京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20737号 / 情博第651号 / 新制||情||112(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科社会情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 吉川 正俊, 教授 石田 亨, 教授 美濃 導彦, 准教授 馬 強 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

Einerseits werden bestehende Ergebnisse aus so unterschiedlichen Richtungen wie etwa der empirischen Medienforschung und dem Text Mining zusammengetragen. Es geht dabei um Inhaltsanalyse, von Hand, mit Unterstützung durch Computer, oder völlig automatisch, speziell auch im Hinblick auf die Faktoren wie Zeit, Entwicklung und Veränderung. Die Verdichtung und Zusammenstellung liefert nicht nur einen Überblick aus ungewohnter Perspektive, in diesem Prozess geschieht auch die Synthese von etwas Neuem. Die Grundthese bleibt dabei immer eine einschließende: So wenig es möglich scheint, dass in Zukunft der Computer Analysen völlig ohne menschliche Interpretation betreiben kann und wird, so wenig werden menschliche Interpretatoren noch ohne die jeweils bestmögliche Unterstützung des Rechners in der Lage sein, komplexe Themen zeitnah umfassend und ohne allzu große subjektive Einflüsse zu bearbeiten – und so wenig werden es sich substantiell wertvolle Analysen noch leisten können, völlig auf derartige Hilfen und Instrumente der Qualitätssicherung zu verzichten. Daraus ergeben sich unmittelbar Anforderungen: Es ist zu klären, wo die Stärken und Schwächen von menschlichen Analysten und von Computerverfahren liegen. Darauf aufbauend gilt es eine optimale Synthese aus beider Seiten Stärken und unter Minimierung der jeweiligen Schwächen zu erzielen. Praktisches Ziel ist letztlich die Reduktion von Komplexität und die Ermöglichung eines Ausgangs aus dem Zustand des systembedingten „overnewsed but uninformed“-Seins.:Abbildungsverzeichnis v Tabellenverzeichnis viii 1 einleitung 1 1.1 Sinn einer wissenschaftlichen Arbeit zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts 1 1.2 Verortung der Arbeit in der Ordnung der Wissenschaften 1 1.3 Vor dem Text 2 1.4 Beitrag zu Forschung und Praxis 3 1.5 Anlage und Aufbau der Arbeit 4 2 grundlagen 5 2.1 Textdaten 5 2.1.1 Zeichen 5 2.1.2 Verweise 6 2.1.3 Encoding 6 2.1.4 Umwandlung 7 2.2 Untersuchungsobjekte 7 2.2.1 Begriffe 7 2.2.2 Verteilung 8 2.2.3 Kookkurrenzen 12 2.3 Exkurs: Ein Verteilungsexperiment 12 2.3.1 Setup 12 2.3.2 Einfluss der Samplegröße 14 2.3.3 Einfluss der Korpusgröße 14 2.3.4 Wiederauftauchen von Types und Kookkurrenzen 14 2.4 Zeit 18 2.4.1 Definition 18 2.4.2 Betrachtungsarten 18 2.4.3 Zeitreihenanalyse 18 2.5 Wahrheit und Information 19 3 zugänge zu text 21 3.1 Inhaltsanalyse 21 3.1.1 Geschichte 21 3.1.2 Vorgehen 22 3.1.3 Kritik 23 3.1.4 Mit Computer 23 3.1.5 Medienresonanzanalyse 24 3.1.6 Exkurs: Automatische Analyse von Meinungen und Einstellungen 25 3.1.7 Ein anderer Zugang zu Text durch Text Mining 26 3.2 Beispiele 27 3.2.1 Nachrichtensuchmaschinen 27 3.2.2 Nachrichtenzusammenfassungen 28 3.2.3 Nachrichtenüberblicke 29 4 die wörter des tages 34 4.1 Einordnung und Ursprung 34 4.1.1 Projekt Deutscher Wortschatz 34 4.1.2 Idee zu „Wörtern des Tages“ 37 4.1.3 Verwandte Ansätze und Arbeiten 38 4.2 Archivierung 39 4.2.1 Zur Funktion von Archiven 40 4.2.2 Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen 40 4.3 Implementierung 44 4.3.1 Daten und Datenacquise 45 4.3.2 Vorverarbeitung 50 4.3.3 Linguistische Aufbereitung 54 4.3.4 Tägliche Verarbeitung 58 4.3.5 Präsentation 65 4.3.6 Evaluation 70 4.4 Weiterentwicklungen und Perspektiven 71 4.4.1 Anwendungen 71 4.4.2 Mashup 74 4.4.3 Medien- und Trendanalyse 78 5 schluss 84 a weitere beispiele aus der anwendung 85 a.1 Wirtschaft 85 a.2 Papst: Tod und Neuwahl 87 a.3 Weltsicherheitsrat 93 b listings 94 c datenbankschema 110 d wissenschaftlicher werdegang 112 e publikationen 113 literaturverzeichnis 114

This content analysis was designed to investigate newspaper coverage of the desegregation of Mississippi State varsity football through the media coverage of the first Black football players at Mississippi State University, Robert Bell and Frank Dowsing. Two hundred and three articles from three newspapers (The Starkville Daily News, Mississippi State Reflector, and Jackson Clarion-Ledger) were examined using a three-tiered qualitative analysis. That analysis resulted in 426 frame instances and 686 theme instances, or a total of 1,112 codes. The resulting data were then interpreted using Critical Race Theory (CRT) to generate understanding of the desegregation of the football program. The CRT guided interpretation of the results of the content analysis contradicted the popular narrative regarding Mississippi State University desegregation and athletic desegregation, indicating that the varsity football team and the careers of Bell and Dowsing were reported in a way that supported the existing MSU power structure.

This study examines the portrayal of refugees in BBC News reports, focusing on postcolonial perspectives in two time periods: 2015 and 2022. The analysis involves language, images, and frameworks used in representing refugees. Findings reveal that in 2015, refugees were depicted as economic migrants, whereas in 2022, Ukrainian refugees were portrayed as genuine victims of war. Factors such as race, gender, religion, and politics influenced their portrayal. This research sheds light on how BBC News represents refugees, impacting public perception. It underscores the importance of critically examining media's portrayal of refugees, considering power relations, especially in major channels claiming neutrality. The study contributes to media studies, refugee studies, and postcolonial theory.

AbstractThis study aims at investigating how refugees are discursively represented in twelve articles written by the Danish online newspaper 'Den Korte Avis'. The main question aimed at answering being “Which power relations are established discursively by how refugees are positioned, represented and potentially subjected to stereotypical representations through discourses in the articles and what are the potential consequences of these representations?” The research applies a social constructivist approach to answer the main question and the research questions.The study has been conducted using Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional framework for critical discourse analysis (CDA), which has provided theory and methods for critically analysing media texts. Beyond that, Stuart Hall’s perception of representation has been used to provide the research with a clear theoretical background for understanding how representations work, both in production and consumption. Moreover, Hall’s paper “The Spectacle of ‘the other’” has been used to dig deeper into the representation of other cultures or minority groups of society. Within this, Hall's notions on stereotyping through representations have been used in analysis of the news articles.The research found four predominant discourses about refugees, which all exclusively represented them negatively. In the articles, refugees are represented as a cultural or terror threat, an economic burden and as migrants. Within these discourses, refugees are often subjected to stereotypical representations. Similar for all four discourses was the fact that they drew on an understanding of Denmark being under threat from the refugees and the asylum influx, and that border control would be a way of countering this threat. It is, thereof, concluded that 'Den Korte Avis' carry a nationalist bias in their articles. It is, moreover, concluded that 'Den Korte Avis', in their coverage of refugees, reproduce unequal power relations between the Danes and the refugees, as a clear scenario of 'us versus them' is established frequently, wherein refugees are positioned as not being able to fit into Danish society because they are 'too different'. Thereby, a cultural hegemony is also established in the articles. It is argued in this thesis that the mainly negative representations of refugees in the news media, could have consequences both culturally/societally and politically, some of which we may be seeing already.

The following thesis describes and analyses the representation of lung cancer in the Canadian print media. The thesis employs a theoretical framework comprised of Giddens’ theory of reflexivity and Goffman’s theory of framing, to understand the social dynamics of negotiation behind the disease’s portrayal in the media, in a late modern context. Late modernity was defined by institutional reflexivity and a focus on understanding and mitigating risk. The research was conducted through a content analysis and examined quantitative trends that contributed to a subsequent qualitative interpretation. The results show that the coverage of lung cancer decreased over time. The analysis shows a discourse of a biomedical institution that has unsuccessfully controlled the disease, a lack of patient advocacy, particularly among celebrities, and a continued conflation of smoking behaviour and lung cancer, all of which contributed to the decreasing coverage. The framing processes point to a society focused on understanding risk through studying the disease’s causes, as well as one concerned with legislative debate and behavioural prevention. The emergence of a frame focused on the patient’s lived experience might contribute to an improved representation of the disease.

The purpose of this essay was to examine Islamic State’s (IS) self-image and perception of their enemies, and also what kind of propaganda technique that they use in their movies. To do so three questions were formulated: 1. According to Social Identity Theory the ingroup’s social identity is the same as the ingroup’s prototype. How is IS’s prototype portrayed, and thus their social identity, in the movies Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV? 2. According to Social Identity Theory a consequence of group membership is that the ingroup will associate outgroups with stereotypic images. What stereotypic images does IS’s associate outgroups with in the movies Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV? 3. According to Jacques Ellul propaganda can be categorized as either rational or irrational. So, based on his definition of propaganda, what kind of propaganda technique is used in Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV ? In this paper four segments were analyzed from two of IS’s movies: Flames of War and Clanging of the Swords IV. Two theories were used in this essay: Ellul’s theory on rational and irrational propaganda, and also Social Identity Theory. The first theory presents different techniques of argumentation that can be classified as either rational or irrational propaganda. The second theory describes the phenomenon known as prototype and stereotype. The most common propaganda technique used in the movies was that of social evidence, which is a rational strategy of propaganda. This means that the propaganda mainly uses symbols in its arguments, which in this case is the symbol of Allah. IS uses Allah, as well as their leader Al-Baghdadi, to justify their actions. Irrational propaganda is also used quite often. It can be seen in the way IS describes their own group and their enemies. IS always describes themselves with positive attributes and characteristics, while their enemies are described as their complete opposite. The purpose of this is to make the viewer automatically start to associate the ingroup (IS) as good and the outgroups (enemies) as evil. The prototype of IS is that they see themselves as the holy warriors of Allah executing His will on earth. The stereotypic image of IS’s enemies is that they are apostates and enemies of Allah. Their infidelity has provoked Allah, they’re sinners and thus IS considers it to be their duty to punish them.

Syftet med denna studie har varit att studera hur media, under år 2018, skildrade orsaker till kvinnlig prostitution och hur medias beskrivningar förhåller sig till de orsaker som forskning om kvinnlig prostitution redovisar. För att besvara syftet har en kvalitativ innehållsanalys genomförts av 17 artiklar från Aftonbladet och DN. Resultatet av studien har visat att tidningsartiklar kring orsaker till kvinnlig prostitution beskriver flera skiftande orsaker som har kunnat relateras till den tidigare forskningen. Däremot finns det en överrepresentation av sådana orsaker som genomsyras av tvingande karaktär. Med utgångspunkt i teorin om sensationell journalistik kan det förstås som att denna typ av artiklar är överrepresenterad då den innehåller ett större mått av sensation och därmed högre nyhetsvärde. Resultatet från studien diskuteras utifrån ett dagordningsteoretiskt perspektiv. Allmänhetens föreställningar om orsaker till kvinnlig prostitution tolkas som påverkade av medias rapportering om tvingande orsaker. / The aim of this research has been to investigate how during 2018 media have described causes of female prostitution and how these descriptions relate to earlier research on female prostitution. In order to fulfill the aims of the study a qualitative content analysis was carried out on 17 articles from Aftonbladet and DN. The result of this investigation has shown that newspaper articles express several different reasons for female prostitution that can be related to earlier research on prostitution. However there is an overstatement of causes with compelling character. Based on the sensational journalism theory, it is understood that these types of articles are overrepresented as they contain greater measure of sensation and higher news value. The results of the study are discussed from the theoretical agenda-setting perspective. It has been interpreted that the public's beliefs about causes of female prostitution are affected by reports in media about compelling causes.

<p>The aim of this paper is to analyze and problematize the content in the teaching media <em>Känslan för ord</em> through an integrative perspective. This is done by using two sets of questions based on two of the didactic questions <em>what</em> and <em>how</em>. How is the content of the Swedish subject constructed in <em>Känslan för ord</em>? and How is this content integrated in <em>Känslan för ord</em>? The used material consists of a fairly large amount of literature which provides different approaches, priorities, and methods about the Swedish subject. This literature forms the base for the model used to analyze the course books.</p><p>The results are based on an analysis of the exercise culture (uppgiftskultur) in the two books and are extensive. All together the two books contain 866 exercises. The results point to several imperfections in order to become an integrative subject. There is a large play between text comprehension and the rest of the subject’s proficiencies: IT, sociolinguistics, argumentation and critical thinking are represented in a very small amount. A majority of the exercises are non-authentic and the contact with real life is missing.</p><p>The merits in the teaching media are the text selection that mirrors a great deal of the classical literature as well as the modern literature. These texts often result in the students writing on their own. If the desire is to work with an integrative subject based on the course book <em>Känslan för ord</em> is as good as any.</p> / <p>Uppsatsen syfte är att analysera och problematisera läromedlet <em>Känslan för ord</em>s innehåll utifrån ett integrationsperspektiv med hjälp av två frågeställningar, utarbetade efter två av de didaktiska frågorna, <em>vad</em> och <em>hur</em>. Hur konstrueras svenskämnets innehåll i <em>Känslan för ord</em>? samt Hur integreras detta innehåll i <em>Känslan för ord</em>? Materialet består av en relativt stor mängd litteratur där olika synsätt, prioriteringar och metoder kring svenskämnet läggs fram. Dessa bildar grunden för den analysmall som kursböckerna analyseras utifrån.</p><p>Resultaten bygger på en analys av uppgiftskulturen i läroböckerna vilken är omfattande. Tillsammans innehåller de båda böckerna 866 frågor. Resultaten uppvisar flera allvarliga brister för att vara ett integrerat ämne. Det är ett stort glapp mellan textförståelse och övriga ämneskunskaper; IT-vana, språksociologi, argumentation och kritiskt tänkande finns nästan inte med alls. En stor majoritet av de frågor som ställs är icke-autentiska frågor där verklighetsanknytning saknas.</p><p>Förtjänsterna i läromedlet är texturvalet som speglar en stor del av den klassiska och aktuella litteraturen liksom hur dessa ofta leder till att eleverna ska skriva på egen hand. Vill man arbeta med ett integrerat ämne utifrån en lärobok så är <em>Känslan för ord</em> så god som någon.</p>

The following thesis describes and analyses the representation of lung cancer in the Canadian print media. The thesis employs a theoretical framework comprised of Giddens’ theory of reflexivity and Goffman’s theory of framing, to understand the social dynamics of negotiation behind the disease’s portrayal in the media, in a late modern context. Late modernity was defined by institutional reflexivity and a focus on understanding and mitigating risk. The research was conducted through a content analysis and examined quantitative trends that contributed to a subsequent qualitative interpretation. The results show that the coverage of lung cancer decreased over time. The analysis shows a discourse of a biomedical institution that has unsuccessfully controlled the disease, a lack of patient advocacy, particularly among celebrities, and a continued conflation of smoking behaviour and lung cancer, all of which contributed to the decreasing coverage. The framing processes point to a society focused on understanding risk through studying the disease’s causes, as well as one concerned with legislative debate and behavioural prevention. The emergence of a frame focused on the patient’s lived experience might contribute to an improved representation of the disease.