This thesis explores the role of childhood in identity formation. The concept that childhood contributes to an individual’s identity—how a person becomes who they are, and how childhood influences this—is universally relevant. However, whilst the influence of childhood is universal, exactly what ‘childhood’ means is not. Because the existence of children is a common thread linking all societies, it is unsurprising that every society has a different conception of what ‘childhood’ means, which members were considered children, and the freedoms, restrictions or expectations placed on those at this stage of life. The discussion here is framed within the context of ancient Egypt—specifically, the site of Deir el-Medina—but its approach is also relevant to those studying childhood in other areas. Today, identity is considered equivalent to how we define and understand ourselves, influenced by our personal experiences. However, these experiences are themselves informed by how society defines and groups us, based on factors such as gender, ethnicity or religion. Identity therefore involves two inter-linked components: how society defines the individual, and how individuals define themselves. In exploring the role of childhood in identity formation, the aim of this thesis is to consider both components as they relate to children. The first reflects how society at Deir el-Medina constructed and conceptualised ‘childhood’, informing how children were treated, their scope for social participation, and the relationships they engaged in. The second reflects how children as individuals lived within these social structures, and how such personal experiences contributed to a sense of self. Only by considering both elements can a holistic picture be formed.

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A field and textural investigation of the Medina Formation has been made. The thesis includes a brief analysis of the microscopic sedimentological properties of the sandy facies, a detailed study of the paleocurrent indicators, and a study of the distribution of the more typical sedimentary structures. Analytical laboratory data, primary sedimentary structures, and outcrop data have been used to reconstruct the paleoenvironmental setting of the Lower Silurian rocks exposed along the Niagara Escarpment from Hamilton (Ontario) to Fulton (New York). They indicate a complex of sub-environments within the broad model of a delta, with the direction of current movement being from the South-East in the eastern part of the area under study and from South-West and North-East in the western part. The determination of these two paleocurrent systems forms a major contribution of this work. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Cette étude rassemble une sélection d’ostraca et papyri hiératiques documentaires provenant de Deir el-Medina, le village des ouvriers de la tombe royale au Nouvel Empire. Tous sont liés aux différentes étapes de la préparation concrète à la mort par les habitants de ce site. Les informations qu’ils apportent sont étudiées à travers trois grands axes – abordés dupoint de vue technique, lexicographique, économique, juridique, etc. – : l’acquisition et la préparation de la tombe ; la commande de l’équipement funéraire ; et la rédaction de testaments. La confrontation de ces textes avec les résultats archéologiques permet d’appréhender la façon dont l’Égyptien « moyen » du Nouvel Empire anticipait sa propre mort pour lui-même et ses descendants ou, au contraire, ne la préparait pas, laissant à ses héritiers le soin de prendre en charge ses funérailles. Dans ce contexte, la place des femmes et leur relative dépendance vis-à-vis des hommes de leur entourage sont également abordées. Le site de Deir el-Medina a été choisi comme cadre pour cette étude en raison de son importante documentation qui permet une connaissance – exceptionnelle pour l’Égypte ancienne – de la vie quotidienne de ses habitants. L’accent est mis sur la façon dont le travail dans la tombe de Pharaon privilégiait ces derniers ; outre l’avantage de se voir attribuer une concession funéraire – prérogative normalement réservée à l’élite égyptienne –, leur statut leur facilitait l’accès aux matières premières et leurs spécialisations pouvaient être mises au service de leur propre organisation ante mortem. / This study brings together a selection of documentary hieratic ostraca and papyri from Deir el-Medina, the village of the royal tomb’s workmen during the New Kingdom. All are related to the differents stages of the concrete preparation for death by the inhabitants of this site. The informations they provide are studied through three large axis – discussed from thetechnical, lexicographical, economical, legal point of view, etc. – : the acquisition and preparation of the tomb; the order of the funerary equipment ; and the writing of wills. The comparison of these texts with archaeological findings allow to understand how the « medium » Egyptian of the New Kingdom anticipated his own death for himself and his descendants or, on the contrary, did not prepare it, leaving the task of taking care of his funeral to his heirs. In this context, the place of the women and their relative dependence towards the men of their circle are also discussed. The site of Deir el-Medina was chosen as the framework for this study because of its considerable documentation allowing a knowledge – unique for the ancient Egypt – of the daily life of its inhabitants. The focus is on how the work in the tomb of Pharaoh favored them ; besides the advantage of being awarded a burial concession – prerogative normally reserved for the egyptian elite –, their status make easier for them the access to raw materials and their specializations could be harnessed to their own ante mortem organization.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-13T14:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vera da Cunha Pasqualin.pdf: 1248492 bytes, checksum: 87c42d235b07306b48b7b924f79a369d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-26 / This dissertation centers around the radio narrative work authored by José Medina in the years 1946 and 1947, in the city of São Paulo, which allows one to investigate the relationship between memory and consumption. The research material includes five radio play scripts presented in two different media: radio and newspaper. The general objective is to present the narrative structures and melodramatic production logics found in the work of José Medina, and thereby bring to mind certain habits and consumption practices, both symbolic and material, in São Paulo, in 1946 and 1947. Specific objectives include presenting the mediatic production of José Medina besides his radio production, and study the radio language used at the time. The question used as the basis for the research is intended to show how the narrative construction and the radio language evidence the memory of certain habits and consumption practices in São Paulo in 1946 and 1947. As this is a historical research that counts on a broad documental corpus, the method used was the document analysis and bibliographic survey. The main sources of the survey to gather together the corpus were the Medina family files and the Public Archives of the State of São Paulo. Theoretical references include scholars such as Paul Zumthor, Murray Schafer, Marlyse Meyer, Ian Watt, Edgar Morin, Jerusa Pires Ferreira, Mônica Rebecca Ferrari Nunes, Ecléa Bosi, Néstor García Canclini, Jesús Martín-Barbero and Roger Silverstone, and other researchers that were used as guidance for these reflections. Results point to the intertwining of communications, consumption, and memory, looking at radio listening and the reading of radio plays scripts in the newspaper as symbolic assets that represent media consumption and position the listener/reader in time and space. / Esta pesquisa tem como tema as construções narrativas radiofônicas de autoria de José Medina durante os anos de 1946 e 1947, em São Paulo, que permitem observar a relação entre memória e consumo. O corpus da pesquisa inclui cinco roteiros de peças radiofônicas apresentados em duas mídias: rádio e jornal. O objetivo geral é apresentar as estruturas narrativas e as lógicas de produção melodramática, presentes na obra de José Medina e, por meio delas, trazer a memória de certos hábitos e práticas de consumo, material e simbólico, em São Paulo, entre os anos de 1946 e 1947. Os objetivos específicos são: apresentar a produção midiática de José Medina, além da radiofônica; e estudar a linguagem radiofônica utilizada na época. A questão que norteou a pesquisa propõe responder de que modo a construção narrativa e a linguagem radiofônica evidenciam a memória de certos hábitos e práticas de consumo em São Paulo entre 1946 e 1947. Por se tratar de uma pesquisa histórica que dispõe de um amplo corpus documental, a metodologia aplicada foi a análise documental e a pesquisa bibliográfica. As principais fontes pesquisadas para compor o corpus foram o arquivo particular da família de Medina e o Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo. O referencial teórico inclui pensadores como Paul Zumthor, Murray Schafer, Marlyse Meyer, Ian Watt, Edgar Morin, Jerusa Pires Ferreira, Mônica Rebecca Ferrari Nunes, Ecléa Bosi, Néstor García Canclini, Jesús Martín-Barbero e Roger Silverstone, além de outros teóricos que contribuem para estas reflexões. Os resultados apontam para o entrelaçamento entre comunicação, consumo e memória, entendendo a escuta do rádio e a leitura de roteiros de peças radiofônicas em jornal também como bens simbólicos que, em si, representam o consumo midiático e situam o ouvinte/leitor no tempo e no espaço.

This essay is about female inheritance in ancient Egypt. Death had a very important part in the Egyptian culture. The goal in this essay is to put focus on an everyday aspect of death, which is often left out. That is, how the living was affected by the death of a close relative. Since women had a weaker economic position than men, they are likely to have been more affected. Hence, the essay will focus on women. Most of the existing research is based on primary sources from the Late and Ptolemaic Period. But since that is relatively late in the Egyptian history, it is important to see what female inheritance looked like earlier in history. It is also important to compare different periods in order to see if inheritance developed during time or stayed unchanged. The issues will be how the death of the husband and a family member affected the woman, and how her death affected other persons close to her. In order to answer this, primary sources consisting of texts from Lahun (the Middle Kingdom) and Deir el-Medina (the New Kingdom) will be analyzed in a comparative study. The most important results are that inheritance was based on the relationship between the individual rather than on gender and the death of the husband had the biggest influence on the woman’s life. How big the influence was depended on whether or not she inherited as a widow.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2006. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 154-162).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, 2002. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on May 26, 2005). Includes bibliographical references (p. 275-279).

This thesis represents the result of a close study of the early Arabic sources concerning the long and violent conflict between Muhammad and the three Jewish tribes of Medina: the B. Qaynuqa, B. al-Nadir and B. Qurayzah. It is discovered that in his actions against these tribes the Prophet was not acting from a simple anti-Jewish bias but in order to protect himself and his community from these potentially very dangerous centers of opposition. Thus the elimination of the Jewish tribes from the oasis is the result of Muhammad's efforts to break up centers of opposition and thereby make secure his own community. In his long struggle with the Jewish tribes Muhammad skillfully isolated the three tribes--from each other as well as from their Arab allies-- and eliminated their dangerous presence one by one, beginning with the weakest of the three tribes. The justifications set forth by Muhammad for actions against the Jews are almost without exception political in nature (although the Jewish opposition was primarily religious in nature), and redress was usually called for under the traditional tribal law. On the rare occasions when the tribal law would not support his actions, Muhammad used revelation as justification.

Eduard Toda va publicar Son Notém en Tebas al 1887. En aquest treball Eduard Toda donava tota mena de detalls sobre el descobriment d'una tomba trobada intacta al poblat de Deir-el-Medina, la TT1 (Theban Tomb nº 1), la tomba del "Servidor en el Lloc de la Veritat, Sennedjem". La tomba havia estat descoberta el 1886 i molts han estat els estudiosos que han parlat de la tomba i Deir-el-Medina, però, en canvi, poc s'ha parlat dels objectes que en ella es van trobar.Sennedjem era "Servidor en el Lloc de la Veritat a l'Oest de Tebes", títol que portaven alguns treballadors o artesans que construïen i decoraven les tombes dels faraons de la XVIII fins la XX dinastia, a la Vall dels Reis. Sennedjem era un artesà que visqué a Deir-el-Medina entre els regnats de Setos I i Ramesses II. Va ser enterrat en aquesta tomba juntament amb altres membres de la seva família, almenys la seva esposa, Iineferti, el seu fill Khonsu i la seva esposa Tamaket, i d'altresEls objectius d'aquest treball han estat:1. Realitzar un catàleg exhaustiu de totes les peces que hi havia a l'interior de la tomba de Sennedjem. Aquest catàleg està format per una fitxa específica per cada peça, que inclou nom de la peça, localització actual, material, mides, descripció, bibliografia i fotografia. El fet de donar noms propis ens ajudarà a establir relacions entre ells.2. Establir una relació entre les peces estudiades i els personatges als quals pertanyen: relacions de parentiu, situació social, etc. Com comprovarem en el treball, la tomba de Sennedjem es va ocupar durant vàries generacions. Sennedjem va ser el primer propietari, però també es van fer enterrar els seus fills i les seves esposes. Aquesta relació s'establirà després d'un anàlisi dels textos i, per tant, dels noms que apareixen escrits a la tomba. L'anàlisi també ens portarà a concloure que Sennedjem era un simple paleta.3. Fer un anàlisi comparatiu entre els textos del Llibre dels Morts de la cambra amb altres papirs coneguts. Els textos corresponents al Llibre dels Morts que trobem a la decoració de la cambra funerària de la tomba de Sennedjem s'han comparat amb coneguts papirs i manuscrits. L'objectiu d'aquesta comparació ha estat doble: per una banda hem aclarit algunes paraules o expressions que a la tomba de Sennedjem no quedaven clares o bé per la mala qualitat de les pintures (o millor dit, les fotografies a les que hem tingut accés) o algunes errades que hem trobat en els apunts de Bruyère. En la majoria dels casos ens hem servit dels apunts propis presos in situ. Un problema pel seu estudi és que tot el corredor, tant parets com sostre, s'havia protegit mitjançant unes xarxes que impossibilitaven la visió i encara menys les fotografies d'aquesta part. De manera que sobretot en el corredor ens hem de remetre als textos copiats de Bruyère. L'altre objectiu per la comparació dels textos era la d'aportar més dades referents a noves variants o variants poc conegudes que poguessin aparèixer en els textos de la tomba i que ajudessin a una major comprensió dels diferents capítols, cosa que pot ajudar a precisar, per exemple, quins papirs o versions del Llibre dels Morts van ser més properes a Sennedjem, i, per tant, ajustar la cronologia de la tomba. A més a més, com veurem, també ens servirem del treball de M. Puvill per comparar els textos de la cambra de Nefertari amb els de Sennedjem. En aquest últim cas, comprovarem les grans similituds entre ambdós, fet que ens ajudarà a precisar la cronologia d'aquesta tomba i situar-la en època de Ramsesses II. / The tomb of Sennedjem, situated in the workmen village of Deir-el-Medina, was first excavated by a Catalan diplomat named Eduard Toda. Dr. Padró has been investigating about him for the past years and he proposed to update and extend Eduard Toda's work about the objects found in the tomb that are now scattered in many museums around the world. This was a challenging project because it implied to visit as many museums as possible. Our work would allow collecting in a catalogue the various objects and investigating and classifying their typology. Toda made an inventory of the objects found in the tomb. That has been our departure point. However, as it will be clear as a conclusion of this work, some of the objects have now been lost and some others were not mentioned by Toda.Therefore, the objectives of this work have been:1. To made a comprehensive catalogue of all the pieces that where found inside the tomb of Sennedjem.2. To find a relation between the investigated pieces and their owners: familiar relationships, social position, etc. The tomb of Sennedjem was used for several generations. A complete study of the texts of the tomb is made in order to compare the names and titles found there with the texts and inscriptions of the objects. The investigations leaded us to know that Sennedjem was a trowel.3. To compare the text of the Book of the Dead found in the tomb with known papyrus. The usual practice in the literature is to compare the Book of the Dead versions between papyrus or manuscripts. We decided to proceed in other way: compare known manuscripts with the chapters of the Book of the Dead found on the walls of the tomb of Sennedjem. This is used to find which version of the Book of the Dead is the closest to Sennedjem's tomb texts and therefore, more precisely date the tomb. We will also use the results of Mrs. Puvill work to compare the texts of Sennedjem's tomb with Nefertari's tomb. As will be shown later, both versions of the Book of the Dead are very similar.