Submitted by Rafael Santana (rafael.silvasantana@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-19T18:29:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CAMILA ALBUQUERQUE FERNANDES 2016.pdf: 2707069 bytes, checksum: 1af5a8e892dd9aa2682c79f98c6cde09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-19T18:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação CAMILA ALBUQUERQUE FERNANDES 2016.pdf: 2707069 bytes, checksum: 1af5a8e892dd9aa2682c79f98c6cde09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Solda a Ponto por Fricção (Friction Spot Welding – FSpW) é um processo relativamente novo de soldagem desenvolvido e patenteado pelo GKSS na Alemanha, que visa complementar e/ou substituir tecnologias de uniões de soldagem convencionais. Essa nova tecnologia de soldagem se dá pela união no estado sólido, onde duas ou mais chapas são unidas através da transferência de energia térmica e mecânica que é gerada pela rotação da ferramenta. O presente trabalho visou avaliar a aplicabilidade da união da liga de alumínio 6061-T6 pela técnica de Solda a Ponto por Fricção. Essas soldas foram produzidas em configuração de sobreposição utilizando condições de soldagens variadas, por meio de diferentes combinações de velocidade de rotação, profundidade de penetração e velocidade de penetração; os quais foram estabelecidos através de uma análise estatística, utilizando como ferramenta o Box-Behnken. A integridade da junta soldada foi avaliada através dos efeitos dos parâmetros de processo, na geometria e na microestrutura da junta, e também no desempenho mecânico. Realizou-se também a otimização do processo de soldagem e um estudo sobre o comportamento de fratura das soldas submetidas a um esforço de cisalhamento. Os resultados mostraram que a melhor combinação de parâmetros foi encontrada na condição de soldagem: 130 rpm, 4,0 mm/s e 1,4 mm, com um valor médio de resistência ao cisalhamento de 6243,29 N, com boa reprodutibilidade. O botão da solda é constituído por três elementos geométricos que se mostraram inerentes ao processo: cunha, união principal e união secundária. Estes elementos mostraram possuir forte influência sobre o desempenho mecânico. / Friction Spot Welding (FSpW) is a relatively new welding process patented by GKSS in Germany. This new welding technology is given by the joining in a solid state, in which two or more plates are joined by thermal and mechanical energy transfer that is generated by the rotation of the welding tool. The aim of this work is to study the integrity of the welds of AA6061-T6, by the FSpW process. These welds were produced in an overlapping configuration using different welding conditions, through different combinations of rotational speed, depth of penetration and penetration speed, which were set through a statistical approach using the Box-Behnken. The integrity of the welded joint was evaluated by the effects of process parameters on geometry and microstructure of the joint, and also in the mechanical performance. It was also performed the optimization of the welding process and a brief study on the fracture behavior of the welds subjected to a shear stress. The results showed that the best combination of parameters was found in the welding condition: 130 rpm 4.0 mm / s and 1.4 mm with an average value of the shear strength of 6243.29 N, with good reproducibility. The metallurgical investigation revealed three geometric elements that are inherent to the process: primary union and secondary union and hook. These elements were shown to have strong influence on the mechanical performance.

La simulation des procédés de production des composites à renforts tissés est un enjeu majeur pour les industries de pointe, où leur utilisation s’intensifie. La maitrise des procédés d’obtention des composites à matrice et fibres en céramique, notamment les étapes de mise en forme et de pyrolyse, s’avère primordiale. La connaissance et la simulation du comportement mécanique aux différentes étapes est nécessaire pour optimiser les performances des pièces finales. Deux approches de modélisation macroscopique des renforts tissés épais de composite sont détaillées : une approche continue classique et une approche semi-discrète. Pour cela, une loi de comportement hyperélastique initialement orthotrope est développée. Cette loi est basée sur l’observation phénoménologique des modes de déformation privilégiés, à partir desquels sont proposés des invariants physiques de la transformation. L’identification des paramètres matériaux nécessaires est décrite. Une version modifiée de cette loi, sans contribution en tension, est implémentée dans un élément semi-discret, où le travail en tension est alors pris en compte par des barres discrétisant le tissage réel. Les importantes différences de rigidités entre sollicitations en tension et en cisaillements font des renforts tissés épais des matériaux fortement anisotropes. Leur modélisation numérique met en évidence des phénomènes parasites ou des limitations liés à cette spécificité. Le phénomène de verrouillage en tension est tout d’abord mis en évidence. Une solution basée sur une formulation éléments finis enhanced assumed strain est proposée pour des éléments continus classiques ou semi-discrets. Puis des problèmes liés aux simulations numériques dominées par la flexion sont soulevés : l’hourglassing transverse et l’absence de résistance locale à la courbure. Dans le cas de l’hourglassing transverse, deux méthodes de rigidification de ces modes de déplacement sont proposées : par moyennage des dilatations dans l’élément ou par ajout d’une rigidité matérielle tangente supplémentaire. Pour l’introduction d’une résistance à la courbure, une méthode basée sur l’utilisation purement numérique de plaques rotation free est proposée. Celles-ci permettent le calcul de la courbure induisant, par l’intermédiaire d’un moment de flexion, des efforts internes supplémentaires. Finalement, la modélisation du retour élastique après pyrolyse de la matrice organique à précurseurs céramique est réalisée. Le comportement de la matrice pyrolysée est identifié expérimentalement à l’aide d’une loi hyperélastique isotrope transverse. L’addition de cette loi, qui prend comme référence la préforme déformée, à la loi de comportement initiale du renfort tissé permet de visualiser les déformations obtenues en fin de pyrolyse. Cette modélisation est comparée à des résultats expérimentaux. / Manufacture processes modeling of woven fabrics composites is a major stake for state-of-the-art industrial parts, where their usage is intensifying. Control of all the manufacturing stages of ceramic matrix composites, particularly the forming and pyrolysis steps, is essential. Understanding and simulation of the mechanical behavior at each stage is required to optimize the final product performances. Two macroscopic modeling approaches of thick woven fabric reinforcements are detailed: a continuous classical one and a semi-discrete one. An initially orthotropic hyperelastic constitutive law is thus established. This law is based on a phenomenological observation of the main fabric deformation modes, from where physical invariants of the deformation are suggested. The required material parameters identification is explained. A modified version of this law, without any tensile energetic contribution, is implemented in a semi-discrete element where the tensile work is taken into account by bars that discretize the real weaving. Thick woven reinforcements are highly anisotropic materials due to the large ratio between the tensile rigidity and the others. Their numerical modeling highlights spurious phenomena and limitations related to this specificity. The tension locking is firstly tackled. A remedy based on an enhanced assumed strain finite element formulation is suggested for classical continuum and semi-discrete elements. Problems linked to bending-dominated numerical simulations are brought to attention : transverse hourglassing and lack of local bending stiffness. For the transverse hourglassing situation, two stiffening technics are proposed : averaging the dilatation through the whole element or adding a supplementary tangent material rigidity in a specific direction. The local bending stiffness problem is solved by calculating the curvature inside the element by using rotation free plates. The induced bending moment leads to supplementary internal loads. Finally, the elastic springback following the pyrolysis of the polymer matrix with ceramic precursors is modeled. The constitutive behavior is experimentally identified with a transverse isotropic hyperelastic law. Added to the initial reinforcements’ hyperelastic law, with the preformed fabric as reference configuration, the pyrolysis induced deformations can be visualized. This final model is compared with experimental results.

Expansive clays used in engineering practice are usually unsaturated and are sensitive to chemical composition of the in-pore solution. To analyse the complex coupled problems involved, an efficient mathematical model which can account for these chemo-hydro-mechanical behaviours has been developed. In this thesis, expansive clays are conceptualised into three-phase multi-species porous media. Based on the modified mixture theory and irreversible thermodynamics, a thermo-electro-chemo-hydro-mechanical framework has been developed. The Clausius-Duhem inequality, which governs the dissipations associated with mechanical work, phase transformation, mass transport and thermal transport, is rigorously derived. Based on this thermodynamic framework, constitutive laws for bulk liquid and salt mass transport, free and adsorbed water inter-phase mass transfer, and the chemo-elastic-plastic deformations of soil skeleton have been developed. The model has been implemented into the FEM software Bil and validated by simulating available experimental data on Boom Clays. What’s more, the salt infiltration process into an unsaturated expansive clay layer has been simulated to illustrate the applicability of the model. / Argiles gonflantes utilisées dans la pratique de l'ingénierie sont généralement insaturés et sont sensibles à la composition chimique de la solution dans les pores. Pour analyser les problèmes complexes couplés impliqués, un modèle mathématique efficace qui peut expliquer ces comportements chimio-hydro-mécanique a été développé. Dans cette thèse, argiles gonflantes sont conceptualisés dans triphasés multi-espèces de milieux poreux. Sur la base de la théorie de mélange modifié et thermodynamique irréversible, un cadre thermo-électro-chimio-hydro-mécanique a été développé. L'inégalité de Clausius-Duhem, qui régit les dissipations associés au travail mécanique, transformation de phase, le transport de masse et le transport thermique, est rigoureusement dérivée. Basé sur ce cadre thermodynamique, lois de comportement pour liquides en vrac et le sel de transport de masse, transfert de masse de l'eau entre en phase libre et adsorbé, et les déformations chimio-élastique-plastique de squelette du sol ont été développés. Le modèle a été mis en œuvre dans le logiciel FÉM Bil et validé en simulant les données expérimentales disponibles sur les argiles de Boom. Qui plus est, le processus d'infiltration de sel dans une couche d'argile gonflante insaturés a été simulée pour illustrer l'applicabilité du modèle.

Abstract High energy prices and new environmental policies have made geothermal energy increasingly popular. The EU, including Finland, aims to increase the use of renewable energy resources and reduce carbon emissions. Geothermal energy pile foundations, so-called energy piles, are considered a viable alternative technology for producing energy instead of traditional methods. Geothermal heat pump systems are economically efficient and renewable environmentally friendly energy production systems in which the ground acts as a heat source in winter and as a heat sink in summer. Energy piles are economical systems, as they act as dual-purpose structures in energy production and load transfer from buildings to the ground, avoiding extra expenses in ground boring solely for energy production. However, use of ground heat exchangers (GHE) for energy production in energy piles can result in temperature variations in the pile shaft and surrounding soil, in turn affecting the thermo-mechanical behaviour of pile shaft and soil in both structural and geotechnical terms. Despite large numbers of energy piles being installed, there is still a lack of reliable information and experience about the thermo-mechanical behaviour of these structures and their energy efficiency in cold climates. This thesis investigated the efficiency performance of energy pile foundations and their productivity in cold climates by considering different groundwater flow effects and short-term imbalanced seasonal thermal loadings. The structural and geotechnical bearing capacity of different types of energy piles fitted with GHEs were also evaluated, using numerical models, and the possibility of collapse due to use of thermal systems was examined. Use of the model to compare the performance of different GHEs in terms of their efficiency revealed that at a particular fluid flow rate, double U-tube systems had greater productivity than other systems tested. The results also indicated that using energy piles under medium groundwater flow can improve the productivity of systems by around 20% compared with saturated conditions with no groundwater flow. It was also concluded that in a design context, the structural bearing capacity of piles needs to be reduced due to the additional thermal stresses induced by heating/cooling pile operations. / Tiivistelmä Kasvaneet energiakustannukset ja kiristyneet ympäristösäädökset ovat lisänneet geotermisten energiaratkaisujen suosiota. EU, mukaan lukien Suomi, on asettanut tavoitteekseen lisätä uusiutuvien energialähteiden käyttöä ja vähentää hiilidioksidipäästöjä. Geotermistä energiaa hyödyntävä paaluperustukset, niin kutsutut energiapaalut, tarjoavat uudenlaisen teknologian vähäpäästöisen energian tuottamiseen. Geotermiset lämpöpumppujärjestelmät, maalämpöpumput, ovat taloudellisia ja ympäristöystävällisiä energiantuotantomenetelmiä, jotka talviaikaan siirtävät maaperään varastoitunutta energiaa rakennuksen lämmittämiseen ja vastaavasti jäähdyttävät rakennusta kesällä siirtämällä lämpöä maaperään. Energiapaalujen taloudellisuus syntyy siitä, että ne pystyvät palvelemaan rakennusta kahdessa roolissa. Ne ovat osa rakennuksen energiajärjestelmää ja toimivat samalla myös kantavana rakenteena, joka siirtää rakennuksen kuormia perustuksilta maaperään. Lämpöpumppujärjestelmän kytkeminen paaluihin voi johtaa lämpötilan vaihteluun paaluissa sekä niitä ympäröivässä maaperässä, mikä puolestaan vaikuttaa paalujen ja maaperän lämpömekaanisiin, rakenteellisiin sekä geoteknisiin ominaisuuksiin. Vaikka energiapaaluja on asennettu jo paljon, ei paalujen lämpömekaanisesta käyttäytymisestä tai energiatehokkuudesta kylmien ilmastojen alueilla ole vielä paljoa tutkittua tietoa. Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa selvitettiin numeerisesti energiapaalujen rakennuspaikan pohjaolosuhteista riippuvaa tuottopotentiaalia Skandinaavisissa olosuhteissa ja ilmastossa. Tarkastelut kohdistuivat erityisesti pohjavesivirtauksen sekä vuodenaikojen ja ilman lämpötilan vaihtelun vaikutuksiin. Tutkimuksessa arvioitiin myös paalujen lämpötilan vaihtelujen vaikutuksia paalujen geoteknisiin ja rakenteellisiin ominaisuuksia sekä kestävyyteen. Numeeristen simulaatiotulosten perusteella betonipaaluun asennetun U-putkirakenteen avulla saavutetaan paras tuottopotentiaali. Tulokset osoittivat, että kohtalainen pohjaveden virtaus parantaa systeemin tuottoa noin 20 % verrattuna tilanteeseen, jossa vedellä kyllästetyssä maassa ei tapahdu pohjaveden virtausta. Analyysitulokset osoittavat myös, että paalujen lämpötilavaihteluista aiheutuvat lisäjännitykset vähentävät paalujen kantokykyä, mikä tulee ottaa huomioon paalujen mitoituksessa.

Les manilles utilisées pour l'assemblage et l'amarrage des plates-formes pétrolières nécessitent des propriétés mécaniques de plus en plus élevées. Mais les défauts de fabrication de ces manilles, responsables de leur rupture prématurée, engendrent des coûts d'intervention très élevés. Afin de comprendre et d'anticiper ces défauts de fabrication, trois outils numériques ont été développés permettant de simuler (i) le procédé de fabrication, (ii) le traitement thermique et (iii) le chargement mécanique de la manille. Le procédé de fabrication des manilles est constitué d'une succession de différentes étapes de forgeage à chaud et a été caractérisé avec des mesures de température, géométrie et efforts durant toutes les étapes. Un modèle numérique thermo- mécanique du procédé de fabrication a été développé en 3D et permet de prédire tous les paramètres de forge. Une étude numérique d'influence de certains paramètres du procédé a permis de comprendre les différentes causes de mise au rebut. Des mesures de température, des observations métallographiques au microscope et au MEB ainsi que des essais mécaniques ont été effectués sur des lopins après différents cycles de traitement thermique. Un modèle numérique de traitement thermique a été développé en 1D et permet de simuler les changements de phases pendant la normalisation et la trempe, et ainsi d'obtenir la dureté résultante en tout point du lopin. Finalement, une cartographie des propriétés mécaniques d'une manille a été obtenue et les modes de déformation de la manille en condition de chargement ont été évalués par le biais d'un essai de tension sur banc. Le modèle numérique de la manille sous tension a été développé en 3D et permet d'évaluer la charge maximale en service, la charge à rupture ainsi que la zone critique de la manille étudiée / Shackles used for the assembly or the mooring of petroleum platforms require constantly higher mechanical properties. But the manufacturing defects often lead to premature failure which can cost 1M€/day. Thus, in order to understand and anticipate those manufacturing defects, three numerical tools have been developed to simulate (i) the manufacturing process, (ii) the heat treatment and (iii) the mechanical behavior of the shackle. A shackle is manufactured via a sequence of hot forming stages and the manufacturing process has been characterized during all the stages, with measures of temperature, geometry and loads. The numerical thermo-mechanical model has been developed in 3D and gives a very good prediction of each forging parameters. A numerical study of influence of some process parameters has led to a better understanding of scrapping. Temperature measurements, metallographic observations as well as mechanical testing have been carried out on cylindrical rods after various heat treatment cycles. The numerical heat treatment model has been developed in 1D and predicts phase transformations during normalizing and quenching, as well as the hardness at each point of the rod. Finally, the distribution of the mechanical properties over a shackle has been characterized and the deformation modes of the shackle were evaluated via a load test on a dedicated bench. The numerical model of the shackle under tension has been developed in 3D and allows to evaluate the working load limit, the break load as well as the critical zone of the shackle.

Thss thesis presents the results of an experimental programme on the static mono-tonic response of cohesive-frictional granular materials. The purpose of this experimental programme was to gain insight into the mechanical behaviour of uncemented sands, and sands with small percentages of cementation. With this objective in sight, the research involved understanding and delineating the e ects of four variables: the intermediate principal stress, stress inclination, cohesion (or cementation), and particle morphology. The hollow cylinder torsion (HCT) apparatus, which allows control over both the magnitude and direction of principal stresses, was used in this study to carry out a series of elemental tests on the model materials. The test results were analysed in a plasticity theory based framework of critical state soil mechanics. Drained and undrained HCT tests were conducted on a model angular sand to understand the combined influence of intermediate principal stress ratio (b) and principal stress inclination ( ). Sand specimens were reconstituted to a given density and confining pressure, and were sheared to large strains towards a critical state. The stresses at the critical state with varying `b' were mapped on an octahedral plane to obtain a critical state locus. The shape of this locus closely resembles a curved triangle. Also these specimens showed increased non-coaxiality between the stress and strain increment directions at lower strains. This non-coaxiality decreased significantly, and the response at the critical state was by and large coaxial. The effect of `b' and ` ' on the flow potential, phase transformation, and critical state was also investigated. At phase transformation, ` ' plays a more dominant role in determining the flow potential than `b'. The shape and size of the critical state locus remained the same immaterial of the drainage conditions. Next, small amounts of cohesion (using ordinary Portland cement) was added to this sand ensemble to study the mechanical behaviour of weakly cemented sands. The peak in the stress strain curve was used to signal the breakdown of cohesion further leading to a complete destructuring of the sand at the critical state. The response of the cemented sand changes from brittle to ductile with increase in confining pressure, while reverses with increase in density and `b'. Stress-dilatancy response for the weakly cemented materials shows the non coincidence of peak stress ratio and maximum value of dilation unlike purely frictional materials. This mismatch in peak stress ratio and maximum dilation diminishes with increase in confining pressure. The peak stress (cemented structured sand) locus and the critical state (destructured) locus were constructed on the octahedral plane from these HCT tests. The critical state locus of the cemented sand when it is completely destructured almost coincides with the critical state locus of the clean sand. Using this experimental data set, some important stress-dilatancy relationships (like Zhang and Salgado) and failure criteria (Lade's isotropic single hardening failure criteria and SMP failure criteria) were benchmarked and their prediction capabilities of such models were discussed in detail. The effect of particle morphology was also investigated in this testing programme. Rounded glass ballotini and angular quartzitic sand which occupy two extreme shapes were selected, and a series of HCT tests at different `b' values were con-ducted. A larger sized CS locus was obtained for angular particles and it encompassed the critical state locus of the spherical glass ballotini. Spherical particles exhibit a predominantly dilative behaviour, however present a lower strength at the critical state. The mobilization of strength as a result of rearrangement of angular particles and the consequent interlocking is higher. Even with contractive behaviour which is reflected in the higher values of critical state friction angle and the larger size of the yield locus for sand. Finally, a series of unconfined compression tests were performed to understand if there exists a scale separation in cohesive frictional materials. Specimens were reconstituted to a range of sizes while maintaining a constant aspect ratio and density. As the specimen size increased, the peak strength also increases, counter to an idea of a generalized continuum for all model systems. The observed secondary length scale (in addition to the continuum length scale) is obverse to the one observed in quasi-brittle materials such as concrete, rock. In order to ascertain the reason behind this phenomenon, a series of tomography studies were carried out on these contact-bound ensembles. The presence of cohesion between the grains brings about an \entanglement" between the grains, which contributes to increase in strength, with increase in the size of the sample. This in e ect bringing forth a second length scale that controls the behaviour of these cohesive frictional granular materials. This experimental data set provides quantification of various aspects of the me-chanical response of both cemented and uncemented granular materials under myriad stress conditions. This data set is also extremely useful in developing and bench-marking constitutive models and simulations.

Dans le cadre de la déposition géologique profonde des déchets radioactifs, l'argile de Boom est choisie comme une des formations hôtes potentielles dans le programme belge. Par sa formation géologique, cette argile est considérée comme un matériau isotrope transversal. En effet, l'anisotropie de ses propriétés hydraulique et thermique a été mise en évidence dans plusieurs études. Il apparait maintenant nécessaire de mener une étude complète sur son comportement anisotrope. Sur le plan expérimental, l'anisotropie des propriétés thermo-hydro-mécaniques de l'argile de Boom a été mise en évidence à l'aide des mesures de la conductivité thermique, de la conductivité hydraulique, et du module de cisaillement. Grâce à ces mesures sur des carottes fraichement forées, l'endommagement dû à l'excavation de la galerie a été identifié (dans la zone près de la galerie « Connecting » à Mol, Belgique) et modélisé par un modèle empirique dont la variable d'endommagement est basée sur le volume des macro-pores. Ensuite, l'anisotropie du comportement en condition K0 a été étudiée en analysant le comportement de trois types d'éprouvettes différents (0°, 45° et 90° au plan du litage) pendant et après la re-saturation dans des cellules oedométriques et triaxiales à plusieurs états de contraintes différents. Enfin, le comportement anisotrope en condition triaxiale a été étudié en réalisant des essais triaxiaux sur trois types d'éprouvettes. Au cours de ces essais, les mesures des vitesses d'ondes Vs et Vp ont été également effectuées à l'aide des éléments piézoélectriques encastrés dans deux embases supérieure et inférieure d'une cellule triaxiale. Ces résultats ont permis de déterminer les paramètres de l'élasticité anisotrope. Sur le plan de modélisation, un modèle anisotrope avec huit paramètres anisotropes (cinq paramètres élastiques et trois paramètres plastiques) a été développé, en utilisant la théorie de Bohler (Boehler et Sawczuk, 1977). Ce modèle est basé sur un modèle élasto-plastique isotrope à deux surfaces de charge validé précédemment pour l'argile de Boom (Hong, 2013). La validation de ce modèle anisotrope a été réalisée grâce aux résultats expérimentaux des essais oedométriques et triaxiaux obtenus dans cette étude / In the program of deep geological radioactive waste disposal in Belgium, Boom Clay has been chosen as one of the potential host rocks. Due to the geological stratification, this stiff clay has been regarded as a transverse isotropic material. The anisotropy of its hydraulic and thermal properties was shown in several studies. It seems necessary now to conduct a more in-depth study on the anisotropic behaviour of Boom Clay. In terms of experimental works, the anisotropy of the thermo-hydro-mechanical properties of Boom Clay was evidenced using measurements of thermal conductivity, hydraulic conductivity and small-strain shear modulus. Through these measurements on freshly cored Boom Clay samples, the damage due to excavation of the gallery was identified (in the zone near the Connecting gallery at Mol, Belgium) and modelled using an empirical model in which the damage variable is based on the volume of macro-pores. Afterwards, the anisotropy behaviour under K0 condition was studied by analysing the behaviour of three types of specimens (0°, 45°, and 90° to the bedding plane) during and after the re-saturation in the triaxial and oedometer cells under different stress states. Finally, the anisotropic behaviour under triaxial condition was investigated through several triaxial tests on three types of specimens. During these tests, the velocity measurements of seismic waves Vs et Vp were performed thanks to the bender elements installed in the upper and bottom bases of a triaxial cell. These results were used to determine the parameters of anisotropic elasticity. In terms of modelling works, an anisotropic model with eight anisotropic parameters (fives elastic parameters and three plastic parameters) was developed using the theory of Boehler (Boehler et Sawczuk, 1977). This model is based on an elasto-plastic isotropic model with two yield surfaces elaborated previously for Boom Clay (Hong, 2013). The validation of this anisotropic model was made based on the results obtained from oedometer and triaxial tests performed in this study

Ein Blick in die Baugeschichte zeigt, dass sich in Abhängigkeit der vorhandenen Baumaterialien jeweils typische, sinnvolle Konstruktionsformen herausgebildet haben. Bereits vor mehr als 10.000 Jahren errichtete man Gebäude aus Ziegelmauerwerk [1]. Im antiken Rom erlebte der opus caementitium seine Glanzzeit [2]. Beide Materialien sind sehr druck-, aber wenig zugfest. Folglich findet man hauptsächlich druckbeanspruchte Strukturen wie Wände oder Kuppeln, für Decken wurde beispielsweise Holz genutzt. Für Naturbrücken aus zugfesten Pflanzenmaterialien hingegen sind Hängekonstruktionen prädestiniert. Mit Stahl und bewehrtem Beton können auch biegebeanspruchte Konstruktionen realisiert werden. Allerdings nimmt man hierbei in der Regel in vielen Tragwerksbereichen eine mangelhafte Materialausnutzung in Kauf. [Aus: Intention] / A look at the construction history shows that typical, sensible forms of construction have developed depending on the building materials available. More than 10,000 years ago, buildings were already made of brickwork [1]. In ancient Rome, the opus caementitium experienced its heyday [2]. Both materials were very resistant to pressure, but had little tensile strength. Consequently, one mainly finds structures subject to compressive stress such as walls or cupolas; for ceilings, for example, wood was used. For natural bridges made of tension-resistant plant materials, on the other hand, suspended structures are predestined. With steel and reinforced concrete, structural elements subject to bending stress can also be realised. However, in many areas of such structures, insufficient utilisation of the material is accepted. [Off: Intention]

Tesis por compendio / [ES] La construcción con elementos prefabricados de hormigón es un sector en alza por la aceleración del proceso constructivo, el ahorro de costes derivados de la obra in situ y la mejora de la calidad y acabados, entre otros. En la construcción prefabricada de estructuras de ingeniería civil como puentes y edificios es frecuente el empleo de vigas prefabricadas de hormigón. La construcción con estas vigas requiere el vertido de una capa de hormigón in situ sobre las mismas tras su emplazamiento, que sirve como elemento integrador para garantizar la unidad estructural. Los elementos estructurales que se obtienen de esta forma son conocidos como vigas compuestas de hormigón. En vigas compuestas, aspectos como la resistencia a rasante de la interfaz entre hormigones han sido estudiados en numerosas publicaciones. No obstante, su comportamiento a cortante no ha sido, por el momento, analizado en profundidad. En consecuencia, existe muy poca información, tanto en la literatura existente como en los códigos de diseño actuales, acerca de la resistencia a cortante de estos elementos, de cómo influye la presencia de una interfaz entre los hormigones en la resistencia a cortante o de cómo contribuye la losa hormigonada in situ a dicha resistencia. La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo estudiar la resistencia a cortante de vigas compuestas de hormigón. Para ello, se desarrolla un extenso programa experimental compuesto por vigas monolíticas y compuestas con y sin armadura transversal, con sección transversal rectangular o en forma de T y con hormigones de diferentes calidades en la viga prefabricada y en la losa hormigonada in situ. Se ensaya a cortante un total de 69 vigas de hormigón armado con el fin de analizar las diferentes variables de interés en la resistencia a cortante. A partir de los resultados experimentales, se propone un modelo mecánico de predicción de la resistencia a cortante de vigas compuestas de hormigón con sección transversal rectangular y en forma de T, que también es de aplicación a vigas monolíticas en T. Además, como apoyo al estudio experimental y al modelo mecánico, se modelan numéricamente algunos especímenes del programa experimental. Con todo ello, se busca incrementar el estado actual del conocimiento en este campo, mediante el aporte de un gran número de resultados experimentales y el análisis de los parámetros de diseño, así como sentar las bases para el desarrollo de una formulación de diseño de estructuras compuestas y de evaluación de las ya existentes globalmente aceptada por la comunidad científica. / [CA] La construcció amb elements prefabricats de formigó és un sector en alça per l'acceleració del procés constructiu, l'estalvi de costos derivats de l'obra in situ i la millora de la qualitat i acabats, entre altres. En la construcció prefabricada d'estructures d'enginyeria civil com a ponts i edificis és freqüent l'ús de bigues prefabricades de formigó. La construcció amb aquestes bigues requereix l'abocament d'una capa de formigó in situ sobre les bigues després del seu emplaçament, que serveix com a element integrador per a garantir la unitat estructural. Els elements estructurals que s'obtenen d'aquesta forma són coneguts com a bigues compostes de formigó. En bigues compostes, aspectes com la resistència a rasant de la interfície entre formigons han sigut estudiats en nombroses publicacions. No obstant això, el seu comportament a tallant no ha sigut, de moment, analitzat en profunditat. En conseqüència, existeix molt poca informació, tant en la literatura existent com en els codis de disseny actuals, sobre la resistència a tallant d'aquests elements, de com influeix la presència d'una interfície entre els formigons en la resistència a tallant o de com contribueix la llosa formigonada in situ a aquesta resistència. La present tesi doctoral té com a objectiu estudiar la resistència a tallant de bigues compostes de formigó. Per a això, es desenvolupa un extens programa experimental compost per bigues monolítiques i compostes amb armadura transversal i sense, amb secció transversal rectangular o en forma de T i amb formigons de diferents qualitats en la biga prefabricada i en la llosa formigonada in situ. S'assaja a tallant un total de 69 bigues de formigó armat amb la finalitat d'analitzar les diferents variables d'interés en la resistència a tallant. A partir dels resultats experimentals, es proposa un model mecànic de predicció de la resistència a tallant de bigues compostes de formigó amb secció transversal rectangular i en forma de T, que també és aplicable a bigues monolítiques en T. A més, com a suport a l'estudi experimental i al model mecànic, es modelen numèricament alguns espècimens del programa experimental. Amb tot això, es pretén incrementar l'estat actual del coneixement en aquest camp, mitjançant l'aportació d'un gran nombre de resultats experimentals i l'anàlisi dels paràmetres de disseny, així com establir les bases per al desenvolupament d'una formulació de disseny d'estructures compostes i d'avaluació de les ja existents globalment acceptada per la comunitat científica. / [EN] Construction with precast concrete elements is a booming sector due to the acceleration of the construction process, the saving of costs arising from the on-site construction and the quality and finish improvement, among others. Precast concrete beams are frequently used in the precast construction of civil engineering structures such as bridges and buildings. Construction with these beams requires the pouring of a cast-in-place concrete layer on top of the beams after their placement, which works as a unifying element to ensure structural integrity. Structural elements obtained in this way are known as concrete composite beams. In composite beams, some aspects such as the shear strength of the interface between concretes have been studied in multiple publications. However, their shear behaviour has not yet been analysed in depth. Consequently, there is very little information, both in the existing literature and in current design codes, about the shear strength of these elements, how the presence of an interface between the concretes influences the shear strength or how the cast-in-place concrete slab contributes to the shear strength. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to study the shear strength of concrete composite beams. For this purpose, an extensive experimental programme is developed, consisting of monolithic and composite beams with and without transverse reinforcement, with rectangular or T-shaped cross-section and with concretes of different qualities in the precast beam and in the slab. A total of 69 reinforced concrete beams are tested under shear forces in order to analyse the different variables of interest in shear strength. Based on the experimental results, a mechanical model for predicting the shear strength of concrete composite beams with rectangular and T-shaped cross-section is proposed, which is also applicable to monolithic T-beams. In addition, to support the experimental study and the mechanical model, some specimens of the experimental programme are numerically modelled. All in all, the aim is to improve the current state of knowledge in this field by providing a large number of experimental results and analysing the design parameters, as well as to lay the foundations for the development of a formulation for the design of existing structures and the assessment of existing ones that is globally accepted by the scientific community. / The present doctoral thesis would not have been possible without the financial support of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MCIN) and the Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI) through Grants BIA2015-64672-C4-4-R and RTI2018- 099091-B-C21-AR, both funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the “ERDF A way of making Europe”. I am thankful as well for their support through Grant BES-2016-078010 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by the “ESF Investing in your future”. The project was also supported by the Regional Government of Valencia through Project AICO/2018/250. And finally, thanks to the Concrete Science and Technology University Institute (ICITECH) of the Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV; Spain) in which this research project has been developed, and to our concrete supplier Caplansa. / Rueda García, L. (2022). Experimental Assessment of the Shear Resistant Behaviour of Precast Concrete Beams with Top Cast-in-Place Concrete Slab [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/183594 / TESIS / Compendio

A model to predict the thermo-hygro-mechanical behaviour of wood is introduced. The description of the transport processes of moisture and heat are combined with a model for the mechanical response. Moisture transport is represented by a two-phase multi-FICKian approach, considering bound water and water vapour. For the mechanical response, a moisture- and temperature-dependent, orthotropic, elastic material formulation is used. The theoretical basis of the model and the numerical implementation of the monolithic solution into a Finite Element framework are discussed as well as its verification and validation. With this model at hand, arbitrary wooden structures can be simulated in a transient manner subjected to climatic and mechanical loads. In the contribution, the approach is applied to the analysis of a panel painting by L. CRANACH the Elder.