A recente inserção e forte avanço da mamografia digital no Brasil como ferramenta de rastreamento do câncer mamário e as evidências de outras condições de otimização, quando comparadas à mamografia convencional (tela filme), requerem que novos parâmetros de qualidade sejam incluídos e estudados, bem como que as condições de otimização sejam revistas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a técnica radiográfica otimizada para dois sistemas de detecção (CR e DR) em uso em três unidades de mamografia: Mammomat 3000 Nova (Siemens), Senographe DMR (GE) e Senographe 2000D (GE). A otimização foi conduzida para uma variedade de combinações de fatores técnicos e configurações de simuladores de mama, tais como valores de kilovoltagem (26 a 32 kV), combinações anodo/filtro (Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh e Rh/Rh), material simulador de mama de várias espessuras (2 a 8 cm) e lesões simuladas como massas e calcificações, usando uma figura de mérito (FOM) como parâmetro. Verificou-se que o uso da combinação anodo/filtro que gera os espectros mais energéticos em cada equipamento proporcionou os maiores valores de FOM para todas as espessuras de simulador de mama e voltagens, devido a redução da dose. As combinações anodo/filtro que deram esses resultados foram Mo/Rh para o equipamento da marca Siemens e Rh/Rh para ambos os equipamentos da marca GE, correspondentes aos espectros mais energéticos de cada unidade. Foi observada ainda uma tendência de aumento do kV que maximiza FOM com o aumento da espessura. / The recent introduction and intense advance of digital mammography in Brazil as a tool in breast cancer screening and the evidences of new optimization conditions when compared to conventional mammography (screen-film) require adding and studying novel quality parameters, as well as revisiting optimization conditions. The objective of this work was to determine optimized radiographic technique for two detection systems (CR and DR) in use in three mammography units: Mammomat 3000 Nova (Siemens), Senographe DMR (GE) and Senographe 2000D (GE). Optimization was conducted for various combinations of technique factors and breast phantom configurations, such as kilovoltage settings (26 to 32 kV), target/filter combinations (Mo/Mo, Mo/Rh and Rh/Rh), breast equivalent material in various thicknesses (2 to 8 cm) and simulated mass and calcification lesions, using a figure of merit (FOM) as a parameter. When using anode/filter combination which generates higher energy spectra in each equipment, it was verified that higher FOM values were achieved for all voltages and phantom thicknesses, due to dose reduction. Anode/filter combinations which led to those results were Mo/Rh for Siemens equipment and Rh/Rh for both GE equipments, corresponding to the higher energy spectra in each unity. It was also observed an increasing tendency of kV which maximizes FOM with the increase of thickness.

Um novo critério, proposto por Jorge Navaza a partir de considerações teóricas para resolver o problema das fases, é avaliado numericamente. Este critério se baseia na propriedade de atomicidade da função densidade eletrônica, generalizando resultados obtidos por Goedkoop. O problema das fases é resolvido teoricamente pela minimização de uma função, R, que é formada pela soma dos menores autovalores de uma matriz, Q, construída a partir de todos os fatores de estrutura observados. O conjunto de fases procurado é aquele que minimiza R. Como a matriz Q depende em forma relativamente complexa do grupo de simetria espacial do cristal, teoria dos grupos é utilizada para reduzir a ordem desta matriz. O algoritmo e a implantação computacional do cálculo da função R, juntamente com testes numéricos que demonstram a utilidade do critério de Navaza, são descritos em detalhe. Como corolário, que pode talvez resultar de grande importância prática, é mostrado que a função R pode ser utilizada como uma nova figura de mérito nos métodos diretos por multissolução clássicos. Finalmente, é desenvolvida a álgebra correspondente ao cálculo do gradiente da função R, indicando a direção de trabalhos futuros / A new criterion, proposed by Jorge Navaza from theoretical considerations to solve the Phase Problem, is numerically tested. The criterion is based on the atomicity property of the electron density function, generalizing previous results by Goedkoop. The Phase Problem is theoretically solved by the minimization of a function, R, which is formed from the sum of the smallest eigenvalues of a matrix Q, constructed from the set of all observed structure factors. The sought set of phases is that which minimizes R. Because the matrix Q depends in a relatively complex fashion on the space group of the crystal, group theory is employed to reduce the order of Q. The algorithm and computational implementation for the calculation of R, together with numerical tests which demonstrate the usefulness of Navaza´s criterion, are described in detail. As a corollary, that might turn out to be of a practical importance, it is shown that the minimum value of the function R can be used as a novel Figure of Merit in the classical Multisolution Direct Methods. Finally, the rather complex algebra necessary for the calculation of the gradient of the function R is developed, indicating also the possible trends for future work

La question de la reconnaissance publique devient un important sujet de réflexion et de débat dans la France des Lumières. D’une part, plusieurs penseurs font de la gloire un processus affectif de reconnaissance du mérite susceptible d’ordonner une société harmonieuse et juste. D’autre part, le XVIIIe siècle voit l’émergence d’une culture de la célébrité qui favorise la multiplication des personnalités connues, en particulier issues du milieu des lettres et des arts de la capitale. Plutôt que de distinguer des individus dont le vrai mérite suscite l’admiration unanime, comme le voudrait l’économie de la gloire, la célébrité s’alimente, entre autres, de la controverse, du dévoilement de la vie privée et de la consommation du divertissement. Dès son avènement, elle est largement perçue comme un facteur de décadence morale et un symptôme d’appauvrissement culturel. Cette étude propose donc une incursion dans les discours moraux, esthétiques et biographiques qui ont participé à l’élaboration, à la promotion et à la critique d’économies de la reconnaissance publique. En analysant une sélection de textes publiés sur une période d’environ 150 ans, entre la Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes et le premier tiers du XIXe siècle, je montre la cohérence de fond et les articulations de ces réflexions qui portent, en définitive, sur le genre d’ordre social que l’on voudrait consolider ou voir advenir. Elles ouvrent en retour une perspective sur la spécificité de ce moment charnière, marqué entre autres par la déstructuration des hiérarchies traditionnelles et l’affirmation de l’individu comme sujet moral autonome / Reflections and debates on the issue of public recognition gained heightened significance in Enlightenment France. On the one hand, Enlightenment thinkers promoted glory as a way to foster progress and harmony through the collective recognition and emulation of true merit. On the other hand, the century saw the advent of a celebrity culture, which enabled the multiplication of famed individuals, especially emanating from the capital’s arts and literary circles. Instead of distinguishing individuals whose merit gave rise to unanimous admiration, as the economy of glory would demand, celebrity seemed to build more upon controversies, revelations about private lives, and the consumption of entertainment. From its inception, celebrity was perceived as a contributing factor to moral degeneracy and as a sign of cultural decadence. This dissertation examines moral, aesthetic, and biographical texts that contributed to the creation, promotion, and critique of the economies of public recognition. An analysis of these texts published over a 150-year period – from the Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes to the first third of the nineteenth century – sheds light on their arguments with regards to the type of order that they hoped to consolidate or engender. These texts also offer a unique view into the particularities of this defining moment shaped by the erosion of traditional hierarchies and the advent of individuals as autonomous moral subjects

Orientadores: Márcia Miguel Castro Ferreira, Jarbas José Rodrigues Rohwedder / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Qímica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-11T21:19:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dias_YuriGuimaraes_M.pdf: 1972063 bytes, checksum: 17925102065d8dd73072baa01e19447c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Este estudo avalia a capacidade do uso da espectroscopia NIR para a determinação do teor de 6 hidrocarbonetos e dióxido de carbono em 40 misturas gasosas com composição semelhante à do gás natural. Os espectros NIR foram obtidos a partir de um equipamento experimental, construído no próprio laboratório, baseado em um monocromador do tipo AOTF e simultaneamente em um espectrofotômetro comercial NIR-FT. Modelos de calibração multivariada PLS-1 foram construídos, para os 6 gases, com os dois conjuntos de dados. A validação do método foi realizada calculando-se as figuras de mérito multivariadas, envolvendo em alguns casos o conceito do sinal analítico líquido (NAS). Os valores de RMSECV variam de 0,1858% para o 1,3- butadieno, cuja faixa de porcentagem volumétrica é de: 0,8% a 4,9%; a 0,9732% para o metano cuja faixa de porcentagem volumétrica é de: 61,7% a 89,9%. Estes valores confirmam a possibilidade de determinação do teor das espécies constituintes do gás natural e uma comparação das variâncias, por meio do teste F, dos modelos obtidos com os espectrofotômetros NIR-AOTF e NIR-FT indicam a adequação do equipamento experimental utilizado / Abstract: The present study evaluates the potential of NIR spectroscopy in determining the content of 6 hidrocarbons and carbon dioxide in 40 gas mixtures very similar in composition to the brazilian natural fuel gas. The NIR spectra were obtained from an equipament built in our laboratory and based on a AOTF wavelength selector device. All the spectra were simultaneously recorded in a comercial NIR-FT spectrophotometer (Bomem MB160D). Multivariate calibration models (PLS-1) were built for the six gases with both data sets. Method validation was performed calculating the figures of merit based on the Net Analyte Signal (NAS). RMSECV values ranged from 0.1858%, for 1,3-butadiene wich has a volumetric ratio of 0.8% to 4.9%; to 0.9732 for methane which has a volumetric ratio of 65.8% to 89.9%. These values confim the possibility of measuring the content of all the constituents evaluated in this study. A model variance comparision regarding the calibrations obtained with the NIR-AOTF and NIR-FT spectrophotometers showed the adequacy of the experimental equipament employed / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

教師素質乃影響教育品質的重要因素，美國對中小學教師實施的表現本位付給計畫，用以提高教師專業素養，可作為我國改革師範教育的借鏡。本研究的目的有三：（一）探討美國功績付給計畫及生涯階梯計畫兩種表現本位付給計畫的背景、理論基礎及實施現況；（二）評析美國表現本位付給計畫的實施成效；（三）歸納研究發現，對我國教育提出建言。 　　本研究採取文獻分析法，蒐集資料，根據相關主題，欲兼顧橫向與縱向分析。 　　經過文獻分析之後，得出本研究的結論： 　　一、美國表現本位付給計畫乃師資改革的途徑。 　　二、表現本位付給計畫以教師表現的成績作為加給的依據，並具有一套評鑑系統來決定獎賞與否。 　　三、表現本位付給計畫面臨表現的定義、付給的作用、評鑑客觀性及財政負擔等問題。 　　四、兩種表現本位付給計畫中，生涯階梯計畫對教師職能分級，設有教學昇遷管道，安排較為完善，將成為美國表現本位付給計畫的主流。 　　根據研究結果，我國實施表現本位付給計畫，應採取下述措施： 　　一、在教育行政方面 　　　（一）制定表現本位付給計畫時，必須兼顧人事決策（考績）與輔導教師專業成長兩大目標。 　　　（二）深入研究並了解優良表現的內涵。 　　　（三）所安排之酬賞制度應能激發教師表現優良。 　　　（四）及早建立教師生涯階梯制度。 　　　（五）建立一套可信而有效的評鑑系統。 　　　（六）應設法贏得立法機構、教師及相關人員的支持與參與。 　　　（七）採取其他相關措施包括：準備足夠的經費、營造良好組織氣氛、改善教師工作生活的品質、建立教師換証制度、結合現行的教師實習制度及從地方到中央建立一套完備的進修制度。 　　二、學校方面 　　　（一）建立以學校為中心的教師進修制度。 　　　（二）成立校內評鑑委員會。 　　　（三）增加教師參與決定學校事務的機會。 / The performance-based pay plans that include merit pay plans and career ladder plans have emerged as one approach to improving the quality of teacher in America.Because of increasing criticism of educational standards and alleged decline in professional ability of teachers in our country, to base pay onteachers'performance in America is a solution of our educational problems.The three purposes of this study are (1) to investigate the history, relational theories and contents of performance-based pay plans , (2) to review theeffects of performance-based pay plans, and (3) to provide suggestions for ourteachers' education by the findings of this research.The literature analysis reveal that (1) Performance-based pay plans can improve the quality of teachers; (2) Performance-based pay plans have some problems including the difficults of a valid definition of performance, the issue of validity of using pay as a motivator, the complaints against evaluation systems, and high cost etc, ; (3)Career ladder plans which utilize the idea of career ladder that teacher canatuain higher pay and higher professional status will be the currently popular proposals of performance-based pay plans.The study yield a set of recommendations for the design of performance-based pay plans:(1) The purposes of plans are to make decisions about the retention, transfer, or dismissal of staff members and to help teachers about professional growth; (2) Good performance need be clearly studied and realized; (3) The reward system canmotivate teacher; (4) Teacher career ladders must be established; (5)The systemof evaluation is reliable and valid; (6)Legislature, teacher and others involvedsupport the plans; (7) The school-based in-service education system must be established; (8) Let teachers involve in making decisions about school; (9)other administrative policies are used.

<p>Energy harvesting is an interesting topic for today since we face running out of energy source, a serious problem in the world. Thermoelectric devices are a good candidate. They can convert heat (i.e. temperature gradient) to electricity. This result leads us to use them to harvest waste heat from engines or in power plants to generate electricity. Moreover, thermoelectric devices also perform cooling by applied voltage to device. This process is clean, which means that no greenhouse gases are emitted during the process. However, the converting efficiency of thermoelectrics are very low compare to a home refrigerator. The thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT_m) is a number which defines the converting efficiency of thermoelectric materials and devices. ZT_m is defined by Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. To improve the converting efficiency, nanolaminated materials are good candidate.</p><p> </p><p>This thesis studies TiN/ScN artificial nanolaminates, or superlattices were grown by reactive dc magnetron sputtering from Ti and Sc targets. For TiN/ScN superlattice, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reciprocal space map (RSM) show that we can obtain single crystal TiN/ScN superlattice. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) shows the superlattice films have a rough surface, supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, TiN/ScN superlattices grew by TiN as starting layer has better crystalline quality than ScN as starting layer. The electrical measurement shows that our superlattice films are conductive films.</p><p> </p><p>Ca-Co-O system for inherently nanolaminated materials were grown by reactive rf magnetron sputtering from Ca/Co alloy target. The XRD shows we maybe get the [Ca₂CoO₃]_xCoO₂ phase, so far. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) reported that our films have Al conmination. We also discovered unexpected behavior when the film grown at high temperature showed larger thickness instead of thinner, which would have been expected due to possible Ca evaporation. The Ca-Co-O system requires further studies.</p>

This mixed-methods sequential explanatory study explored the causes of teachers' resistance to evaluation reform. Teachers in this study demonstrated both resistant and compliant behaviors in response to a particular evaluation policy, which also started a process for teachers to express concerns over the implementation of a new law governing teachers' careers. This research study utilized quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection and analysis, including surveys, interviews, and program documents. The responses, insights, and perspectives of 433 public school teachers provided the primary data in this study. The results indicated that the process by which the government of Peru implemented evaluation procedures negatively affected teachers' motivation toward compliance and thus impaired the success of the reform. This study also revealed that although teachers opposed evaluation, they agreed with the idea of an evaluation policy. Further, when given the opportunity to voice their opinions about evaluation procedures and the inclusion of merit pay plans into the career ladder, teachers cited overriding problems with the organizational structures in which they worked. The nullification of teachers' tenure and rights was the most important cause of teachers' resistance to evaluation-based pay plans; responses did not differ greatly between less and more experienced teachers. Finally, throughout this study it was clear that simply mandating change was not enough to successfully and effectively implement it or to achieve advances in teacher quality and student achievement. / text

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Feedlot performance, carcass merit and chemical composition were compared using Waguli , Brangus, Hereford x Tuli and Wagyu x Crossbred Gene Combination (CGC) breeds. Steers were penned in the following manner: 6 Waguli steers, 6 Hereford x Tuli, 6 Wagyu x CGC and 8 Brangus. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) between Brangus and Waguli for ADGs. F:G was lower (P<0.05) for Hereford x Tuli compared to the other crossbreeds. A heavier final weight was observed (P<0.05) for the Wagyu x CGC than all other crossbreds. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) for REA between Wagyu x CGC and Hereford x Tuli and Waguli. Wagyu x CGC had higher shear force values (SFV) (P<0.05) than all other crossbreeds. Cost of gain was lower (P<0.05) for Hereford x Tuli compared the other breeds. Hereford x Tuli also had less protein (P<0.05) than to the other breeds.A second study was conducted comparing limit feeding (LF) vs. full feeding (FF) strategies. 23 steers and 27 heifers were penned by sex and were randomly assigned a treatment; 4 pens received the LF treatment and 4 were FF. ADG was lower (P<0.05) for LF and FF heifers compared to both LF and FF steers. Dressing percentage was lower (P<0.05) for LF steers compared to LF and FF Heifers. LF heifers YG was higher (P<0.05) compared to FF steers. Quality grades were higher (P<0.05) for LF and FF heifers compared to LF and FF steers. REA /cwt was significantly higher (P<0.05) for FF heifers compared to LF and FF steers. SFV were11lower (P<0.05) for FF heifers compared to LF and FF steers. A significant difference (P<0.05) in cost of gain was noted between LF steers and the rest, also between LF heifers and FF steers. Primal cut price/cwt was significantly lower (P<0.05) for LF heifers compared to FF steers. Lipid percentage was higher (P<0.05) LF heifers compared to FF steers. Moisture percentage was lower (P<0.05) for LF heifer compared to the other groups.

Energy harvesting is an interesting topic for today since we face running out of energy source, a serious problem in the world. Thermoelectric devices are a good candidate. They can convert heat (i.e. temperature gradient) to electricity. This result leads us to use them to harvest waste heat from engines or in power plants to generate electricity. Moreover, thermoelectric devices also perform cooling by applied voltage to device. This process is clean, which means that no greenhouse gases are emitted during the process. However, the converting efficiency of thermoelectrics are very low compare to a home refrigerator. The thermoelectric figure of merit (ZTm) is a number which defines the converting efficiency of thermoelectric materials and devices. ZTm is defined by Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity. To improve the converting efficiency, nanolaminated materials are good candidate.   This thesis studies TiN/ScN artificial nanolaminates, or superlattices were grown by reactive dc magnetron sputtering from Ti and Sc targets. For TiN/ScN superlattice, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reciprocal space map (RSM) show that we can obtain single crystal TiN/ScN superlattice. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) shows the superlattice films have a rough surface, supported by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Also, TiN/ScN superlattices grew by TiN as starting layer has better crystalline quality than ScN as starting layer. The electrical measurement shows that our superlattice films are conductive films.   Ca-Co-O system for inherently nanolaminated materials were grown by reactive rf magnetron sputtering from Ca/Co alloy target. The XRD shows we maybe get the [Ca2CoO3]xCoO2 phase, so far. The energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) reported that our films have Al conmination. We also discovered unexpected behavior when the film grown at high temperature showed larger thickness instead of thinner, which would have been expected due to possible Ca evaporation. The Ca-Co-O system requires further studies.