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El objetivo específico de esta investigación es analizar el lenguaje visual empleado en los memes políticos durante la crisis política de 2019 en Perú, es así que la hipótesis planteada es que el lenguaje visual empleado en estos memes está basado en características perceptivas denotativas y connotativas que facilitan su entendimiento acompañadas de un recorrido visual uniforme. En primer lugar, se realizó un análisis de contenido del recorrido visual y de los elementos retóricos basados en las figuras sintácticas y semánticas de siete memes políticos, previamente filtrados en una ficha documental, en la cual se estipuló las características principales que deben poseer un meme de este ámbito, como estar dirigido a un poder político, presentar crítica o apoyo y tener un contenido de humor. Asimismo, se mantuvo una entrevista con un informante clave, que cuenta con conocimiento sobre la retórica visual y experiencia para generar piezas del humor en las que brinda su opinión sobre los memes políticos. Dentro de los principales resultados, se obtiene que todos los memes políticos poseen figuras retóricas acentuativas y tipogramas para ser entendidas y que usan las figuras sustitutivas para combinar personajes ficticios con políticos. Con lo cual se puede afirmar que los memes cuentan con características basadas en las figuras retóricas visuales sintácticas (denotación) y semánticas (connotación). Finalmente, se puede afirmar que existe un recorrido visual uniforme el cual se realiza de manera vertical permitiendo que la lectura sea sencilla. / The specific objective of this research is to analyze the visual language used in political memes during the 2019 political crisis in Peru. The hypothesis is that the visual language used in these memes is based on denotative and connotative perceptive characteristics that facilitate their understanding accompanied by a uniform visual tour. Firstly, a content analysis of the visual tour and the rhetorical elements was carried out based on the syntactic and semantic figures of seven political memes, previously filtered in a documentary file, in which the main characteristics that a meme in this field must have were stipulated, such as being directed at a political power, presenting criticism or support and having a humorous content. An interview was also held with a key informant, who has knowledge of visual rhetoric and experience in generating pieces of humor in which he gives his opinion on political memes. Among the main results, it is obtained that all political memes have accentuated rhetorical figures and typographical figures to be understood and that they use the substitute figures to combine fictional characters with politicians. Thus, it can be stated that memes have characteristics based on visual syntactic (denotation) and semantic (connotation) rhetorical figures. Finally, it can be stated that there is a uniform visual path which is carried out in a vertical manner allowing for easy reading. / Trabajo de investigación

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Memes are a popular source of online media. As such, they become tools that can distribute racialized and gendered narratives. While memes are often a source of shaming and devaluing Black girls, my research also explores how they can be used as tools to counter and disidentify with narratives. Using Hip-Hop feminism and trap feminism as frameworks, I analyze several memes to not only exemplify the hegemonic narratives of Black girlhood that circulate via memes, but to illuminate the possibilities for resistance and transformation via this technology.

Desde el comienzo de nuestra era, las relaciones entre civilizaciones y culturas de diferentes partes del mundo presentaron diversos contactos lingüísticos entre los hablantes de distintos idiomas. Estos generaron una variación en el uso gramatical y, por ende, un nuevo vocabulario entre las lenguas contactadas, siendo el inglés, uno de los más destacados. Hoy en día, el inglés es el idioma con más influencia en el mundo y su uso en el Perú, sea mediante anglicismos o de forma general, es innegable. También es importante mencionar que la propagación del mismo es cada vez mayor gracias al apoyo de la tecnología y al uso de redes sociales. El presente trabajo busca observar el uso del inglés en la red social Facebook por jóvenes estudiantes de 18 a 25 años de una universidad privada de Lima Metropolitana. Este estudio propone ver de manera cualitativa qué tanto los jóvenes universitarios, de este sector en particular, utilizan el inglés en sus publicaciones. Dentro de los resultados se observó los siguientes tipos de uso: spanglish, memes y -en circunstancias generales- el hashtagging, entre otros factores que podrían complementarse con otros estudios, como el posible aprendizaje e integración del idioma inglés en esta u otras redes sociales y el uso de este idioma en otras ramas de investigación. / Since the beginning of our era, relations between civilizations and cultures from different parts of the world presented diverse linguistic contacts between speakers of different languages. These generated a variation in the grammatical use and, therefore, a new vocabulary among the contacted languages, being English one of the most outstanding ones. Nowadays, English is the most influential language in the world and its use in Peru, whether through anglicisms or in a general way, is undeniable. It is also important to mention that it is spreading and growing thanks to the support of technology and the use of social networks. The present work aims to observe the use of English in the social network of Facebook by young students from 18 to 25 years of a private university in Metropolitan Lima. This study proposes to see - with a qualitative scope - how young university students (in this particular sector) use English in their posts. The following types of use were observed in the results: Spanglish, memes and -in general circumstances- the hashtag; among other factors that could be complemented with other studies, such as the possible learning and integration of the English language in this or other social networks, and the use of this language in other branches of research. / Tesis

We demonstrate four novel multimodal methods for efficient video summarization and comprehensive cross-cultural news video understanding. First, For video quick browsing, we demonstrate a multimedia event recounting system. Based on nine people-oriented design principles, it summarizes YouTube-like videos into short visual segments (812sec) and textual words (less than 10 terms). In the 2013 Trecvid Multimedia Event Recounting competition, this system placed first in recognition time efficiency, while remaining above average in description accuracy. Secondly, we demonstrate the summarization of large amounts of online international news videos. In order to understand an international event such as Ebola virus, AirAsia Flight 8501 and Zika virus comprehensively, we present a novel and efficient constrained tensor factorization algorithm that first represents a video archive of multimedia news stories concerning a news event as a sparse tensor of order 4. The dimensions correspond to extracted visual memes, verbal tags, time periods, and cultures. The iterative algorithm approximately but accurately extracts coherent quad-clusters, each of which represents a significant summary of an important independent aspect of the news event. We give examples of quad-clusters extracted from tensors with at least 108 entries derived from international news coverage. We show the method is fast, can be tuned to give preferences to any subset of its four dimensions, and exceeds three existing methods in performance. Thirdly, noting that the co-occurrence of visual memes and tags in our summarization result is sparse, we show how to model cross-cultural visual meme influence based on normalized PageRank, which more accurately captures the rates at which visual memes are reposted in a specified time period in a specified culture. Lastly, we establish the correspondences of videos and text descriptions in different cultures by reliable visual cues, detect culture-specific tags for visual memes and then annotate videos in a cultural settings. Starting with any video with less text or no text in one culture (say, US), we select candidate annotations in the text of another culture (say, China) to annotate US video. Through analyzing the similarity of images annotated by those candidates, we can derive a set of proper tags from the viewpoints of another culture (China). We illustrate cultural-based annotation examples by segments of international news. We evaluate the generated tags by cross-cultural tag frequency, tag precision, and user studies.

In this paper, I wish to demonstrate how enthymemic argument pervades modern discourse. First, I will define the enthymeme in Aristotelian terms and compare its qualities to its sibling, the syllogism. Next, I will attempt to demonstrate how the enthymeme functions, paying close attention to its psychological effects as well as analyzing how the media helps promote enthymemic discourse. Finally, I will propose a way that composition instructors can harness the idea of the enthymeme to facilitate critical thinking in the classroom. The purpose of the paper is to provide evidence that a rebirth of this classical term is in order. Enthymemes are tricky, and they are often there without us ever knowing or suspecting them. By analyzing what an enthymeme does, what it looks like and how to respond to it, we can be better prepared to make the important ethical decisions we are faced with every day.

El objetivo principal de este trabajo es mostrar como se puede explicar la evolución cultural en un marco darwinista naturalisticamente aceptable. Para hacer esto, he considerado en primer lugar las principales teorías que se proponen el mismo objetivo: la sociobiología y la memética. En relación a la primera, he mantenido la idea de que los fenómenos culturales dependen a largo plazo de un condicionamiento biológico. En relación a la segunda, he aceptado que existe un sentido en el que la adaptación no es simple incremento de fitness. Mi segundo objetivo es explicar por qué ciertos fenómenos culturales, las maladaptaciones, no son adaptativas como "incremento de fitness", y presentar y aplicar un esquema explicativo que justifique los fenómenos culturales en un nuevo sentido adaptativo. Para articular estas tesis, he utilizado los trabajos de Boyd y Richerson y he introducido la distinción propia entre adaptaciones de primer y de segundo orden. / The main objective of this work is to show how can we explain culture within a general Darwinian, naturalistically acceptable framework. To do so, I first reconsider the two main theories that have been proposed with a similar goal: sociobiology and memetics. Concerning the first one, I preserve the idea that every cultural event depends in the long run on a pure biological conditioning. Regarding the latter, I accept that there is a sense of adaptation different from simple development of fitness. My second task is to explain why certain cultural phenomena, maladaptations, are not adaptive in the "increase of fitness" sense, and present and apply an explanatory scheme that accounts for cultural phenomena in a new adaptative manner. In order to articulate these theses in a new proposal, I make use of some work by Boyd and Richerson and introduce the main distinction between first and second order adaptations.

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