Nos últimos anos, novas tecnologias têm sido desenvolvidas para a redução da emissão de gás carbônico, um dos principais causadores do efeito estufa. Na indústria de ferro e aço, grande emissora de gás carbônico, tecnologias para uso mais eficiente de carvão fóssil tem sido desenvolvidas. Uma dessas tecnologias é o produto chamado de CCB (Carbon Composite Iron Ore Hot Briquette), um composto de minério de ferro e carbono briquetado a quente que usa a plasticidade térmica do carvão fóssil como aglomerante para aumento da resistência mecânica do aglomerado. Esse produto tem como vantagens a alta velocidade de reação e alta resistência mecânica a altas temperaturas, diferentemente das pelotas autorredutores que usam aglomerantes inorgânicos. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: (a) propor um método para a fabricação de aglomerados autorredutores de minério de ferro e carvão fóssil via briquetagem a frio seguida de tratamento térmico; (b) identificar a principais variáveis de processo de fabricação; e (c) estudar o comportamento cinético durante a redução dos briquetes produzidos. Para fabricar os briquetes foram utilizados dois métodos de briquetagem, um em matriz cilíndrica de compressão uniaxial, e outro em prensa de rolos. Foram identificadas as principais variáveis de processo na fabricação dos briquetes: temperatura de tratamento térmico; tamanho de partícula dos componentes da mistura; características do carvão fóssil; pressão de compressão na conformação dos briquetes; proporção dos componentes; e taxa de aquecimento do tratamento térmico. A qualidade dos briquetes foi mensurada por sua resistência à compressão. Foi observado que a obtenção de um briquete autorredutor comparável com os CCBs, deve levar em conta as seguintes condições de fabricação: (a) tamanho de partícula do carvão fóssil entre 0,105 e 0,053 mm (150 e 270 mesh); (b) quantidade de carvão fóssil na mistura entre 25 e 30% em peso; e (c) temperatura de tratamento térmico de 500°C. Além disso, quanto maior a taxa de aquecimento do tratamento térmico, maior a resistência à compressão dos briquetes. A cinética de redução dos briquetes autorredutores tratados termicamente é bastante sensível à temperatura (E = 369 kJ/mol), principalmente quando comparada a pelotas autorredutoras de minério de ferro e carvão vegetal (E 200 kJ/mol). / In recent years, new technologies have been developed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, one of the main causes of the greenhouse effect. Innovative energy saving technologies have been developed to improve the efficiency of coal usage, especially in the iron making industry, which emits large amounts of carbon dioxide. One of these technologies is a product known as CCB (Carbon Composite Iron Ore Hot Briquette), a self-reducing carbon composite iron ore that uses the thermal plasticity of coking coals as a binder to enhance the mechanical strength of the agglomerate. This product has advantages such as high reaction rate and high mechanical strength at high temperatures when compared against self-reducing pellets that uses inorganic binders. The objectives of this study are: (a) to propose a method for manufacturing composite briquettes of iron ore and coal hardened by heat treatment; (b) to identify the main process variables of the fabrication; and (c) to study the agglomerate reduction kinetics. Two methods of briquetting have been employed, one using a cylindrical die and the other using a laboratory roller press. The main process variables for manufacturing the briquettes have been identified: the heat treatment temperature; the particle size of the components; the coal characteristics; the briquetting pressure; the proportion of the components; and the heating rate. Compressive strength tests have been performed. It was observed that obtaining a self-reducing briquette as strong as the CCB should consider the following fabrication conditions: (a) coal particle size between 0,105 and 0,053 mm (150 and 270 mesh); (b) coal amount in the mixture between 25 and 30 wt%; and (c) heat treatment temperature of 500°C. Also, higher heating rates showed higher briquette compressive strengths. The self-reducing briquettes reduction kinetics are very sensitive to temperature (E = 369 kJ/mol), especially when compared against self-reducing pellets of iron ore and charcoal (E 200 kJ/mol).

Les aciers bainitiques refroidis à l'air libre sont de plus en plus utilisés à la place des aciers martensitiques trempés et revenus pour la réalisation de pièces forgées dans le secteur automobile. Ces aciers permettent la réalisation d'économies significatives de temps et d'argent lors de leur fabrication. Leur résistance mécanique élevée est obtenue grâce à une composition chimique complexe, générant une microstructure multi-échelle et multiphasée lors du refroidissement à l'air libre. Dans un souci d'amélioration continue de cet acier, il devient nécessaire de comprendre plus en profondeur les mécanismes physiques mis en jeu lors de la décomposition de l'austénite. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à cette compréhension en établissant des liens quantitatifs entre la composition chimique, la microstructure et les propriétés mécaniques pour cette gamme d'aciers dans des conditions représentatives du forgeage. L'influence de plusieurs éléments d'alliage sur la microstructure brute de forge, ainsi que quelques synergies entre ces éléments, a été établie grâce à l'étude de diagrammes TRC spécifiques à l'application visée. Les mécanismes de rupture dominants et les paramètres microstructuraux contrôlant la résilience ont été identifiés par l'étude des faciès de rupture, de l'endommagement dans le volume et par des caractérisations microstructurales ciblées. Les contributions respectives de chaque mécanisme classique de durcissement structural ont été déterminées de manière quantitative, sur la base de plusieurs hypothèses et de paramètres microstructuraux. Au passage, des informations précieuses sur le comportement global en traction de ces aciers ont été récoltées grâces à l'étude des mécanismes d'endommagement et de rupture en traction.Tous ces résultats ont permis l'identification des paramètres microstructuraux, comme la taille de paquet bainitique et la fraction de constituants microstructuraux secondaires, qui doivent être pris en considération lors de l'optimisation de la composition chimique. / Air-cooled bainitic steel grades are increasingly being considered as substitutes to quenched & tempered martensitic steels in the realization of automotive forged parts. They allow significant manufacturing cost and time reductions. To compete with martensitic steels, high mechanical strength is provided by a complex chemical composition, leading to a multi-scale and multi-constituent microstructure after air-cooling. In order to optimize such chemical composition, need in rationalization of the steel grade development has emerged.The main aim of this Ph.D project was to build a physically based knowledge of the steel grade by making quantitative links between chemical composition, microstructure and mechanical properties in as-forged condition.The influence of several alloying elements on the as-forged microstructure, as well as some synergies, has been established using relevant CCT diagrams.Dominant fracture mechanisms and controlling microstructural parameters in concern of impact toughness have been identified with the help of comprehensive fracture surface, cross-section observations and targeted quantitative microstructural characterization.The respective contributions to yield strength of classical strengthening mechanisms have been quantitatively determined, based on several hypothesis and the use of several microstructural parameters. At the same, precious information on tensile behaviour has also been deduced from the observation of the fractured tensile test specimens.All these results allow identifying the key microstructural parameters, such as bainitic packet size or secondary microstructural constituents content, that have to be targeted in the alloy design.

Modified nanocellulose have distinctive qualities and have drawn a lot of interest from a variety of fields. It is a natural, sustainable product that is manufactured from plant-based materials like wood and other renewable resources. It is also biodegradable. It is a possible material for battery separators because of its great mechanical strength, flexibility, and ability to create a stable and consistent membrane. Due to the cost of using it as a membrane, it has been investigated in this work to see if it can be coated onto a substrate and used as battery separator. In this work sulfonated cellulose nanofibrils (SCNF) has been used to be coated on kraft paper and inkjet paper using a rod coater. Parameters like concentration, thickness and substrates have been varied in this experiment. Viscosity was measured using Brookfield instrument to measure the viscosity for 0,5% SCNF and 1,5% SCNF. The coating was carried out using a rod coater and varying between two rods to influence the thickness, the coating used concentrations of 0,5% SCNF and 1,5% SCNF and two different substrates, kraft paper and inkjet paper. Thickness was determined to study the effect of the variation in rod. The mechanical strength was tested on the coated paper substrates and compared the results to the noncoated substrates as reference, the mechanical strength showed an improvement with the coated SCNF substrates. Permeance through the Gurley method was studied in order to understand how the coated substrates behaves compared to the noncoated. Contact angle was determined as well to understand the wettability of the coated substrates and how they would behave as separators in zinc ion batteries. The contact angle decreased with increasing concentration of the SCNF which is a result of the sulfonate groups. Cross sections were analyzed using SEM to study the influence of the coating to the substrates. Ionic conductivity was also tested to evaluate the possibility of the coated substrates as separators.

O método Umedecimento, Compactação e Secagem (UCOS) (1, 2, 3) produz, a partir de gesso e água, um material de elevada resistência mecânica: até 90 MPa na compressão. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento mecânico deste material e como a água, a temperatura, as impurezas e a microestrutura influenciam no seu comportamento. Durante o estudo da adesão intercristalina, foi encontrada presença de água confinada e que é responsável por grande parte da resistência mecânica. Para auxiliar o estudo, foi desenvolvido outro método: Empacotamento Direto do Dihidrato (EDD). Nesta metodologia, é produzido um material com a mesma resistência, porém com algumas diferenças no comportamento mecânico diferente. Através da elevada resistência mecânica alcançada pelos métodos UCOS e EDD, as aplicações do gesso podem ser ampliadas desde que o gesso conformado por tais métodos possuam confiabilidade e segurança. Para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas, a confiabilidade e a segurança de tal material, realizou-se o estudo dos mecanismos tenacificadores e da mecânica da fratura. Os mecanismos tenacificadores estudados neste trabalho são: controle da microestrutura (aumento da superfície de ruptura), introdução de fibras poliméricas (distribuição da tensão na ponta da trinca, ramificação da ponta da trinca e contenção da abertura da trinca) e introdução de adesivo polimérico (melhora a adesão entre cristais e distribui melhor a tensão na ponta da trinca). Os resultados mostram que os compósitos de gesso reforçados com fibras poliméricas e/ou adesivo polimérico possuem elevada resistência e comportamentos mecânicos distintos para cada tipo de compósito e método de conformação. Concluímos que, com o conhecimento adquirido, é possível intervir no processamento e na microestrutura, além de poder incorporar elementos a esse material para atender às condições de uma determinada aplicação / The humidification, compaction and drying (Umedecimento, Compactação e Secagem UCOS) (1, 2, 3) method produces a high strength material from plaster and water: up to 90 MPa in compression. This work presents the study of mechanical properties of this material and how water, temperature, impurity and microstructure influence in its behavior. During the study of the intercrystalline adhesion force, we found the presence of confined water and that it accounts for great part of the strength. In order to aid the study, another method was developed: Direct Packaging of the Dihydrate (Empacotamento Direto do Dihidrato EDD). In this methodology, it produces a material with the same resistance, but with some difference in the mechanical behavior. Through the high strength reached by the UCOS and EDD methods, the plaster applications can be extended, since the set material by these methods are reliable and safe. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties, the reliability and the safety of these pieces, we performed the study of the fracture mechanics and the fracture toughening mechanisms. In this work, the studied toughening are: microstructure control (enlargement of the fracture surface), polymeric fiber reinforcement (tension distribution on the fracture tip, fracture tip deflection, and fiber bridging), and polymer adhesive reinforcement (they enhance the adhesion between crystals and better distribute the tension on the fracture tip). The results show that the plaster composites of polymeric fibers and/or polymer adhesive have high resistance, and different mechanical behaviors for each type of composite and setting method. Based on the acquired knowledge, we conclude that it is possible to interfere on the processing and on the microstructure, as well as reinforcements in this material to satisfy the needs of a specific application

O concreto de elevado desempenho (CED) é aquele que atende aos requisitos de durabilidade e de resistência mecânica da construção, produzido a partir de materiais selecionados, com equipamentos eficientes e procedimentos controlados. Desenvolveu-se, assim, um estudo experimental, tendo como objetivo principal analisar e estabelecer correlações a partir de propriedades mecânicas e de durabilidade com a microestrutura da matriz. Para tanto, considera-se: a) emprego de agregados da região de São Carlos SP, analisando as suas características fundamentais; b) o emprego de cimentos Portland CP II E 32, CP V ARI Plus e CP V ARI RS em conformidade com ABNT, estabelecendo uma sinergia com os outros materiais envolvidos; c) o estabelecimento de dosagens buscando uma maior compacidade; d) a relação entre os constituintes, correlacionando-os com as formas produtivas e características de aplicações; e) o acompanhamento do desenvolvimento da hidratação e da microestrutura das composições estabelecidas e da influência adição da sílica ativa na matriz como um todo. A análise da microestrutura fundamentou-se em ensaios de poro simetria por intrusão de mercúrio, poro simetria por adsorção de gás nitrogênio, microscopia eletrônica de varredura, termogravimetria e difração de raio-X. Os resultados indicam que a sílica ativa tem forte influência na qualidade dos concretos de alto desempenho, principalmente quando em associação com escória de alto fomo, indicando a possibilidade de se produzir concretos duráveis. Da mesma forma, os resultados mecânicos sugerem excelentes perspectivas na produção do CED, com altas resistências à compressão, na faixa de até 110MPa, à tração na flexão da ordem de 10MPa e resistência à abrasão cerca de 40% superior a dos concretos convencionais. / High performance concrete (HPC) is concrete that meets the requisites of hardness and mechanical strength of construction applications, and is produced with selected materiaIs, efficient equipment and controlled procedures. An experimental study was carried out with the main purpose of analyzing and establishing correlations based on mechanical properties and durability of the matrix\'s microstructure. To this end, the following factors were taken into consideration: a) the use of aggregates available in the region of São Carlos, SP, analyzing their fundamental characteristics; b) the use of Portland CP II E 32, CP V AR! Plus and CP V AR! RS cements according to the ABNT code, establishing a synergy with the other materiais involved; c) the establishment of dosages in the search for greater compactness; d) the relation among the constituents, correlating them with the forms of production and characteristics of application; e) follow-up of the development of hydration and of the microstructures of the compositions established, and the influence of the addition of active silica in the matrix as a whole. The microstructural analysis was based on tests of porosity by mercury intrusion, porosity by adsorption of nitrogen gas, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that active silica exerts a strong influence on the quality of high performance concretes, particularly when associated with slag, indicating the possibility of producing durable concretes. Similarly, the mechanical findings suggest excellent prospects for HPC production, with high compressive strength in the range of up to 110MPa, flexural strength in the order of 10MPa, and abrasive strength approximately 40% superior to that of conventional concretes.

O método Umedecimento, Compactação e Secagem (UCOS) (1, 2, 3) produz, a partir de gesso e água, um material de elevada resistência mecânica: até 90 MPa na compressão. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo do comportamento mecânico deste material e como a água, a temperatura, as impurezas e a microestrutura influenciam no seu comportamento. Durante o estudo da adesão intercristalina, foi encontrada presença de água confinada e que é responsável por grande parte da resistência mecânica. Para auxiliar o estudo, foi desenvolvido outro método: Empacotamento Direto do Dihidrato (EDD). Nesta metodologia, é produzido um material com a mesma resistência, porém com algumas diferenças no comportamento mecânico diferente. Através da elevada resistência mecânica alcançada pelos métodos UCOS e EDD, as aplicações do gesso podem ser ampliadas desde que o gesso conformado por tais métodos possuam confiabilidade e segurança. Para avaliar as propriedades mecânicas, a confiabilidade e a segurança de tal material, realizou-se o estudo dos mecanismos tenacificadores e da mecânica da fratura. Os mecanismos tenacificadores estudados neste trabalho são: controle da microestrutura (aumento da superfície de ruptura), introdução de fibras poliméricas (distribuição da tensão na ponta da trinca, ramificação da ponta da trinca e contenção da abertura da trinca) e introdução de adesivo polimérico (melhora a adesão entre cristais e distribui melhor a tensão na ponta da trinca). Os resultados mostram que os compósitos de gesso reforçados com fibras poliméricas e/ou adesivo polimérico possuem elevada resistência e comportamentos mecânicos distintos para cada tipo de compósito e método de conformação. Concluímos que, com o conhecimento adquirido, é possível intervir no processamento e na microestrutura, além de poder incorporar elementos a esse material para atender às condições de uma determinada aplicação / The humidification, compaction and drying (Umedecimento, Compactação e Secagem UCOS) (1, 2, 3) method produces a high strength material from plaster and water: up to 90 MPa in compression. This work presents the study of mechanical properties of this material and how water, temperature, impurity and microstructure influence in its behavior. During the study of the intercrystalline adhesion force, we found the presence of confined water and that it accounts for great part of the strength. In order to aid the study, another method was developed: Direct Packaging of the Dihydrate (Empacotamento Direto do Dihidrato EDD). In this methodology, it produces a material with the same resistance, but with some difference in the mechanical behavior. Through the high strength reached by the UCOS and EDD methods, the plaster applications can be extended, since the set material by these methods are reliable and safe. In order to evaluate the mechanical properties, the reliability and the safety of these pieces, we performed the study of the fracture mechanics and the fracture toughening mechanisms. In this work, the studied toughening are: microstructure control (enlargement of the fracture surface), polymeric fiber reinforcement (tension distribution on the fracture tip, fracture tip deflection, and fiber bridging), and polymer adhesive reinforcement (they enhance the adhesion between crystals and better distribute the tension on the fracture tip). The results show that the plaster composites of polymeric fibers and/or polymer adhesive have high resistance, and different mechanical behaviors for each type of composite and setting method. Based on the acquired knowledge, we conclude that it is possible to interfere on the processing and on the microstructure, as well as reinforcements in this material to satisfy the needs of a specific application

Tendo em vista a intensa competitividade entre empresas no cenário global atual, entre essas as montadoras de carros. O trabalho se fundamenta em estudar uma variação do processo de soldagem por resistência elétrica, visando melhoria contínua dos processos produtivos. A melhoria de processos exige estudos de viabilidade econômica, o refino e o aperfeiçoamento tecnológico do novo processo. No presente estudo foi desenvolvida uma aplicação industrial, utilizando uma configuração com densidade de corrente assimétrica, visando unir uma junta grafada de três camadas de forma a permitir a deformação ocasionada pelo eletrodo (indentação) na parte interna da amostra. A deformação unilateral teve por objetivo preservar superfície externa de um capô automotivo, cuja qualidade de acabamento é um fator essencial para a venda do produto. Portanto, a configuração de soldagem foi experimentada, variando-se os parâmetros de soldagem, de força, de tempo, de corrente elétrica e sentido da corrente elétrica. Foram obtidas assim 35 amostras soldadas, que foram divididas e ensaiadas para avaliação quanto ao visual da superfície da amostra, força de cisalhamento, diâmetro após o rompimento, indentação, verificar aspectos macrográficos como porosidade e o formato da zona fundida. A superfície avaliada apresentou marcas térmicas para a configuração de tempo de 90 milissegundos, em que se visualizam diâmetros após o ensaio de cisalhamento e indentação maiores, também se verificou a presença de poros na zona fundida. A variação da força entre e corrente elétrica não foi significante, ambos não marcaram as amostras. O deslocamento da massa fundida na direção do eletrodo carregado positivamente foi constatado com a inversão da polaridade de corrente. / Considering the intense competitiveness between companies in the current global scenario, among them the car manufacturers. The work is based on the study of a variation of the welding process by electrical resistance, aiming at the continuous improvement of the productive processes. The improvement of processes requires studies of economic feasibility, the refining and technological improvement of the new process. In the present study an industrial application was developed using a configuration with asymmetric current density to join a three-layer hemmed joint. The unilateral deformation aimed to preserve the external surface of an automotive hood, whose quality of the finish is an essential factor for the sale of the product. Therefore the welding configuration was tested by varying the parameters of welding, force, time, electric current and electrical current direction. Thus 35 welded samples were obtained, which were divided and assayed for evaluation of the surface of the sample, shearing force, diameter after rupture, indentation, and verifying macroscopic aspects such as porosity, such as the shape of the molten zone. The evaluated surface showed thermal marks for the time configuration of 90 miliseconds, where diameters were visualized after the test of shear and indentation, also the presence of pores in the molten zone was verified. The variation of the force between and electric current were not significant, both did not mark the samples. The displacement of the molten mass in the direction of the positively charged electrode was verified by reversing the current polarity.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής αποτελεί η διερεύνηση των μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού και η εφαρμογή αυτών στην εκτίμηση της αντοχής και παραμορφωσιμότητας της βραχομάζας. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή, έγινε οριοθέτηση της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς του βραχώδους υλικού, διατύπωση συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των φυσικών και μηχανικών παραμέτρων του καθώς και ημιποσοτική εκτίμηση της επίδρασης της ορυκτολογικής σύστασης στη διαφοροποίηση της συμπεριφοράς τους. Η επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων της έρευνας έγινε μέσω ενός «Σχεσιακού Συστήματος Διαχείρισης Φυσικών και Μηχανικών Παραμέτρων Γεωλογικών Υλικών» που σχεδιάστηκε και δημιουργήθηκε στα πλαίσια της Διατριβής. Η έρευνα εστιάστηκε σε ιζηματογενή πετρώματα, χημικά (ασβεστόλιθους) και κλαστικά (ψαμμίτες και ιλυόλιθοι του φλύσχη) που συναντώνται εκτεταμένα στη Δυτική Ελλάδα καθώς επίσης και σε μεταμορφωμένα πετρώματα (μάρμαρα). Η δειγματοληψία των ιζηματογενών πετρωμάτων επικεντρώθηκε στους σχηματισμούς που απαρτίζουν τις γεωτεκτονικές ζώνες των Εξωτερικών Ελληνίδων, οι οποίες καλύπτουν το δυτικό ήμισυ του Ελλαδικού χώρου και φιλοξενούν πλήθος τεχνικών έργων. Για τα μεταμορφωμένα, δείγματα μαρμάρων λήφθηκαν από λατομεία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας που περιλαμβάνονται στις ζώνες των Εσωτερικών Ελληνίδων. Συνολικά, στα πλαίσια της έρευνας λήφθηκαν βραχώδη τεμάχη από 62 θέσεις δειγματοληψίας από τα οποία διαμορφώθηκαν και εξετάστηκαν ως προς τις φυσικές, δυναμικές και μηχανικές τους ιδιότητες 519 δείγματα βραχώδους υλικού. Ειδικότερα πρόκειται για 33 θέσεις δειγματοληψίας σε ασβεστολιθικούς σχηματισμούς (271 δοκίμια), 22 θέσεις σε σχηματισμούς του φλύσχη (152 δοκίμια ψαμμίτη και 24 δοκίμια ιλυόλιθου) και 7 θέσεις σε μάρμαρα (72 δοκίμια). Για κάθε θέση δειγματοληψίας διαμορφώθηκαν, με εργαστηριακό αδαμαντοτρύπανο, αδαμαντοτροχό και συσκευή λείανσης, έξι δοκίμια για τον εργαστηριακό προσδιορισμό των φυσικών, των δυναμικών και των μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού. Οι εργαστηριακές δοκιμές πραγματοποιήθηκαν σύμφωνα με τις προδιαγραφές της ISRM (1981), του ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ (Ε102-84) καθώς και της ASTM (D 2664 – 86, D 2938 – 86, D 2845 – 90, D 3967 – 92, D 3148 – 93). Έτσι, συνολικά εκτελέστηκαν: • 476 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του πορώδους n (%), ξηρής πυκνότητας ρd (kN/m3), κορεσμένης πυκνότητας ρsat (kN/m3), λόγου κενών e και δείκτη κενών Iv (%). • 249 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της ταχύτητας διάδοσης των υπερήχων Vp και Vs (m/sec). • 336 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της σκληρότητας SHV. • 120 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του δείκτη σημειακής φόρτισης Is(50) (MPa). • 67 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε μοναξονική θλίψη σc (MPa) από τις οποίες οι 58 έγιναν με σύγχρονη μέτρηση των αξονικών και πλευρικών παραμορφώσεων για τον προσδιορισμό του μέτρου ελαστικότητας Ε και του λόγου Poisson ν. • 75 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε εφελκυσμό σt (MPa). • 62 τριαξονικές δοκιμές. Κατά την αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών κρίθηκε σκόπιμη η προετοιμασία και παρατήρηση στο μικροσκόπιο 20 λεπτών τομών που προήλθαν από διαφορετικά δείγματα με σκοπό την καλύτερη πληροφόρηση σχετικά με την ορυκτολογική σύσταση και τη δομή των βραχωδών υλικών που εξετάστηκαν. Μετά το πέρας των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών τα αποτελέσματα αυτών συγκεντρώθηκαν και αξιολογήθηκαν. Ακολούθησε στατιστική επεξεργασία από την οποία προέκυψαν ιστογράμματα διακύμανσης των τιμών της κάθε παραμέτρου και οριοθετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά των βραχωδών υλικών που εξετάστηκαν. Επιπλέον, μεταξύ των διαφόρων παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού σχεδιάστηκαν τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα συσχέτισης και προτάθηκαν εμπειρικές σχέσεις που συνδέουν αυτές. Επίσης, πολύ σημαντικές ποιοτικές και ημιποσοτικές εκτιμήσεις προέκυψαν από τη συσχέτιση των παραμέτρων αντοχής με την ορυκτολογική σύσταση των βραχωδών υλικών. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής οι παράμετροι αντοχής (αντοχή σε μοναξονική θλίψη και σταθερά mi) που υπολογίστηκαν για το βραχώδες υλικό χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εκτίμηση κυρίως της αντοχής της βραχομάζας. Για το σκοπό αυτό εκτιμήθηκε ο Γεωλογικός δείκτης Αντοχής, GSI, σε 32 συνολικά θέσεις και προσδιορίστηκαν με τη χρήση του προγράμματος Roclab οι παράμετροι αντοχής της βραχομάζας για τις θέσεις αυτές. Στη συνέχεια και για να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση της διακύμανσης των παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού στη συμπεριφορά της βραχομάζας υπολογίστηκαν οι παράμετροι αντοχής και παραμορφωσιμότητάς της με βάση τις προτεινόμενες από τη βιβλιογραφία τιμές του mi και όχι αυτές που υπολογίστηκαν εργαστηριακά. Από τη σύγκριση των δύο αποτελεσμάτων προέκυψαν χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη σημασία των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών αλλά και τη σημαντική επίδραση που έχουν οι ακριβείς τιμές των παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού στην εκτίμηση της αντοχής της βραχομάζας. / The aim of this thesis is the determination of the mechanical properties of intact rock and their application to the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass. There has been made an attempt to set up the boundaries in rock material behavior and to formulate empirical correlations between rock material parameters. In the frame of the current research a data base has been developed in order to file all laboratory testing results that had been conducted before in Greece by the Laboratory of Engineering Geology in University of Patras as well as the Central Public Works Laboratory. There has been recorded a total number of 5885 entries which correspond to an equal amount of rock specimens subjected to laboratory tests of their physical and/or mechanical properties. The research was focused on triaxial tests of clastic and chemical sedimentary rock specimens as well as marble rock specimens. Clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks are known to be the most widespread rock formations in Western Greece and a lot of major constructions have been made on or within these formations. Block samples were collected from 62 different sites in Greece, in order to be investigated through laboratory testing procedures. After the cutting of the samples laboratory tests were conducted in 519 cylindrical specimens. From these sites 33 were in limestones (271 specimens), 22 in flysch formations (152 sandstone specimens and 24 siltstone specimens) and 7 in marbles (72 specimens). Laboratory core drill and saw machines were used to cut the samples and end faces were ground in order to provide cylindrical specimens in size, shape and ends geometries according to testing requirements. The execution of laboratory tests was in accordance with ISRM suggested methods (1981, 1986) and ASTM standards (D 2664 – 86, D 2938 – 86, D 2845 – 90, D 3967 – 92, D 3148 – 93). More specifically the following laboratory tests were conducted: • 476 tests for porosity n (%), ρd (kN/m3), ρsat (kN/m3), e and Iv. • 249 tests for sound velocities (Vp and Vs). • 336 SHV tests. • 120 point load tests. • 67 uniaxial compressive tests with determination of modulus of deformation E and Poisson ratio, ν (in 58 UCS tests). • 75 brazilian tests. • 62 triaxial tests for rock material constant mi determination. During the evaluation of the results of laboratory testing, 20 thin sections have been made corresponding to different samples, in order to provide all the information as far as the mineralogy and structure of the samples are concerned. Statistical analyses were used in order to evaluate the test results. The strength and deformability of the rock mass corresponding to 32 selected sites were estimated. The Geological Strength Index, GSI and the Disturbance Factor, D were estimated in each site and used as input parameters. The values of mi, also used as input parameters, were those estimated by triaxial testing in the laboratory. Additionally, in order to evaluate the impact of the mechanical parameters of intact rock to the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass, rock mass parameters were estimated using the mi values proposed by relevant bibliographical references. As a result of the comparison between the two methods,the remarkable usefulness of the laboratory testing, as a means of preliminary design as well as the considerable impact of the mechanical parameters of the rock material to the strength and deformability of the rock mass have been pointed out.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:28:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 2140887 bytes, checksum: c11c1548ce3cc21faa5903962434d637 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The main focus of this work was to study the influence of physical properties and of a cementing agent in structuring the sand fraction of a sandy soil, considering binaries packing systems applied to glass spheres and to a soil artificially prepared from two natural soils sand fractions. The study covered the following topics: (i) to establish packing curves for binary systems of the artificial soil and glass spheres; (ii) to characterize the mechanical strength and hydraulic conductivity of binary systems of the artificial soil; (iii) to study the influence of the cementing agent Hydrated lime in the artificial soil binary packing systems; (iv) to verify the influence of the artificial soil morphological properties through the comparison of the results of the present testing program and previous research including the parameters density, penetration resistance and soil hydraulic conductivity; and (v) to develop and operationalize a system for capturing images of grains of sand. The soil samples were subjected to pre-treatment for obtaining clean sand fractions which were separated by sieving through twenty-one sieve classes encompassing the diameter range of 0.053 to 2.000 mm. Sequentially, morphometric characterization tests were carried out in the sand fractions, as well as binary packing studies were performed in the sand fractions and in the glass spheres. The main results were: (i) binaries packing of glass spheres and artificial soil clean sand fractions reached a point of maximum density in a composition of approximately 30% of smaller particles; (ii) binaries packing of glass spheres showed larger density gains until the relationship between the larger diameter (D) and the minor diameter (d) was close to 6, and above this value, increases in density occurred to a lesser proportion; (iii) binaries packing of artificial soil sand fractions occurred similarly to binaries packing of glass spheres, but with larger gains until the relationship between the larger diameter (D) and the minor diameter (d) was close to 8; (iv) the hydraulic conductivity and tip penetration resistance of artificial soil binaries packing decreased when increasing the ratio D/d; (v) the cementation by Hydrated lime reduced hydraulic conductivity and increased the tip penetration resistance of the artificial soil binaries packing; (vi) the morphology of the particles influenced significantly the density, hydraulic conductivity and tip penetration resistance of the artificial soil clean sand fraction binaries packing; and (vii) the system developed for the capture of images of sand grains worked properly, with practicality. / Este trabalho direcionou-se ao estudo da influência das propriedades físicas e de um agente de cimentação na estruturação da fração areia de um solo arenoso, considerando-se sistemas de empacotamentos binários aplicados a esferas de vidro e a um solo artificialmente preparado a partir das frações areias de dois solos naturais. A pesquisa abrangeu os seguintes tópicos: (i) estabelecer curvas de empacotamento para sistemas binários do solo artificial e de esferas de vidro; (ii) caracterizar a resistência mecânica e a condutividade hidráulica dos sistemas binários do solo artificial; (iii) estudar a influência do agente de cimentação cal hidratada nos sistemas de empacotamentos binários do solo artificial; (iv) verificar a influência das propriedades morfológicas através da comparação dos resultados do presente estudo e de trabalho prévio, considerando parâmetros como densidade de empacotamento, resistência à penetração e condutividade hidráulica; e (v) desenvolver e tornar operacional um sistema para a captura de imagens de grãos de areia. As amostras de solo foram submetidas a prétratamentos para obtenção da fração areia limpa e posterior peneiramento para separação em vinte e uma classes, entre os diâmetros de 0,053 e 2,000 mm. Sequencialmente, foram realizados ensaios de caracterização morfométrica das suas frações areia, sendo também realizados estudos de empacotamentos binários em esferas de vidro e nas mesmas. Os principais resultados obtidos foram: (i) empacotamentos binários das esferas de vidro e das frações areia limpa do solo artificial atingiram um ponto de máxima densidade em uma composição aproximada de 30% de partículas menores; (ii) empacotamentos binários das esferas de vidro apresentaram ganhos maiores de densidade até relações entre o diâmetro maior (D) e o diâmetro menor (d) próximas a 6, sendo que acima desse valor, aumentos ocorreram em menor proporção; (iii) empacotamentos binários das frações areia do solo artificial ocorreram de forma similar aos empacotamentos binários de esferas de vidro, mostrando-se mais eficiente em relação à elevação da densidade quando a razão D/d se aproximou de 8; (iv) a condutividade hidráulica e a resistência de ponta à penetração dos empacotamentos binários do solo artificial sofreram reduções à medida que se aumentou a relação D/d; (v) a cimentação por cal hidratada reduziu a condutividade hidráulica e elevou a resistência de ponta à penetração dos empacotamentos binários do solo artificial; (vi) a morfologia das partículas influenciou significativamente a densidade, condutividade hidráulica e resistência de ponta à penetração dos empacotamentos binários da fração areia limpa do solo artificial; e (vii) o sistema desenvolvido para a captura das imagens de grãos de areia funcionou de forma adequada, com praticidade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Road transport is extremely important for the development of Brazil and the increasing vehicular traffic in the transport of people gives an excessive dependence on roads. The quality of the road network of the country requires improvements to both structural aspects (resilience to the efforts required by traffic) as the functional in driving the vehicle, especially in terms of safety and acoustics, requiring the construction of increasingly discerning pavement and improved. Among the various types of asphalt blends, the asphalt blends of open type graded friction course (OGFC), presents some characteristics that serve as an alternative to the functional improvement of a pavement. In the present study verified the mechanical and functional behavior of five types of blends of OGFC to be used in construction of federal highways in Rio Grande do Sul, comparing with data from two Asphalt Concrete blends (AC) - (Range B and C). To determine the mechanical properties were used the tests resilient modulus (RM), tensile strength (RT) and testing Cântabro abrasion (PM), to investigate the functional properties were used sound absorption testing and hydraulic conductivity and finally to evaluate the structural contribution of the OGFC in flexible pavements a mechanistic analysis was carried out. The five OGFC mixtures were designated OGFC1, OGFC2, OGFC3, OGFC4 (with lime) and OGFC5 (with lime) and the mixtures of AC designated in ACB (Range B) and ACC (Range C). Samples OGFC and AC was determined the density parameters along with the volumetric properties, voids, empty bitumen ratio and other properties, being prepared with asphalt cements oil (CAP) 60/85 and CAP 55/75 respectively. In the test PM Cantabro it was observed that increasing the binder content leads to a consequent improvement in wear resistance. In RT assays, it was found that no peak maximum variable resistance trends in different amounts of binders, blends OGFC. In the RT assays, it was found that there are variable maximum strength values, in the different binder contents, in the OGFC mixtures. The RM test showed that the deformability of the blends increases as the amount of binder increases, and consequently decreases the value of RM, it being understood that the asphalt binder decreases the rigidity of the blends. The increase of temperature and decrease of charging frequency increases the deformability for all mixes for making a termosusceptivel behavior. In the sound absorption assay, the five OGFC blends exhibited fairly high absorption values with variations in peak absorption values between 0.90 and 0.98 between the 500 and 800 Hz frequency band. OGFC presented values of sound absorption higher than the values of dense asphalt mixtures found in the literature. The hydraulic conductivity test showed that the asphalt content directly influences the value of the hydraulic conductivity coefficient. With regard to the determination of the design content of the CPA blends, the only content that met all the specifications of the DNER-ES-386/99 standard was the 4% binder content. The OGFC1 mixture presented the best mechanical performance and the OGFC5 blend presented the best results from a functional point of view, but did not achieve good results from the mechanical point of view, presenting limit values required by standard DNER-ES-386/99. In relation to the values of deflection, horizontal deformation of traction and vertical deformation of compression, the OGFC caused a small contribution to the structure of the pavement generating a small decrease of these parameters. For the N of fatigue, a small contribution of the OGFC in the results of N of fatigue in the pavement was realized which took into consideration its use. / O transporte rodoviário é de extrema importância para o desenvolvimento do Brasil e pelo crescente aumento do tráfego de veículos no trasporte de pessoas confere-se uma dependência excessiva em relação às rodovias. A qualidade da malha viária do país requer melhorias, tanto aos aspectos estruturais (capacidade de resistência aos esforços solicitados pelo tráfego) quanto aos funcionais na condução do veículo, especialmente em termos de segurança e acústica, exigindo a construção de pavimentos cada vez mais criteriosos e aprimorados. Entre os diversos tipos de misturas asfálticas, a mistura asfáltica do tipo Camada Porosa de Atrito (CPA), apresenta algumas características que servem como uma alternativa para a melhoria funcional de um pavimento. No presente trabalho verificado o comportamento mecânico e funcional de cinco tipos de misturas de CPA que serão utilizadas em obras de rodovias federais do Rio Grande do Sul BR 158 e BR 285, confrontando com dados de duas misturas de Concreto Asfáltico (CA) - (Faixa B e C). Para investigar as propriedades mecânicas foram usados os ensaios mecânicos Módulo de Resiliência (MR), Resistência a Tração (RT) e o ensaio de Perda de Massa Cântabro (PM), para avaliar as propriedades funcionais foram usados os ensaios de absorção sonora e de condutibilidade hidráulica e por fim para avaliar a contribuição estrutural da CPA em pavimentos flexíveis realizou-se uma análise mecanística. As cinco misturas de CPA foram designadas em CPA1, CPA2, CPA3, CPA4 (com cal) e CPA5 (com cal) e as misturas de CA designadas em CAB (Faixa B) e CAC (Faixa C). Nas amostras de CPA e CA determinou-se os parâmetros de densidade juntamente com as propriedades volumétricas, volume de vazios, relação betume vazio e outras propriedades, sendo preparadas com ligante CAP 60/85 e CAP 55/75, respectivamente. No ensaio de PM Cântabro observouse, que um aumento no teor de ligante leva a uma consequente melhoria da resistência ao desgaste. Nos ensaios de RT constatou-se que há valores de resistência máxima variáveis, nos diferentes teores de ligantes, nas misturas de CPA. O ensaio de MR demonstrou que a deformabilidade das misturas aumenta ao passo que a quantidade de ligante aumenta, e consequentemente o valor de MR diminui, ficando claro que o ligante asfáltico diminui a rigidez das misturas. O aumento da temperatura e redução da frequência de carregamento aumenta a deformabilidade para todas as misturas por apresentarem um comportamento termosusceptível. No ensaio de absorção sonora, as cinco misturas de CPA apresentaram valores de absorção bastante elevado, com variações de valores do pico de absorção entre 0,90 a 0,98, entre a faixa de frequência de 500 a 800 Hz. As misturas de CPA apresentaram valores de absorção sonora maior que os valores de misturas asfálticas densas encontradas nas literatura. O ensaio de condutividade hidráulica demonstrou que o teor de asfalto e o volume de vazios influenciam diretamente no valor do coeficiente de condutividade hidráulica. Com respeito à determinação do teor de projeto das misturas de CPA, o único teor que satisfez todas as especificações da norma DNER 386/99 foi o teor de ligante de 4%. A mistura de CPA1 apresentou o melhor desempenho mecânico e a mistura de CPA5 apresentou os melhores resultados no ponto de vista funcional, porém não atingiu bons resultados no ponto de vista mecânico, apresentando valores limites exigido pela norma DNER-ES- 386/99. Em relação aos valores de deflexão, deformação horizontal de tração e deformação vertical de compressão, a CPA originou uma pequena contribuição para a estrutura do pavimento gerando uma pequena diminuição desses parâmetros. Para o N de fadiga, percebeu-se uma pequena contribuição da CPA nos resultados encontrados de N de fadiga nos pavimento os quais levou-se em consideração sua utilização.