Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4700.pdf: 2310597 bytes, checksum: c7a9872414bd76a7ac4234d6ea510dff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-14 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Assuming that the work is the central category in the production process, the relationship between the recent modernization, in special in the harvesting activities, and the manual harvesting work intensification were studied in the Sugarcane Agroindustrial Complex of São Paulo State. The work intensification, which involves high energy expenditure by the workers, is produced by a strong degradation of their life and work quality, in special as a result of the meritocracy system adopted for their payment, once it takes into account the sugar cane harvesting production per worker. The modernization of the Brazilian agriculture, that started in the 60`s, heavily influenced the manual work intensification. At that time, the Brazilian organization model encouraged an aggressive concentration of land and capital, and tried to suppress most of the social workers movements in rural areas. In the 90 s, the sugar and alcohol sectors presented a sharp increase, mainly due to the broad plan for implementing the use of biofuels, specially produced from sugarcane. A new process of modernization started in 2007, when an agri-environment protocol was signed up between sugar cane mills owners and the State of Sao Paulo government. Seeking to reduce the environmental and social liabilities of this sector, this protocol prescribes the end, by 2014, of the pre-harvesting sugarcane burning in areas where harvesting could be mechanized. The present study includes information from three sugarcane mills and from interviews with actors of the Agroindustrial Sugarcane Complex of São Paulo State to evaluate the consequences of sugarcane harvesting mechanization on manual harvesting labor intensification. Taking into account the harvesting costs, it was obtained a value of R$6.24/ton by using manual harvesting and R$3.41/ton to R$5.33/ton when harvesting was mechanized, taking into account 860 and 550 ton/day of harvested sugarcane. ..These results indicate a great economic advantage of the mechanized over the manual harvesting. Therefore, it was observed that mechanization did not attain the goals proposed by the agri-environment protocol. The sugarcane manual harvesting is still widely used to support the mechanization harvesting , which include areas of high slope and low machine accessability. Higher productivity areas are mechanized to obtain higher benefit/cost, leaving those of low productivity for manual harvesting. The comparison of the historical series data of the manual harvesting productivity between 2007/2008 and 2011/2012 indicates that sugarcane harvesting mechanization is responsible for the increase of labor work intensification, This increase in work intensification 10 is a consequence of the effort to attain about the same wage as before harvesting mechanization was implemented. / Partindo do princípio de que o trabalho é a categoria central do processo produtivo, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo entender as relações entre o processo de modernização recente no Complexo Agroindustrial Canavieiro do Estado de São Paulo, destacando-se a mecanização da colheita, e a intensificação do trabalho no corte manual de cana. O processo de intensificação do trabalho no corte manual de cana é motivado pelas condições de trabalho e vida desses homens e mulheres e, principalmente, pela meritocracia da remuneração nessa atividade, feita através do pagamento por produção. Essas condições são fruto de fatos históricos, tendo sido fortemente influenciadas pelo processo de modernização da agricultura brasileira que se deu a partir da década de 60, quando o modelo de desenvolvimento implantado no Brasil incentivou uma agressiva concentração de terras e capitais e reprimiu movimentos de resistência dos trabalhadores rurais. Após a abertura comercial e política do Brasil na década de 90, o setor sucroalcooleiro paulista passou por um novo processo de crescimento, alavancando a mecanização da produção de cana-de-açúcar como uma forma de resposta às pressões da sociedade pela diminuição dos passivos sócio-ambientais do setor. Esse processo culminou na assinatura, em 2007, do protocolo agroambiental entre usineiros e o governo do Estado de São Paulo, que estipulou o fim da queima dos canaviais em áreas mecanizáveis, até 2014. A partir da análise histórica do setor canavieiro em São Paulo, de estudos de caso de três usinas, cinco alojamentos duas cidades de origem, procurou-se avaliar as consequências da mecanização do corte de cana para os trabalhadores manuais. Primeiramente, verificou-se que o custo de operação de uma frente de corte manual (R$ 6,24/tonelada) é maior que o de uma frente mecanizada, com custo de operação entre R$3,14/tonelada e R$5,33/tonelada de cana colhida, respectivamente, para uma produção 860 e 550 toneladas de cana colhidas por dia por máquina. Denota-se, assim, certa vantagem econômica do corte mecanizado sobre o manual, principalmente em canaviais com elevada produtividade. Porém, a implementação da atividade mecanizada exige grande concentração de capital e apresenta diversas restrições técnicas, de forma que, como se constatou nas pesquisas de campo, o trabalho manual no corte de cana é ainda amplamente utilizado para complementar o corte mecanizado, sendo utilizado em terrenos pantanosos, pedregosos e de alta declividade. Para se obter maior relação custo/benefício, geralmente, apenas as áreas planas e que proporcionam maior produtividade são mecanizadas, deixando os talhões de menor produção de cana para o corte manual. Portanto, a relação entre o sistema de corte 8 manual e mecanizado acarreta em intensificação do trabalho manual, pois, o aumento do dispêndio de energia pelo trabalhador é necessário para que ele consiga pagamento similar ao obtido antes da mecanização. Por fim, para respaldar essa conclusão, a comparação dos dados da série histórica de produtividade do corte manual entre as safras 2007/08 e 2011/12, mostra que, mesmo com a diminuição do número de postos de trabalho manuais no setor devido à mecanização do corte de cana, há um aumento da produtividade, em toneladas de cana colhidas por trabalhador.

A tese por nós aqui apresentada teve por finalidade principal pesquisar a transformação na forma crítica de reprodução fictícia da agroindústria canavieira paulista, entre o Proálcool (1975 1990) e aquela forma de reprodução que começou a se constituir a partir da década de 1990, mas só se estabeleceu no início do século XXI. Para tanto, visitamos teóricos da reprodução e crise do capital que nos auxiliaram a compreender as formas de reprodução fictícia do capital em nível global atualmente, para depois podermos cotejar suas interpretações com a pesquisa por nós realizada acerca da forma atual de reprodução fictícia desta agroindústria canavieira a partir da inflação do preço do açúcar como ativo financeiro nos mercados de futuros internacionais (derivativos). Tal pesquisa nos permitiu abordarmos, também, os impactos da crise econômica do capital de 2007/2008 sobre tal agroindústria, a fim de relacionarmos tal crise com uma discussão sobre a própria crise imanente do capital. As consequências dessa transformação na reprodução fictícia acima mencionada também foram observadas no que diz respeito à terra, conforme características da produção, produtividade e área com cana-de-açúcar; e ao trabalho, por meio da discussão acerca do trabalho do boia-fria e da mecanização do corte de cana-de-açúcar. Podermos sugerir a crise da reprodução da sociabilidade capitalista por meio da historicização de suas categorias (capital, terra e trabalho) atualmente em crise, nos fundamentou para desdobrarmos a crítica da forma mercadoria de relação social e do trabalho como fundamento do capital como ponto de chegada da crítica negativa que pretendemos apresentar como basilar para o movimento do texto como um todo. / The thesis we present here had as its main purpose the research in the transformation of the critical form of sugarcane agroindustry fictitious reproduction, in São Paulo State, between the Proálcool (1975 1990) and the form that started to be constituted in the nineties but only was stablished in the beginning of the twenty first century. Therefore, which helped us to understand the actual forms of global fictitious reproduction of capitalism and then we compared these interpretations with a research about the present form of sugarcane agroindustry fictitious reproduction in the State of São Paulo, which is characterized by sugar price inflation as a financial asset negotiated in international future markets (as a derivative). That research allowed us to approach the impacts in such sugarcane agroindustry of capital economic crisis of 2007/2008 and to relate this crisis with a discussion about capital immanent crisis. The consequences of the mentioned transformation in the sugarcane agroindustry fictitious reproduction in the State of São Paulo also have been observed with regard to land by characterizing sugarcane production, productivity and area; and to labor, through the discussion of boia-fria conditions of labor and the mechanization of sugarcane harvesting. Our suggestion of capitalist social reproduction crisis because of the historical character of its categories (capital, land and labor), currently in crisis, allowed us to unfold the critique to commodity form of social relation and labor as the fundament of capital as the ultimate purpose of the negative critique we intended for the totality of this text.

The theme of this diploma thesis deals with comparing technologies of reconstruction of the railway track No. 2 between railway stations Hranice na Morave and Hustopece nad Becvou in km 7,792 393 – 7,967 592 and in km 8,725 000 – 14,988 677. The aim of the thesis is to design several variants for the reconstruction of the substructure and superstructure, and then compare these variants. This thesis deals with technologies with removal of the track length and with technologies without removal of the track length. Part of the thesis is a description of used technologies and machines connected with them.

The diploma thesis compiles working method of construction works at Pačejov railway station and in adjacent double-track section in the range of working procedures from SP0 to SP3a. The thesis compares the time and economical aspects of individual technologies and entire construction methods. The thesis includes description of rail and non-rail mechanization.

The subject of my master's thesis is elaboration of construction technological project of research building in Uherské Hradiště. This building is actually outbuilding to existing manufactoring plant. The work includes solution of transport rotues and supplying construction site by main construction sources, project of site facilities, mechanization proposal and scheduling. A part of the work is new design of foundation structure and appropriate technological prescriptions and control plan to this because of missing some informations in procurement project.

This thesis is focused on the developing of the implementation phase of the Hotel MIURA in the village of Čeladná. The project is describing particular stages of technological realization of this construction, technology, implementation of the main subject of hydro-insulation system, including design control and test plan for its implementation, design and description of site equipment, the draft contract for realization. The work is further supplemented by an objects schedule and detailing schedule of the main hotel building, a description of major equipment and materials used, budget for the main calculations of the object and other objects.

The diploma thesis deals with the proposal to increase labor productivity and economic evaluation in the company EKOSTAVBY Brno. The introductory section describes the theoretical background, the following analysis of the company. The work is based on the current status in the company, focusing mainly on the centre of mechanization and transport. The aim of this paper is to propose certain changes and measures, which would lead to a reduction in the loss rate of the centre.

The subject of my master´s thesis is architectural and technological project of a residental building Fryčajova, Brno. My work contain engineering report of architectural and technological project, study of realization of the main stage, project of site equipment, design of building mechanization, time plans, technological note of floor structure, control and test plans, work safety plan, environment, budget of carcass, economic balance sheet and specialization on concrete structures.

In my master's thesis I deal with constructive technological project of medical faculty of Charles Univerisity. The aim is to solve the structure in terms of financial, time and technology. Constructive technological project of my thesis contains site equipment, time and financial schedule, design of mechanization, technological prescription, inspection and test plan, health and safety, etc.

De quoi la révolution numérique est-elle la révolution ? Le premier niveau d’analyse s’inscrit sur le plan de l’histoire. Il vise à dégager la structure historique de la révolution numérique, en délimitant d’abord son périmètre diachronique et en dégageant sa place particulière au sein de l’histoire générale des techniques. L’hypothèse, c’est que la révolution numérique n’est pas un changement d’outillage mais un événement d’histoire, qui s’inscrit dans le long processus de la machinisation de l’Occident et de la succession des systèmes techniques pour aboutir à l’émergence d’un nouveau « système technique » : la révolution numérique, c’est la révolution de notre infrastructure technique systémique, c’est-à-dire l’avènement du « système technique numérique ». Dans cette partie, nous privilégions le terrain historique et les données empiriques qu’il fournit, au nom d’une philosophie de la technologie fermement opposée à toute métaphysique misotechnique. Le second niveau d’analyse s’inscrit sur le plan de la perception. Au-delà de la seule révolution numérique, il vise à dégager la structure phénoménologique de toute révolution technique, en remontant aux conditions techniques de toute perception en général. L’hypothèse, c’est qu’une révolution technique est toujours une révolution ontophanique, c’est-à-dire un ébranlement du processus par lequel l’être (ontos) nous apparaît (phaïnô) et, par suite, un bouleversement de l’idée même que nous nous faisons de la réalité. Nous nous appuyons ici sur la notion de « phénoménotechnique » empruntée à Gaston Bachelard, qui nous conduit à défendre un constructivisme phénoménologique selon lequel toute technique est une matrice ontophanique, dans laquelle se coule notre expérience-du-monde possible. Comme les précédentes, la révolution numérique apparaît alors comme une révolution de nos structures perceptives, dont la violence phénoménologique permet au passage d’expliquer le succès et le déclin de la notion de virtuel. De cette dernière, nous proposons une généalogie critique et nous montrons qu’elle n’a été jusqu’ici qu’une tentative ratée d’élucider la phénoménalité numérique, en raison de la rêverie de l’irréel qu’elle induit. Le troisième niveau d’analyse s’inscrit sur le plan de la phénoménalité numérique enfin abordée dans sa positivité. Il vise à saisir la structure ontophanique de la révolution numérique, c’est-à-dire la nature de l’être des êtres numériques. L’hypothèse, c’est que l’ontophanie numérique résulte de onze caractéristiques phénoménologiques propres à la matière calculée, qui sont présentées dans un ordre didactique favorisant la compréhension globale du phénomène numérique. Il s’agit de la nouménalité, l’idéalité, l’interactivité, la virtualité, la versatilité, la réticularité, la reproductibilité instantanée, la réversibilité, la destructibilité, la fluidité et la ludogénéité. Nous terminons alors en analysant la responsabilité des activités de conception-création dans la genèse phénoménotechnique du réel et en particulier le rôle du design dans la constitution créative de l’ontophanie numérique. En tant qu’activité phénoménotechnique, le design est non seulement une activité créatrice d’ontophanie, mais encore une activité intentionnellement factitive, c’est-à-dire qui vise à faire-être autant qu’à faire-faire, en vue de projeter l’enchantement du monde. C’est pourquoi le design numérique, parce qu’il a la capacité d’engendrer de nouveaux régimes d’expériences interactives, joue un rôle essentiel dans le modelage de la révolution numérique. La révolution numérique, c’est aussi quelque chose qui se sculpte et se façonne, se coule et se moule dans les projets des designers. C’est une révolution de notre capacité à faire le monde, c’est-à-dire à créer de l’être. / What is the digital revolution the revolution of ? What is turned upside down and disturbed, reformed and transformed, in the so-called ‘digital revolution’ ? To answer this, digital revolution is approached here from the point of view of a philosophy of technology which assumes that our being-in-the-world is fundamentally conditioned by technique and always has been. The first level of this approach focuses on the historical structure of the digital revolution. The hypothesis is that the digital revolution is an event in history that is part of the long process of mechanization in the West and consists in the advent of a ‘digital technical system’. The second level concerns the phenomenological structure of the digital revolution. The hypothesis is that a technical revolution is always ontophanic, that is to say a shaking of the structures of perception and of the process through which the being appears to us. This results in phenomenological constructivism, based on the notion of phenomenotechnique, which ultimately condemns the notion of ‘virtual’. The third and final level of analysis focuses on the ontophanic structure of the digital revolution. The hypothesis is that digital ontophany consists of eleven fundamental characteristics : noumenality, ideality, interactivity, virtuality, versatility, reticularity, instant reproducibility, reversibility, destructibility, fluidity and ludogeneity. The role of design as a phenomenotechnical activity that shapes the world is therefore essential in the creative development of the digital ontophany.