The concept of ignorance has been unfairly stigmatised in research and practice, and consequently has not received the attention it deserves as a powerful motivator of behaviour in organisations. To understand the role of ignorance, it must be examined as a productive force rather than a shameful weakness, an achievement instead of a failure. This thesis develops an understanding of how ignorance is achieved and why it is perpetuated in the context of managing the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, a series of worldwide mega-events that are popular with proponents of urban development, but which have experienced persistent organisational problems in the form of cost overruns, schedule delays, and scope creep. To do so, this research draws on literature about ignorance from the disciplines of philosophy, anthropology, sociology, and organisational theory, to motivate an embedded case study of Games Organising Committees (OCs) in six host cities around the world. These OCs, which were actively planning the Games during the research, are studied through qualitative research, to develop a dynamic understanding of the role of ignorance in planning the Games. The findings and analysis are presented from two perspectives: the structure of the ‘Games system’ and of the OC; and, the substance of Games planning in the areas of cost, time and scope. While other studies have focused on ignorance as necessary, strategic, and inadvertent, the original contribution to knowledge of this thesis is the proposal of a theoretical framework that focuses on the functional and detrimental outcomes of ignorance. This framework is also shown to be useful in understanding why ignorance persists between organisations, and suggests three basic principles for further research: ignorance as a productive force in management; structure as a scaffold for ignorance; and budget, time and scope as catalysts for ignorance.

Since the dawn of industrialization, many authoritarian regimes have taken on massive public works projects which seem impressive or farfetched. Few onlookers are surprised when these projects are not completed or are completed at such a high cost that they appear to be an exercise in futility. Usually these failures are written off as dictatorial incompetence and overambition, but the initial motivations for beginning them are rarely addressed. This paper will argue that, rather than being a symptom of precipitant development or front for embezzlement, many of these projects were designed to fail because the regime received the largest benefit by starting them—not by completing them. Empirically this research will focus on the Toshka ‘New River Valley’ project in Egypt, which is Egypt’s largest development project and is designed to create a second Nile River Valley in the South and eventually be home to 20% of the Egypt’s population. In this report I explore the governments’ motivations, their intentions, the resulting symbolism and the repercussions of the Toshka project. / text

This literature review analyzes the global phenomenon of international project finance (PF) as both a management and finance instrument, allowing practitioners to realize large scale infrastructure projects in high risk contexts. After describing the characteristics of PF, its historical origins and its unique benefits for empirical inquiry, I summarize the findings of academic research from an interdisciplinary perspective. Based on this integration of Finance, Management and International Business research, I discuss the theoretical implications for each field that emanate from PF. Finally, I identify possibilities for future research and propose a more balanced, interdisciplinary academic treatment of PF.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T12:21:17Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Jaime Bata - 2018.pdf: 18178453 bytes, checksum: ee3e03c8911158c1501312f8cca52789 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-05-15T12:23:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Jaime Bata - 2018.pdf: 18178453 bytes, checksum: ee3e03c8911158c1501312f8cca52789 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-15T12:23:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eduardo Jaime Bata - 2018.pdf: 18178453 bytes, checksum: ee3e03c8911158c1501312f8cca52789 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In Moatize, extraction of coal is an ancient activity, dating back to the early 19th century. Its development occurred concomitant consolidation of Moatize, primarily focus on coal mining in Mozambique. In fact, the coal basin of Moatize is the subject of research and mineral exploration, since the period of effective occupation. With independence and the process of building the State, mostly from the early 1990, the mining goes on to be one of the key sectors for the development of the country; Hence, all the conditions have been created for its growth. The new phase of coal extraction process that accompanied the changes underway in the world, especially since the 1970, have repercussions on the social structure, since the insertion of the capital involved arrangements of all kinds. In Moatize, the implementation of megaprojects demanded the space refunctionalization to meet the demands of the productive capital, a process that culminated with the compulsory displacement of the population. In this context, the research sought to understand the spatial effects of megaprojects of coal extraction in Moatize, from its contradictions, regarding the forms of spatial organization, in order to meet its needs. The proposition of this thesis is that there is a new geopolitical strategy that seeks to shift production, concentrated in Europe to New Territories, rich in natural resources, with tax incentives, weak labor and environmental legislation on the rights humans. This process strengthens the productive restructuring of capital and is characterized by the performance of large transnational corporations. Internally, this process relies on the actions of the State, creating the (legal, institutional and ideological) conditions to check rationality and visibility to megaprojects. So, considering the space as a system of systems and dialectical and historical materialism, as a method of research and interpretation of the phenomena; the qualitative research, secondary data collection, as well as field research, enabled the understanding of current arrangements in Moatize, as well as its effects on the spatial structure. With the implementation of megaprojects in Moatize, in addition to the pressure on State institutions to organize themselves, on the basis of these, there were also environmental degradation and, especially, the social disorganization – as a result of compulsory displacement and destruction of livelihoods. Thereby, the curtailment of collective goods, the difficulties of regular access to food in the resettlement, particularly, in Mwaladzi, the lack of land for production, lack of work, as well as the increased morbidity and mortality, are aspects that lead to the impoverishment of the resettled and exacerbate socio-environmental conflicts. In the meantime, the integration of megaprojects generated insignificant advantages for the local communities; However, this integration created and/or strengthened a small bourgeoisie connected to national political power – the capital partners. / Em Moatize, a extração do carvão mineral é uma atividade antiga, que remonta ao início do século XIX. Seu desenvolvimento ocorreu concomitante à consolidação de Moatize, como principal foco da mineração do carvão em Moçambique. De fato, a bacia carbonífera de Moatize é objeto de pesquisa e exploração mineral, desde o período da ocupação efetiva colonial. Com a independência e o processo de edificação do Estado, principalmente, a partir da década de 1990, a mineração passa a constituir um dos setores chave para o desenvolvimento do país; daí que foram criadas todas as condições para o seu crescimento. A nova fase da extração do carvão mineral, processo que acompanhou as mudanças em curso em nível mundial, sobretudo, desde a década de 1970, tem repercussão sobre a estrutura espacial (social), visto que a inserção do capital implicou arranjos de toda a ordem. Em Moatize, a implantação dos megaprojetos demandou a refuncionalização do espaço para atender as demandas produtivas do capital, processo que culminou com o deslocamento compulsório da população. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa buscou compreender os efeitos espaciais dos megaprojetos de extração do carvão mineral em Moatize, a partir de suas contradições, no que tange às formas de organização espacial, com vista a atender suas necessidades produtivas. A tese defendida é de que há uma nova estratégia geopolítica que busca deslocar a produção, até então, concentrada na Europa para novos territórios, ricos em recursos naturais, com incentivos fiscais, com fraca legislação ambiental, trabalhista e sobre os direitos humanos. Tal processo se fortalece com a reestruturação produtiva do capital e é caracterizado pela atuação das grandes corporações transnacionais. Internamente, esse processo conta com a atuação do Estado, criando as condições (legais, institucionais e ideológicas) para conferir racionalidade e visibilidade aos megaprojetos. Assim, considerando o espaço como um sistema de sistemas e o materialismo histórico e dialético, como método de pesquisa e de interpretação dos fenômenos; a pesquisa qualitativa, o levantamento de dados secundários, bem como a pesquisa de campo, possibilitou a compreensão dos arranjos em curso em Moatize, assim como dos seus efeitos sobre a estrutura espacial. Com a implantação dos megaprojetos em Moatize, além da pressão sobre as instituições do Estado que passaram a organizar-se, em função desses, houve, também, a degradação ambiental e, sobretudo, a desestruturação social - fruto do deslocamento compulsório e da destruição dos meios de subsistência. Desse modo, o cerceamento de bens coletivos, as dificuldades de acesso regular aos alimentos nos reassentamentos, principalmente, em Mwaladzi, a falta de terra propícia para a produção, a falta de trabalho, bem como o aumento morbidade e da mortalidade, são aspectos que conduzem ao empobrecimento dos reassentados e exacerbam os conflitos socioambientais. Paralelamente, a inserção dos megaprojetos gerou insignificantes vantagens para as comunidades locais; porém, criou e/ou fortaleceu uma pequena burguesia ligada ao poder político nacional - os parceiros do capital.

Santa Cruz Verde 2030 is an inner-city megaproject that will transform the local oil refinery into an urban neighborhood in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain. The project is expected to reconfigure Santa Cruz’s tourism model significantly, while applying rather undemocratic planning practices. This paper explores Santa Cruz Verde 2030, focusing on the perception of local stakeholders. My research builds on 18 qualitative interviews with planning authorities, the city’s mayor, political parties, experts from the real estate sector and residents. I identify a large perception gap among the interviewees. While the project’s initiators praise the participatory process, other stakeholders feel neither informed nor integrated. In particular, the “behind closed doors” planning approach has provoked resentment among citizens. In contrast, the possible impact on tourism of the project has given rise to less discussion. This contributes to the “stealthy” touristification strategy that has already transformed large areas of Santa Cruz’s waterfront in past decades. Hence, this paper adds to the ongoing discussion on how to design megaprojects in a more sustainable way, for example, by ensuring political consensus and learning from former megaprojects.

In der Neoliberalen Stadt gehören Megaprojekte zu den sichtbarsten städtebaulichen Elementen. Sie sind Ausdruck eines ständigen Wettbewerbs städtischer Räume um Ressourcen, Kapital und die Stellung in der globalen urbanen Hierarchie. Gleichzeitig stehen die Projekte in der Kritik, undemokratische Planungsstrukturen und räumliche Ungerechtigkeiten zu verfestigen. Touristifizierungs- und Gentrifizierungsprozesse gehören zu den möglichen Folgen von Megaprojekten – nicht nur auf der betreffenden Fläche selbst, sondern auch in umliegenden Quartieren. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist die Erforschung des Zusammenspiels von Megaprojekten, Gentrification und Tourismus am Fallbeispiel Santa Cruz Verde 2030. Das innerstädtische Projekt transformiert die Erdölraffinerie im Zentrum der Stadt Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spanien) in ein nutzungsgemischtes und urbanes Quartier. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern das Megaprojekt in bestehende Raum- und Funktionsbezüge eingreift und welche Stakeholder bei der Planung des Vorhabens (nicht) integriert sind. Diesem Untersuchungsgegenstand nähert sich die Dissertation unter Einbezug von quantitativen und qualitativen Forschungsmethoden. Hierzu zählen ein systematischer Literature Review, eine multivariate Vulnerabilitäts- und Clusteranalyse sozialräumlicher Daten, geographische Informationssysteme sowie qualitative Interviews. Als theoretische Rahmung bedient sich diese Forschungsarbeit der räumlichen Gerechtigkeit (spatial justice). Dabei werden Polarisierungen zwischen primären und sekundären Stakeholdern sowie vulnerablen und nicht-vulnerablen Sozialräumen herausgearbeitet. Die Arbeit zeigt, wie Konzept und Planung von Santa Cruz Verde 2030 auf bestimmte Zielgruppen fokussiert sind, während lokale Bewohner:innen ausgeschlossen werden. Gleichzeitig sind infolge des Megaprojektes Touristifizierungs- und Gentrifizierungsprozesse in Santa Cruz zu erwarten. Die somit reproduzierten Ungerechtigkeiten könnten durch transparente Planungsverfahren und Beteiligung abgeschwächt werden – weshalb die Arbeit ein Aufbrechen der etablierten Entscheidungs- und Handlungspraktiken in neoliberal geprägten Städten fordert.:1. Einleitung 2. Megaprojects, Gentrification, and Tourism 3. From one Crisis to Another 4. The Impact of Airbnb on a Non-Touristic City 5. Zwischen Deindustrialisierung und Gentrification 6. From Megaprojects to Tourism Gentrification? 7. Opaque Urban Planning 8. Planning behind closed Doors 9. Schlussbetrachtung / Inner-city megaprojects are very visible elements in neoliberal urbanism. Such projects are regarded as a symbol of the ongoing competition between urban spaces and the fight over resources, wealth, and a higher position in the global urban hierarchy. Simultaneously, megaprojects are criticized for reinforcing undemocratic planning structures and spatial injustices. Thus, touristification and gentrification are often observed impacts – not only at the project’s site but also in surrounding neighborhoods. The objective of this doctoral thesis is to explore the relationship between megaprojects, gentrification, and tourism, using Santa Cruz Verde 2030 as a case study. This megaproject aims to transform the inner-city oil refinery in Santa Cruz de Tenerife (Spain) into a mixed-use urban neighborhood. In this thesis, I will investigate to what extent the megaproject will (not) interfere with existing spatial and functional relationships, and which stakeholders have (not) been integrated into the wider process. In order to appraise this megaproject ex-ante, a mix of quantitative and qualitative methods is proposed (such as a systematic literature review, a multivariate vulnerability and cluster analysis of socio-spatial data, geographic information systems, and qualitative interviews). Using spatial justice as a lense, I will show the highly polarized social and urban setting of the future megaproject. Apart from that, the concept and planning of the project are strongly focused on specific target groups, while local residents are excluded. At the same time, Santa Cruz Verde 2030 is expected to cause touristification and gentrification. This will reproduce spatial injustices in the city that could be mitigated through transparent planning procedures and participation – which is why this thesis demands to rethink the established decision-making in the neoliberal city.:1. Einleitung 2. Megaprojects, Gentrification, and Tourism 3. From one Crisis to Another 4. The Impact of Airbnb on a Non-Touristic City 5. Zwischen Deindustrialisierung und Gentrification 6. From Megaprojects to Tourism Gentrification? 7. Opaque Urban Planning 8. Planning behind closed Doors 9. Schlussbetrachtung

Within the neoliberal context of today’s urbanism, a growing number of inner-city megaprojects aim to transform brownfield sites—accompanied by gentrification and tourism. However, there is no systematic review exploring the interplay between these phenomena. This paper aims to systemize the existing scientific contributions by means of a literature review. Using different databases, a total number of 797 scientific documents have been identified. After several screening steps, a final set of 66 studies was included in the review. I present an analysis from a quantitative and a qualitative perspective, exploring bibliometric aspects, concepts, methods, and relevant lines of discussion. The area studied is a relatively young and emerging field. Within the discussion, there is a strong dominance of countries located in the global north, with Spain, the UK, and the U.S. at the forefront. From a methodological point of view, qualitative and mixed methods are mostly applied. The discussion of megaprojects, gentrification, and tourism has an important descriptive focus, with main topics such as planning, justice, and motivations. There are considerable conceptual deficits, as one-quarter of the studies do not clearly explain their methods. Future research needs to find ways to enable knowledge transfer to planning practice.

Megaprojects, as a part of neoliberal urbanism, have become an important element of cities worldwide. In Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain, the megaproject Santa Cruz Verde 2030 represents this type of project. The ambitious plan seeks to transform the city’s oil refinery into an urban quarter. However, since its announcement in summer 2018, no critical public discussion has taken place, although the project is expected to reconfigure the city’s waterfront and its tourist model. In this context, it is particularly the stakeholders’ point of view that is neglected. We thus offer a qualitative analysis of five interviews with local stakeholders from the real estate sector, politics, urban planning and an environmental association. The analysis shows that the interviewees feel insufficiently informed by the project’s initiators. The project is interpreted as an elitist symbol of how the project’s initiators understand urban development. While some of the stakeholders want to accelerate the whole process, others call for a more integrative and participative planning approach. Moreover, the observed marketing campaign is directly linked to the upcoming elections. The interviewees observe a simple top-down planning process, which contradicts the promises of the initiators to enable civic participation and integration.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-08-25T13:31:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Paiva de O A Campos.pdf: 4267934 bytes, checksum: a8542bffcd4c4beb8c1729c274299113 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-08-25T15:00:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Paiva de O A Campos.pdf: 4267934 bytes, checksum: a8542bffcd4c4beb8c1729c274299113 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-25T15:00:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissert Leonardo Paiva de O A Campos.pdf: 4267934 bytes, checksum: a8542bffcd4c4beb8c1729c274299113 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-14 / Os mega-eventos, um dos segmentos de megaprojetos, podem ser compreendidos como uma das mais relevantes iniciativas políticas da era moderna, pois promovem impactos transformadores na população e no local onde ocorrem, de acordo Horne & Whannel (2016). Sendo assim, os mega-eventos, segundo Zhai et al. (2009), apresentam maior investimento, maior complexidade, diversidade de stakeholders e sofrem influências mais amplas em comparação a projetos simples. Neste sentido, buscou-se promover uma sinergia entre a diversidade de stakeholders com os impactos transformadores provenientes dos efeitos do mega-evento, culminando no objetivo deste estudo: analisar os efeitos provenientes do megaevento, Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016, no território da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, sob o prisma de distintos stakeholders durante a realização dos referidos Jogos. Para realizar esta análise, primeiramente, foi realizado o levantamento de dados secundários através da revisão da literatura especializada, utilizando o método webibliomining e proknow-c. Em seguida, foi realizado o levantamento de dados primários através de observação participativa e entrevistas realizadas em todo o território da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, objeto deste estudo. Estas entrevistas apresentaram duas abordagens: questionários focalizados nos transeuntes e questionários focados nos empreendimentos. Ao todo, 71 respondentes participaram das entrevistas que apresentou uma abordagem qualitativa. Todavia, cabe destacar que para a análise dos dados primários aventados foram usados os métodos de estatística descritiva e análise de conteúdo. Após os resultados obtidos através do tratamento dos dados e confrontação entre os primários e secundários, pode-se verificar que a heterogeneidade dos stakeholders locais da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas produziu percepções distintas sobre os Jogos Olímpicos, influenciando diretamente no gerenciamento do próprio megaevento. Sendo assim, realizar o gerenciamento dos stakeholders locais, pode contribuir para a melhor efetividade dos resultados pretendidos dos megaprojetos, gerando benefícios a até, porventura, um legado. / Mega-events can be understood as one of the most important political initiatives of the modern era, as it promotes transformative impacts on the population and the place where they happen, according to Horne & Whannel (2016). Thus, the mega-events, according to Zhai et al. (2009), need higher investment, greater complexity, diversity of stakeholders and suffer broader influences compared to simple projects. In this sense, we sought to promote a synergy between the diversity of stakeholders and the transformative impacts of the mega-event, culminating in the objective of this study: analyze the effects of the mega-event, Olympic Games Rio 2016, in the territory of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, under the prism of different stakeholders during the accomplishment of these Games. In order to perform this analysis, we first carried out the survey of secondary data through a review of the specialized literature, using the method webibliomining and proknow-c. Then, the primary data were collected through participatory observation and interviews conducted throughout the territory of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon, the object of this study. These interviews presented two approaches: questionnaires focused on passers-by and questionnaires focused on entrepreneurship. In all, 71 respondents participated in the interviews that presented a qualitative approach. However, it should be noted that for the analysis of the primary data, the methods of descriptive statistics and content analysis were used. After the results obtained through data processing and confrontation between primary and secondary, was verified that the heterogeneity of the local stakeholders of Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon produced distinct perceptions about the Olympic Games, directly influencing the management of these mega-event. Therefore, managing the local stakeholders can contribute to the effectiveness of the desired results of megaprojects, generating benefits to, perhaps, a legacy.

Submitted by Raphael Kentzingen (raphaelzundt@yahoo.com) on 2017-05-22T14:20:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Kentzingen Master's Thesis.pdf: 1655614 bytes, checksum: 34c421e362151f5352daa7df1ffdabf4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Leiliane Silva (leiliane.silva@fgv.br) on 2017-05-25T20:26:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Kentzingen Master's Thesis.pdf: 1655614 bytes, checksum: 34c421e362151f5352daa7df1ffdabf4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-30T12:26:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raphael Kentzingen Master's Thesis.pdf: 1655614 bytes, checksum: 34c421e362151f5352daa7df1ffdabf4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-11 / This study is concerned on Rio 2016 megaproject management undertaken by theprincipal project actors: The International Olympic Committee (IOC), the OrganisingCommittee of the Olympic Games (OCOG) and the Brazilian Government. Firstly, anintroduction into megaprojects precedes the explanation of two intrinsically linkedconcepts, Complexity and Risk Management. Only after that fundamental portrayal twowidely adopted theories in Megaproject research will be reviewed, namely Stakeholdertheory and Institutional theory. In light of the literature and by means of a content analysisto local and international newspapers articles, the main project related events thatoccurred shortly before, during and after the Olympic Games were extracted andcategorized. In total, twelve project related events were identified. The broader projectmanagement picture related to those issue is supported by a brief description of Rio 2016´s project governance. Finally, the paper finishes with the appeal to widen up theacademic research on the complexity of the Olympic Games as there is a lackingexplanatory and evaluative capability of the aforementioned theories in assessing the mainconceptual undertakings of such a particular megaproject. After all, the unexpected issuesthat the abovementioned actors had to manage are best described by four impactingmegaproject dimensions: The political impact, the aesthetic impact, the economic impactand the technological impact. / Este estudo tem como foco a gestão do megaprojeto Rio 2016 realizada pelos principaisatores do projeto: o Comitê Olímpico Internacional, o Comitê Organizador dos JogosOlímpicos e o Governo Brasileiro. Em primeiro lugar, uma introdução em megaprojectosprecede a explicação de dois conceitos intrinsecamente ligados, Complexidade e Gestãode Risco. Somente após esse retrato fundamental, duas teorias extensamente adotadas napesquisa do megaprojeto serão revistas: Teoria do Stakeholder e Teoria Institucional.Segue, em luz da literatura e por meio de uma análise de conteúdo, uma coleta de artigosde jornais locais e internacionais sobre os principais eventos relacionados ao projeto,ocorridos pouco antes, durante e depois dos Jogos Olímpicos. No total, foramidentificados doze eventos relacionados ao projeto. O quadro mais amplo degerenciamento deste projeto é apoiado por uma breve descrição da governança do projetoRio 2016. Por fim, o trabalho conclui com o apelo de ampliar a pesquisa académica sobrea complexidade dos Jogos Olímpicos, pois há uma falta de capacidade explicativa parauma avaliação dos principais empreendimentos conceituais deste megaprojeto. Isto devidoao motivo de os eventos gerenciados pelos atores terem acabado por ser explicados porquatro dimensões do megaprojeto: O impacto político, o impacto estético, o impactoeconómico e o impacto tecnológico.