI 8640 steel counter-faces. The used lubricant was paraffinic mineral oil, VI 100. The presence of additives and contamination in the lubricant oil were investigated under two mechanical loading levels, determined by the velocity/load relation. The wear was studied by means of optic and scanning electronic microscopes, perfilometry and dimensional analysis of the worn surfaces and oil analysis. The friction and the contact potential were monitored through out the sliding tests. The results showed that the wear of the metallic materials was susceptible to the mechanical loading, the additive and the contamination existence in the oil. It was observed differences among the wear results of the rotating and the reciprocating tests in terms of surface morphologies.

L’étude de la durabilité des élastomères des stators des pompes Moineau a été menée en utilisant à la fois des simulations numériques, des essais thermomécaniques et des analyses physico-chimiques. Les simulations numériques ont eu pour principal objectif de permettre de déterminer la localisation et le niveau des maximums des champs mécaniques dans le stator. Les essais ont permis quant à eux de caractériser le comportement mécanique du matériau élastomère sous sollicitations mécaniques cycliques à différentes températures. Une première étude a permis d’analyser l’évolution de l’effet Payne en fatigue. Une seconde s’est concentrée sur l’analyse de l’effet de l’application d’un chargement thermomécanique sur l’évolution de la microstructure du matériau élastomère. / The study of the sustainability of the rubber, which is the main constitutive material of the Moineau pump stator, was carried out using finite element analyses, thermomechanical experiments and physic-chemical analysis. The numerical simulations were performed to identify the range and location of the maximal stress and strain within the pump stator. The experimental tests allowed to characterize the mechanical behaviour of rubber under cyclic solicitation at several temperatures. The first part of the study focused on the Payne effect during fatigue loading while the second dealt with the effect of a thermomechanical loading on the rubber microstructure evolution.

Le but de cette thèse était d'explorer les relations entre le niveau de performance physique, le niveau d'activité physique usuel, les apports nutritionnels, les caractéristiques anthropométriques et le sommeil d'un côté et la densité minérale osseuse, la géométrie osseuse de la hanche et le trabecular bone score (TBS) de l'autre chez les jeunes adultes Libanais et Français agés de 18 à 35 ans. Dans un premier temps, nous avons mené 10 études préliminaires chez les jeunes adultes Libanais. Ces études ont montré que le poids, la masse maigre, la pratique d'activités physiques à impacts, la force maximale et le niveau de puissance musculaire sont des déterminants positifs de la DMO et que la pratique d'activités physiques à impats influence positivement les valeurs de TBS, les indices géométriques de résistance osseuse de la hanche (surface de la section transversale (CSA) et module de section (Z)) et les indices de résistance osseuse du col fémoral (Bending strength index (BSI), compressive strength index (CSI) et impact strength index (ISI)). Ces études préliminaires ont aussi montré des corrélations entre les apports protéiques et calciques d'une part et la DMO d'autre part chez les jeunes hommes. A la fin, une des études préliminaires a suggéré que la qualité de sommeil est associée à une meilleure DMO chez les jeunes hommes. Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons mené une étude sur 535 jeunes adultes français (342 femmes et 193 hommes) afin d'explorer les relations entre le niveau de performance physique, le niveau d'activité physique, la composition corporelle, les apports nutritionnels et la qualité du sommeil d'une part et les valeurs de BUA (Broadband Ultrasound Attenuation) d'autre part. Cette étude a montré que les caractéristiques anthropométriques (poids, IMC, masse grasse, tour de taille et tour de hanche) sont des facteurs corrélables à la BUA chez les femmes mais pas chez les hommes. D'autre part, il y avait une tendance de corrélation positive entre la performance en détente verticale et la BUA chez les hommes. En conclusion, cette thèse a pu définir un nombre important de facteurs corrélables à la BUA, à la DMO, à la géométrie osseuse et au TBS et a ainsi permis d'identifier de nouvelles relations entre les déterminants de santé et les paramètres osseux chez les jeunes adultes. / The aim of this study was to investigate the relations between physical performance level, physical activity level, nutritional intakes, anthropometrical characteristics and sleep on the one hand and bone mineral density, hip geometric indices and trabecular bone score (TBS) on the other hand in young Lebanese and French subjects aged to 18 to 35 years. In a first step, we led 10 preliminary studies in young Lebanese adults. These studies have shown that body weight, lean mass, high-impact physical activity practice, maximal strength and muscular power are positive determinants of bone mineral density, and that high-impact physical activity practice positively influences TBS values, geometric indices of hip bone strength (cross-sectional area (CSA) and section modulus (Z)) and femoral neck strength indices (Bending strength index (BSI), compressive strength index (CSI) and impact strength index (ISI)). These preliminary studies have also shown positive correlations between nutritional intakes (daily calcium intakes and daily protein intakes) and BMD values in young Lebanese men. Finally, one of these preliminary studies has shown that sleep quality is associated with a greater BMD in young men. In a second step, we led a study on 535 young French adults (342 women and 193 men) to explore the relations between physical performance level, physical activity level, nutritional intakes, anthropometrical characteristics and sleep on the one hand and BUA (Broadband ultrasound attenuation) values on the other hand. This study has showed that anthropometric characteristics (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference and hip circumference) are positively correlated to BUA values in women but not in men. On the other hand, we have noted a tendency of positive relation between vertical jump performance and BUA values in men. In conclusion, this thesis has defined an important number of factors significantly correlated to BUA, BMD, hip geometric indices and TBS and therefore permitted to identify new relations between health determinants and bone parameters in young adults.

Cette étude vise à améliorer la compréhension d’un phénomène observé lors de l’exploitation de réservoir de stockage de gaz naturel : la venue de sable dans le puits de forage. Cette venue de sable peut être due à des facteurs structurels ou à une fatigue du matériau suite aux cycles de pression de gaz. Ce travail se concentre sur l’aspect comportement du matériau et il est composé de plusieurs parties complémentaires. Le critère de rupture de type Drucker-Pragger est identifié en contrainte effective triaxiale sans pression de pore. Son utilisation avec pression permet ensuite d’évaluer la pression de gaz critique entrainant la rupture. Cette pression est ensuite appliquée à 80% de sa valeur pour observer si des phénomènes différés peuvent survenir. On a en effet obtenu la rupture dans plusieurs cas après avoir maintenu cette pression pendant un long laps de temps et montré que les cycles de pression endommageaient significativement le matériau. En parallèle, la perméabilité du matériau sous contrainte axiale décroît constamment, malgré sa dilatance, ce qui selon nous, confirme la venue de sable. Enfin nous avons montré que l’endommagement du matériau accroît notablement sa légère anisotropie naturelle et s’accompagne d’un impact très clair sur les couplages poro-mécaniques (coefficient de Biot). Cette partie du travail donne ainsi des outils qui pourraient être utilisés dans la description des effets structuraux induits par les variations de pression de gaz autour du forage. / This study aims to improve the understanding of the phenomenon of sand production around borehole during exploitation of natural gas storage. The source of sand may be due to structural factors or fatigue of the material because of the cyclic injection and extraction of gas pressure. This work focuses on the mechanical behaviors, transport properties and poromechanical proprieties of a sandstone. The Drucker-Pragger failure criterion is identified with triaxial effective stress without pore pressure. It can be used to evaluate the critical gas pressure causing rock failure at constant confining pressure and deviatoric stress. 80% of the critical gas pressure is then applied to observe whether different phenomenon will occur. Several cases of rupture are obtained after maintaining this gas pressure for a long time and cyclic loading-unloading of gas pressure damages the material significantly. At the meantime, the permeability of the material under axial stress decreases constantly even at volumetric dilatation stages which confirms the phenomenon of sand production. Finally, we find that mechanical damage increases its slightly natural anisotropy and it has a very significant influence on the poro-mechanical behaviors (Biot’s coefficient). This part of the work can be used to describe the structural effects induced by gas pressure variation around the borehole

There is an understanding among biological anthropologists that long bone epiphyseal shape is highly regulated by genetic and biomechanical factors. Conversely, long bone diaphyseal geometry and robusticity have been shown to respond to activity in life. The current study examined the assumption of epiphyseal consistency by exploring the relationship between a well established bony response to activity (Cross-Sectional Geometry) and shape change among the proximal humerus and femur. Long bone samples were taken from four hunter-gatherer populations: the Andaman Islanders, the Indian Knoll, Point Hope Alaskans, and the Sadlermiut. Shape was measured through landmark configurations placed on the proximal end of a total of 91 humeri and 84 femora. Cross-sectional Geometry measures (J) were taken from each specimen, as well. Principal Component Analyses were conducted on the landmark shape data to determine where the shape variation was occurring among the sample. These Principal Components were then compared via Bivariate Regression to the J values taken from the diaphysis. Significant relationships occurred between the development of the lesser tubercle and an increase in J among the humerus sample. Significant relationships were also found among the femur sample; as when J increased the proximal epiphyses were more likely to be more gracile, and the space between the femoral head and the greater trochanter increased. The humerus results indicated a more robust proximal epiphysis in groups with activities that rely heavily on the upper body, such as rowing, swimming, and harpooning. The femur results were more complex, as the relationship between activity and proximal shape is likely heavily influenced by a genetically predetermined body shape. These results indicated that there is a relationship between activity and proximal epiphyseal shape, but that it, like all relationships, is complex, and comprised of multiple factors. Ultimately, proximal long bone shape is the result of multiple influences including, activity, genetics, population adaptation, health, and many more. Future research should focus on determining if the relationship between activity and shape exists among other populations, and when and where it begins during growth and development. / Graduate

L'efficacité de pieux géothermiques (e.g. énergétiques) a été examinée et validée par de nombreuses études à partir de points de vue environnemental et énergétique jusqu'à présent. Néanmoins, la technologie des pieux géothermiques est encore peu connue et rarement appliquée dans la construction, notamment en France comparée à d'autres pays européens. La raison principale du manque d'attention peut être la connaissance limitée sur les impacts du chargement thermomécanique sur le comportement du pieu et celui du sol environnant. Cette thèse vise à étudier les aspects géotechniques des pieux géothermiques grâce aux modélisations physiques et numériques. Un modèle physique est développé afin de mieux connaitre l'interaction sol/pieu sous chargement thermomécanique. Le modèle est composé d'un pieu énergétique équipé des tubes d'échangeur de chaleur, installé dans un sol compacté. Le pieu a d'abord été installé dans un sable sec, puis dans une argile saturée ; il a ensuite été chargé mécaniquement et soumis à des cycles thermiques. L'effet de la charge mécanique, du nombre de cycles thermiques et du type de sol a été étudié. Les résultats montrent la génération de tassements irréversibles au cours des cycles thermiques, dont la quantité augmente avec l'augmentation de la charge en têtes du pieu. La pression totale dans le sol à proximité de la surface du pieu ne change pas par refroidissement et chauffage, tandis que la pression totale au-dessous du pieu augmente progressivement à mesure que les cycles thermiques poursuivent. Les expériences montrent aussi l'évolution des profils de la force axiale avec la température ; la force axiale dans le pieu augmente pendant le refroidissement et diminue pendant l'échauffement. Les comportements au cisaillement du sol (mêmes sols que ceux utilisés dans la première partie) ainsi que de l'interface sol/béton ont été évalués à différentes températures. Pour ce faire, un appareil de cisaillement conventionnel a été équipé d'un système de contrôle de température. Le sol (et l'interface sol/béton) a été soumis à une gamme de contraintes relativement faibles. La consolidation thermique a été effectuée selon un protocole particulier. Il a été observé que l'angle de frottement et la cohésion de matériaux utilisés ne changent pas sensiblement avec température. L'étude numérique a débuté par la simulation d'essais existants dans la littérature sur des pieux énergétiques en appliquant une méthode simplifiée via un code de calcul basé sur la méthode des éléments finis et assez répandu dans la profession. Le changement de la température est simulé en imposant au pieu des déformations volumétriques calculées à partir du coefficient de dilatation thermique du matériau. La méthode prédit correctement le comportement de certains pieux énergétiques à grande échelle en termes de contrainte axiale et de déplacement en tête du pieu. Les résultats mettent en évidence le rôle important joué par le changement de volume du pieu induit par les variations thermiques sur son comportement mécanique. Dans un second temps, un autre code de calcul offrant la possibilité d'inclure les effets thermique a été utilisé pour la modélisation des essais effectués auparavant sur le modèle physique. Ainsi, en comparant aux modélisations numériques précédemment expliquées, le changement de volume du sol induit par les variations de température est également pris en compte. Les résultats numériques et expérimentaux sont ainsi comparés. On en déduit que le modèle numérique est capable de prédire le comportement des pieux sous chargement purement mécanique. En outre, en simulant des essais thermomécaniques, une bonne estimation du transfert thermique dans le sol est obtenue. En ce qui concerne le comportement mécanique du pieu au cours de cycles thermiques, le modèle numérique prédit bien le tassement progressif du pieu. Cependant, en termes de répartition de la force axiale, on obtient des résultats contradictoires / Energy pile efficiency has been tested and validated by numerous studies from environmental and energy-related points of view until now. Nevertheless, energy pile technology is still more or less unknown and rarely applied in construction, especially in France compared to other European countries. The chief reason for this lack of attention might be the limited knowledge of the impact of the coupled thermo-mechanical loading on the behaviour of the pile and that of the surrounding soil. This thesis aims to study the geotechnical aspects of energy piles through physical modelling and some numerical investigations. A physical model is developed in order to better identify the soil/pile interaction under thermo-mechanical loading. The model is made up of a small pile equiped with a heat exchanger loop embedded in compacted soil. The pile was once installed in dry sand and then in saturated clay; it was then loaded mechanically and was subjected to thermal cycles. The effect of mechanical load value, number of thermal cycles and soil type is studied. The results show the appearance of irreversible settlements during thermal cycles, whose quantity increases as the pile head load increases. Total pressure in the soil close to the pile surface does not change by cooling and heating, while total pressure below the pile increases gradually as thermal cycles proceed. This is in accordance with the permanent downward movement of the pile within thermal cycles. Experiments also show the evolution of axial force profiles with temperature, axial force in the pile increases by cooling and decreases by heating. In another part of the experimental work, we focused on the soil/pile interface. The shear behaviour of the soil (the same as the soils used above) and that of the soil/concrete interface was evaluated at different temperatures. To do this, a conventional shear apparatus was equipped with a temperature control system. Soil (and soil/concrete interface) was subjected to a rather low range of stress. Thermal consolidation was performed according to a special protocol. It was observed that the soil friction angle and cohesion do not change considerably relative to temperature. The numerical study was initiated by simulating existing tests in the literature on energy piles through a finite element code well-known to engineers, applying a simplified method. The thermal load was simulated by imposing volumetric strains calculated from the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material on the pile. The method successfully simulates the behaviour of some full-scale energy piles in terms of axial strain and pile head displacement. The results highlight the important role played by the pile thermal volume change on the mechanical behaviour of the energy pile under various thermo-mechanical loadings. In the second stage, another numerical code with the possibility of including temperature effects was used for modelling the tests formerly performed on the physical model. Thus, compared to the first numerical attempts, the soil thermal volume change is also taken into account. The numerical results were compared with the experimental ones obtained from physical modelling. It was deduced that the numerical model could simulate correctly the pile behaviour under purely mechanical loading. Also, simulating thermo-mechanical tests, a good estimation of heat conduction in the soil was achieved numerically. Regarding the mechanical behaviour of the pile under thermal cycles, the numerical model adequately predicts the gradual ratcheting of the pile as observed in the experiments. However in terms of axial force distribution in the pile, the results from numerical modelling are different from the physical one

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Bone is a dynamic tissue that is constantly remodeling to repair damage and strengthen regions exposed to loads during everyday activities. However, certain conditions, including long-term unloading of the skeleton, hormonal imbalances, and aging can disrupt the normal bone remodeling cycle and lead to low bone mass and osteoporosis, increasing risk of fracture. While numerous treatments for low bone mass have been devised, dynamic mechanical loading modalities, such as axial loading of long bones and lateral loading of joints, have recently been examined as potential methods of stimulating bone formation. The effectiveness of mechanical loading in strengthening bone is dependent both on the structural and geometric characteristics of the bone and the properties of the applied load. For instance, curvature in the structure of a bone causes bending and increased strain in response to an axial load, which may contribute to increased bone formation. In addition, frequency of the applied load has been determined to impact the degree of new bone formation; however, the mechanism behind this relationship remains unknown. In this thesis, the application of mechanical loading to treat osteoporotic conditions is examined and two questions are addressed: What role does the structural geometry of bone play in the mechanical damping of forces applied during loading? Does mechanical resonance enhance geometric effects, leading to localized areas of elevated bone formation dependent on loading frequency? Curvature in the structure of bone was hypothesized to enhance its damping ability and lead to increased bone formation through bending. In addition, loading at frequencies near the resonant frequencies of bone was predicted to cause increased bone formation, specifically in areas that experienced high principal strains due to localized displacements during resonant vibration. To test the hypothesis, mechanical loading experiments and simulations using finite element (FE) analysis were conducted to characterize the dynamic properties of bone. Results demonstrate that while surrounding joints contribute to the greatest portion of the damping capacity of the lower limb, bone absorbs a significant amount of energy through curvature-driven bending. In addition, results show that enhanced mechanical responses at loading frequencies near the resonant frequencies of bone may lead to increased bone formation in areas that experience the greatest principal strain during vibration. These findings demonstrate the potential therapeutic effects of mechanical loading in preventing costly osteoporotic fractures, and explore characteristics of bone that may lead to optimization of mechanical loading techniques. Further investigation of biomechanical properties of bone may lead to the prescribing of personalized mechanical loading treatments to treat osteoporotic diseases.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Mechanical loading associated with exercise is known to benefit bone health; however, most studies explore exercise benefits on bone mass independent of bone structure and strength. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the response of the skeleton to exercise across the translational divide between animal- and human-based studies, with a particular emphasis on exercise-induced changes in bone structure and estimated strength. To explore the skeletal benefits of exercise, models were used wherein loading is introduced unilaterally to one extremity. Unilateral exercise enables the contralateral, non-exercised extremity to be used as an internal control site for the influences of systemic factors, such as genetics and circulating hormones. In study 1, a dose response between load magnitude and tibial midshaft cortical bone adaptation was observed in mice that had their right tibia loaded in axial compression at one of three load magnitudes for 3 d/wk over 4 weeks. In study 2, the ability of peripheral quantitative computed tomography to provide very good prediction of midshaft humerus mechanical properties with good short-term precision in human subjects was demonstrated. In study 3, collegiate-level jumping (long and/or high jump) athletes were shown to have larger side-to-side differences in tibial midshaft structure and estimated strength between their jump and lead legs than observed in non-jumping athletes. In study 4, prepubertal baseball players followed for 12 months were shown to gain more bone mass, structure and estimated strength in their throwing arm relative to their nonthrowing arm over the course of 12 months. These cumulative data using a combination of experimental models ranging from animal to cross-sectional and longitudinal human models demonstrate the ability of the skeleton to adapt its structure and estimated strength to the mechanical loading associated with exercise. Study of these models in future work may aid in optimizing skeletal responses to exercise.