O presente trabalho constitui uma dissertação de mestrado na área de história do vestuário medieval. Dentro do contexto da Baixa Idade Média (séculos X ao XV), visa identificar e analisar os aspectos mais relevantes na indumentária dos séculos XIV e XV. O recorte temporal foi escolhido por constituir um cenário de importantes mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais, manifestas em um vestuário rico em nuances criativas. São analisados aspectos estéticos, funcionais, materiais e produtivos deste vestuário. O modelo de pesquisa é qualitativo, de modalidade histórica. As principais fontes de dados são a literatura das áreas de História, História do Vestuário, História da Arte e Arqueologia. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados empregadas são revisão da bibliografia, pesquisa em bancos de monografias e de imagens, acervo virtual de museus e registros em fotografia. O trabalho resultou em um detalhado panorama do vestuário dos séculos XIV e XV. Foi confeccionado um protótipo de forma a exemplificar uma reconstrução a partir das soluções de confecção propostas por autores do campo. A pesquisa constitui uma ferramenta para criação e confecção de figurinos ambientados ou inspirados na Baixa Idade Média, bem como reproduções e restaurações de peças históricas de museus / The present work of research constitutes a thesis on the history of medieval clothing field. Within the context of Late Middle Ages (10th to 15th centuries), it aims to identify and analyze the most relevant aspects in costume, particularly in the 14th and 15th centuries. The time frame was chosen for being the scenario of important political, economic and social changes. Said changes are manifest in a way of dressing that is full of creative nuances. Aesthetical, functional, material and productive aspects of said costume are analyzed. The research model is qualitative, of historical mode. The main data sources are literature in the areas of History, Art History and Archaeology. The main data collection techniques are literature review, research in monograph and image banks, online museum collections and photography records. The present work of research has resulted in a detailed overview of dress in the 14th and 15th centuries. A prototype was made in order to demonstrate a reproduction case, based on constructive solutions presented by authors of the field. This research provides a tool for creation and making of costume set or inspired in the Middle Ages, as well as replicas and restoration of historical museum clothing

This Thesis focuses on the anthropogenic geomorphology in the vicinity of eight selected castles in the Bohemia region. The first part of study gathers information about already known archaeological features in the castle areas or hinterland. The first step of the survey uses LIDAR data combined with both historical and contemporary maps. Next, a surface survey helped to prove the existence of selected archaeological features, mark their location and get their written description and photographic documentation. Thanks to the information collected this way, we can possibly interpret former use of the features, as well as their origins in relation to the existence of the castle itself. The last part evaluates efficiency of the used method and reflects of the state of the examined castles areas and surroundings. Key-words: Medieval archaeology - Non-destructive methods - LIDAR - Castle - Anthropogenic landforms

O presente trabalho constitui uma dissertação de mestrado na área de história do vestuário medieval. Dentro do contexto da Baixa Idade Média (séculos X ao XV), visa identificar e analisar os aspectos mais relevantes na indumentária dos séculos XIV e XV. O recorte temporal foi escolhido por constituir um cenário de importantes mudanças políticas, econômicas e sociais, manifestas em um vestuário rico em nuances criativas. São analisados aspectos estéticos, funcionais, materiais e produtivos deste vestuário. O modelo de pesquisa é qualitativo, de modalidade histórica. As principais fontes de dados são a literatura das áreas de História, História do Vestuário, História da Arte e Arqueologia. As principais técnicas de coleta de dados empregadas são revisão da bibliografia, pesquisa em bancos de monografias e de imagens, acervo virtual de museus e registros em fotografia. O trabalho resultou em um detalhado panorama do vestuário dos séculos XIV e XV. Foi confeccionado um protótipo de forma a exemplificar uma reconstrução a partir das soluções de confecção propostas por autores do campo. A pesquisa constitui uma ferramenta para criação e confecção de figurinos ambientados ou inspirados na Baixa Idade Média, bem como reproduções e restaurações de peças históricas de museus / The present work of research constitutes a thesis on the history of medieval clothing field. Within the context of Late Middle Ages (10th to 15th centuries), it aims to identify and analyze the most relevant aspects in costume, particularly in the 14th and 15th centuries. The time frame was chosen for being the scenario of important political, economic and social changes. Said changes are manifest in a way of dressing that is full of creative nuances. Aesthetical, functional, material and productive aspects of said costume are analyzed. The research model is qualitative, of historical mode. The main data sources are literature in the areas of History, Art History and Archaeology. The main data collection techniques are literature review, research in monograph and image banks, online museum collections and photography records. The present work of research has resulted in a detailed overview of dress in the 14th and 15th centuries. A prototype was made in order to demonstrate a reproduction case, based on constructive solutions presented by authors of the field. This research provides a tool for creation and making of costume set or inspired in the Middle Ages, as well as replicas and restoration of historical museum clothing

L'archéologie du bâti est une spécialité de l'archéologie qui se développe en Europe entre les années 1990 et 2000. Elle est généralement indiquée comme ce domaine de recherche qui s'occupe de l'étude des bâtiments historiques, de préférence médiévaux, à travers l'application des méthodes et des problématiques de recherche propres à l'archéologie. La lecture des publications qui concernent l'archéologie du bâti dans les pays où elle est employée, montre toutefois des sensibles différences quant aux méthodes employées et aux objectifs poursuivis lors des recherches. Cette hétérogénéité est révélatrice des contenus que les archéologues lui attribuent, qui dans chaque pays sont différents. Ce travail s'attache à saisir le statut actuel de l'archéologie du bâti en France, en Italie et en Suisse, des ``pays phares'' de cette spécialité, et à en mettre en évidence les similitudes et les différences à travers une approche à la fois historique et épistémologique. Puisque l'essor de l'archéologie du bâti résulte de la rencontre entre deux pôles principaux, l'étude des vestiges médiévaux d'une part, la politique patrimoniale de l'autre, nous rendons compte en premier lieu du développement de l'intérêt pour les vestiges médiévaux dès le XIX siècle siècle à aujourd'hui. Cette première analyse, conduite à l'échelle de chaque pays, nous permet de déceler les caractères principaux de ce substrat national d'où l'archéologie du bâti est issue, ce qui nous conduit, dans un second temps, à définir les contours des premières propositions d'archéologie du bâti et, de là, à rendre compte du statut actuel de cette spécialité dans les pays considérés. / The archeology of building is a specialism of the archeology that emerge in Europe between 1990 and 2000. It is generally described as this field of research which deals with the study of the historical buildings, especially medieval, through the application of methods and topics of archeology. The literature on archaeology of buildign where it is used, however, shows significant differences either in the methods and in the objectives pursued during the research. This heterogeneity revelas the differents visions that the archaeologists attribute to the archaeology of building, which in each country are different. This work seeks to define the current status of the archeology of buildings in France, Italy and Switzerland, the "flagship countries" of this specialism, and to highlight the similarities and differences through a both historical and epistemological analysis. Since the rise of the archeology of the building results from the meeting between two main poles, the study of the medieval remains on the one hand, and the cultural heritage policy on the other, we first report on the development of interest in medieval remains from the XIX century to today. This first analysis, carried out at the scale of each country, enables us to detect the main characteristics of this national substratum from which the archeology of the building is derived, which leads us in a second time to define the contours of first proposals for the archeology of building and, hence, to account for the present status of this specialism in the countries considered.

This Thesis focuses on the anthropogenic geomorphology in the vicinity of eight selected castles in the Bohemia region. The first part of study gathers information about already known archaeological features in the castle areas or hinterland. The first step of the survey uses LIDAR data combined with both historical and contemporary maps. Next, a surface survey helped to prove the existence of selected archaeological features, mark their location and get their written description and photographic documentation. Thanks to the information collected this way, we can possibly interpret former use of the features, as well as their origins in relation to the existence of the castle itself. The last part evaluates efficiency of the used method and reflects of the state of the examined castles areas and surroundings. Key-words: Medieval archaeology - Non-destructive methods - LIDAR - Castles - Anthropogenic landforms

The late medieval agrarian crisis is characterized by a sharp decline in population which caused farm abandonment and mass death. The crisis arose due to a lack of access to arable land and insufficient food production in relation to the growing population. However, there is evidence of villages and farms surviving the crisis by adapting to new conditions through the development of sustainable structures. Studying the literature from a resilience theoretical perspective, this paper discusses existing opportunities to study the agrarian crisis, opening avenues for future research. More specifically, this study contributes to the literature by examining studies on abandoned and surviving farms from Jämtland, Östergötland, Småland, Värmland and Skåne, concerning the interpretive possibilities of the farm's survival. The results suggest that Medieval archaeology excels in increasing knowledge about human behaviour and the relationship to the environment from a long-term perspective. Resilience theory can provide an interdisciplinary framework, increasing the understanding of social-ecological systems, therefore ensuring the sustainability of ecosystem services. Moreover, the findings of this thesis suggest that pollen analysis and dendrochronology are commonly used in research on the agrarian crisis. The methods reveal that common survival strategies consisted of introducing less labour-intensive farming methods or taking over the lands of desolate farms. Additionally, farms that had access to natural resources, cooperated with other farms on open land and had larger households most often survived the crisis.

This thesis examines the effects the imposition of Anglo-Norman lordship, following the Anglo-Norman expansion into Wales in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, had upon the landscape of the Welsh border region. In order to achieve this aim this project makes extensive use of digital Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in order to produce a detailed county-wide study of the landscape of post-Conquest Monmouthshire as well as comprehensive case studies of individual Anglo-Norman lordships contained within the boundaries of the county. This thesis also aims to locate its findings within important current debates in historic archaeology about the effects of medieval lordship upon the landscape, on the roles of the physical environment and human agency in the forming of the historic landscape, on the wider role of castles as lordship centres, beyond simple military functionality.

This study examines how the archaeological finds from the medieval fortress Aranæs in Västergötland can confirm, change, add to, or contradict written sources regarding Aranæs and medieval fortresses in general. The study will focus on comparing medieval archaeological finds from Aranæs with written sources concerning medieval fortresses and Aranæs in order to find similarities or differences in the materials. The purpose of this essay is primarily to find out how archaeological finds can be linked to written sources to confirm potential events that may have taken place at Aranæs. This study also focuses on the role of archaeology in relation to written sources in order to study the everyday lives of our previous generations at medieval fortresses through the field of Medieval Archaeology. The primary historical written sources regarding Aranæs are the chronicle of Duke Erik and History of the Nordic peoples by Olaus Magnus which will be compared to three available archaeological reports concerning Aranæs. The various finds from Aranæs can together with written sources contribute with knowledge regarding a potential fire, military functions, care of animals, diet, religion, trade and economy, as well as remains of a previous fortress on the site.

Die Arbeit versucht hauptsächlich basierend auf Grundlage der (Keramik-) Funde eine chronologische Abfolge der mittelalterlichen Besiedlung des Cottbuser Altstadtviertels im Bereich Spremberger-, Schlosskirch- und Burgstraße zu erstellen. Dabei lässt sich eine Besiedlung dieses Viertels in Stadtrandlage und eine Einbeziehung in die Stadtplanung seit dem ersten Drittel des 13. Jahrhunderts belegen. Aufgrund des Stadtbaues am Beginn des 13. Jahrhunderts kommt, neueren Forschungen zur Landesgeschichte folgend, noch Konrad von Landsberg als Gründungsinitiator der größten Stadt der Niederlausitz in Frage. Die meist ebenerdigen Besiedlungsstrukturen des 13. Jahrhunderts haben sich nur partiell erhalten und lassen daher die Unterscheidung bestimmter Nutzungsareale bzw. Parzelleneinteilungen und Strukturen nur eingeschränkt zu. Erst ab dem 14. Jahrhundert liegen sichere Hinweise auf eine ältere Parzellenstruktur und Nutzung der Areale vor. Es zeichnet sich eine Vorderhausbebauung mit Seitenflügeln ab, von denen nur noch die Kellerbauten zeugen. Im Hofbereich fanden sich Brunnenanlagen zur Wasserversorgung der Grundstücke. Der Entsorgung dienten zahlreiche Latrinenbauten am hinteren Grundstücksrand. Das umfangreiche Fundmaterial aus diesen Befunden gibt einen umfangreichen Einblick in einen spätmittelalterlichen Haushalt am Ende des 15. Jahrhunderts. Die neuzeitlichen Funde und Befunde wurden nicht nur aufgrund der zunehmenden schriftlichen Überlieferung dieses Viertels nur noch punktuell erfasst. Bereits die archäologischen Untersuchungen konzentrierten sich hauptsächlich auf die mittelalterlichen Strukturen. Eine Versteinerung dieses Stadtviertels setzte erst im 16. Jahrhundert ein. Die nicht erfolgte Wiederbebauung nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg, die teilweise bis zum Beginn des 18. Jahrhunderts anhielt, ermöglichte die gute Erhaltung der älteren mittelalterlichen Baustrukturen im Boden. / Mainly based on pottery and other finds, this doctoral thesis tries to establish a chronology of the medieval settlement of the Cottbus old town quarter in the area between Spremberger Strasse, Schlosskirchstrasse and Burgstrasse This approach proves a settlement of the quarter at the town periphery and its inclusion into urban planing since the first third of the 13th century. Following recent research in regional history, the city construction at the beginning of the 13th century might indicate to Konrad von Landsberg as a founding initiator of the largest town in Lower Lusatia. The mostly ground level building structures of the 13th century have been preserved only partially. Therefore, a distinction of certain activity zones as well as of plots and structures is possible only to a limited extend. Reliable indications of an older plot structure and the usage of areas do not exist until the 14th century. Buildings are characterized by a front house with side wings of which only the cellars have been preserved. Wells for the water supply of the plots were found in the yard area. Numerous latrine buildings on the rear edge of the plot served for disposal. Of outstanding importance are the findings of the buildings that were destroyed by one or more city fires (probably that of 1478). The extensive archaeological material of these findings provides a comprehensive insight into a late medieval household at the end of the 15th century. Modern finds and findings were recorded only occasionally, not only because of the increasing written tradition. Already the archaeological investigations focused mainly on the medieval structures. Stone buildings did not exist in this area until the 16th century. As the place was not rebuild after the Thirty Years' War, what partially continued until the beginning of the 18th century, the older medieval structures have been well preserved in the soil.

Für Gerhard Billig sollte dieses Werk krönender Abschluss seiner wissenschaftlichen Arbeit sein: das Zusammenführen seiner Lebens- und wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis zur mittelalterlichen Burgenlandschaft Sachsens - es blieb unvollendet. Sieben Kapitel hatte er konzipiert, fünf davon geschrieben. Was vorliegt, ist ein dennoch in sich geschlossenes Spätwerk, das posthum als wissenschaftliches Essay veröffentlicht werden konnte. Bislang gibt es kein zweites, auf eine longue durée geschriebenes Buch, das aus lokaler, regionaler und landesgeschichtlicher Perspektive die Burgenentwicklung in einer naturräumlich und politisch-administrativ gegliederten Kulturlandschaft in interdisziplinärer Weise beschreibt, angefangen von den Burgwällen des frühen Mittelalters bis zu Änderungen im Wehrbau im Spätmittelalter. Wenngleich einzelne Aspekte dieses Werkes forschungskritisch zu beleuchten sind, so besteht der Wert in der Gesamtsicht auf das Thema und in der konsequent angewandten interdisziplinären Methode. Möge der Leser daher diesen Text als eine letzte Vorlesung Gerhard Billigs begreifen und mit höchstmöglichem Gewinn für sich erfassen. / For Gerhard Billig this book was meant to be the culmination of his lifelong career as a professional historian: the synthesis of his abundant knowledge of medieval castles in Saxony - it remained fragmentary. Gerhard Billig, who had carefully designed this study, was only able to finish five out of seven chapters. Nevertheless, the present book is a coherent academic study worth being published as a posthumous essay. Like no other author before him, Gerhard Billig scrutinized the long-term development of castles from an interdisciplinary perspective within the history of a cultural landscape, which is equally shaped by physiographic conditions, different dominions and Lordships and their administrative districts. This book combines different perspectives from local to regional history and applied regional studies to describe the history of castle building over the longue durée, beginning with the early medieval castle mounds and ending with the innovations in late medieval fortification. Even though some of its aspects are open to debate and may need further historical research, the great value of this study is to provide an overall view on castle building and to take a consistent interdisciplinary approach. Readers may profit from its rich findings and regard this book as Gerhard Billig’s last lecture.