The diploma work is divided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The first part is further divided into the theoretical linguistic subsection and theoretical political science subsection. The theoretical linguistic part comprises information on metaphors, metonymies and synecdoches taken from Czech and Spanish linguistic handbooks and is focused on a phenomenon of levelling and it also deals with the function of the aforementioned rhetorical figures. In the first part there is also a chapter on the rhetorical style and translation of rhetorical figures. The second, practical part deals with the analysis of the rhetorical figures in selected political speeches, their function, frequency and possible levelling when translating them into the target language. The analysis is carried out on the basis of a comparable sample of political speeches in the Czech and Spanish languages. They are the speeches of two important personalities of the 1970s, President Ludvík Svoboda's speeches in the Czech language and in terms of the Spanish linguistic background - the speeches of his Chilean counterpart - President Salvador Allende, and their Czech translation. Key words: levelling, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, translation, political speech

This study focuses on the translation of metaphors with a special focus on embodied metaphors. It is based on Newmark’s (1981:84−91) translation strategies and uses chapter 15, “Currents and Tides”, from Tristan Gooley’s nature book How to Read Water, Clues & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea (2016) as corpus for metaphor translation analysis. Through a prescriptive and descriptive approach to translation analysis, this study aims to investigate how metaphors are translated from the source language English to the target language Swedish.              The findings of the study indicate that the most common translation strategy is to reproduce the metaphor in the target text, followed by either a) finding an acceptable equivalent, or b) conversion from a metaphor to sense in the target language. This suggests that the level of embodied reading is lower in the target text than in the source text. However, because of the limited range of this study, no firm conclusions can be made.

Работа посвящена исследованию способов перевода метафор экономической сферы. Объектом исследования являются метафоры сферы экономики на языке оригинала и их переведенные версии, встречающиеся в сериалах «Миллиарды», «Индустрия» и «Наследники», предметом - способы аудиовизуального перевода метафор экономической сферы с английского языка на русский. Цель работы: исследование способов аудиовизуального перевода метафор экономической сферы с английского языка на русский на материале выбранных тематических сериалов. Проанализированы 123 пары метафор и их переводов, отобранных методом сплошной выборки из первых 4 серий каждого из сериалов общим хронометражем 1440 минут. В ходе исследования определено, что наиболее часто используемыми способами перевода метафор оказались перевод на основе одного и того же образа, передача путем замены образа в языке оригинала на другой образ в языке перевода и перевод посредством деметафоризации (способы перечислены по мере убывания частотности). Реже всего в материале исследования использовался дословный перевод метафор. Большое внимание уделено подробному анализу 20 пар метафор и их переводов с целью определения логики осуществления метафорических переносов в каждом конкретном случае, а также произведено отнесение каждой из этих метафор к разрядам по классификациям А. П. Чудинова и Дж. Лакоффа и М. Джонсона. Кроме того, исследованы метафорические модели, самой продуктивной из который оказалась метафорическая модель «Бизнес – это игра». / The study investigates the ways to translate metaphors of the economic sphere. The object of the research is the metaphors of the sphere of economics in the original language and their translated versions found in the TV shows "Billions", "Industry" and "Succession", the subject is the ways of audiovisual translation of metaphors of the economic sphere from English into Russian. The purpose of the research: to study the ways of audiovisual translation of metaphors of the economic sphere from English into Russian based on the material of selected thematic TV shows. 123 pairs of metaphors and their translations were analyzed, selected by a continuous sampling method from the first 4 episodes of each of the TV shows with a total running time of 1,440 minutes. In the course of the study, it was determined that the most frequently used ways of translating metaphors were translation based on the same image, translation by replacing an image in the original language with another image in the target language and translation by demetaphorization (the methods are listed as the frequency decreases). The literal translation of metaphors was used less often in the research material. Much attention is paid to the detailed analysis of 20 pairs of metaphors and their translations in order to determine the logic of metaphorical transfers in each specific case, and each of these metaphors is classified according to the classifications of A. P. Chudinov and J. Lakoff and M. Johnson. In addition, metaphorical models were studied, the most productive of which was the metaphorical model "Business is a game".

Since the publication of the seminal work by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), Metaphors we live by, countless research has been done on metaphor. This research was conducted because, in the past, metaphor was considered a deviant and poetic device that could be used only by those who were skilful. These scholars offered another view: metaphor is a matter of thought. They showed that linguistic metaphor is the manifestation of conceptual metaphors that are in our subconscious mind and are found in every day language. In other words, metaphors are a revelation of how we think. Linguists and translation scholars claim that it is a challenge to translate metaphor. The main objective of this study is to determine how conceptual metaphor theory can contribute towards the development of translation in African languages. The study seeks to identify conceptual metaphors in Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, which was written in English, and then analyse how these were translated into isiXhosa and isiZulu. This implies that this study involves a corpus. In identifying metaphors from the source text a Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), which was conceived by Steen and his colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, was used (Steen et al 2010). ParaConc concordancer was used to investigate and compare how the metaphors were translated. The results showed that most metaphors were translated the same way in isiXhosa and isiZulu, which implies that the translators conceptualised the metaphors in the same way. These results revealed that the translators’ styles were similar. This confirms the fact that the two languages are related. As scholars in earlier research indicated, metaphors in translation pose a problem, yet the translators of Mandela’s book successfully met this challenge. They were able to render the metaphors in their respective languages in an acceptable manner. They tried to adhere to the style of the source text writer, but traces of their own style are evident in the texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

Since the publication of the seminal work by Lakoff and Johnson (1980a), Metaphors we live by, countless research has been done on metaphor. This research was conducted because, in the past, metaphor was considered a deviant and poetic device that could be used only by those who were skilful. These scholars offered another view: metaphor is a matter of thought. They showed that linguistic metaphor is the manifestation of conceptual metaphors that are in our subconscious mind and are found in every day language. In other words, metaphors are a revelation of how we think. Linguists and translation scholars claim that it is a challenge to translate metaphor. The main objective of this study is to determine how conceptual metaphor theory can contribute towards the development of translation in African languages. The study seeks to identify conceptual metaphors in Nelson Mandela’s autobiography, Long Walk to Freedom, which was written in English, and then analyse how these were translated into isiXhosa and isiZulu. This implies that this study involves a corpus. In identifying metaphors from the source text a Metaphor Identification Procedure Vrije Universiteit (MIPVU), which was conceived by Steen and his colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, was used (Steen et al 2010). ParaConc concordancer was used to investigate and compare how the metaphors were translated. The results showed that most metaphors were translated the same way in isiXhosa and isiZulu, which implies that the translators conceptualised the metaphors in the same way. These results revealed that the translators’ styles were similar. This confirms the fact that the two languages are related. As scholars in earlier research indicated, metaphors in translation pose a problem, yet the translators of Mandela’s book successfully met this challenge. They were able to render the metaphors in their respective languages in an acceptable manner. They tried to adhere to the style of the source text writer, but traces of their own style are evident in the texts. / Linguistics and Modern Languages

In this thesis I have combined cognitive metaphor theory, based mostly on the theories of the book Metaphors we live by by Lakoff & Johnson, with translation theory in order to try and show how the former can contribute with useful analytical tools within me- taphor translation. More specifically, my objective is to try and show how the knowled- ge of how metaphor works according to the cognitive perspective can help translating metaphors in a way that corresponds to the recommendations established by Peter Newmark (1992), i.e. try to maintain, in as much as posible, both grammatical structure and semantics. Through a qualitative analysis I considered gramatical structure and se- mantics of three original literary metaphors taken from the swedish book ”Gösta Ber- lings saga” by Selma Lagerlöf, and their translations to spanish made by Slaby (1955). I identified how well the translations corresponded to the recommendations of Newmark, as well as suggested new translations based on the results of the cognitive analysis. As a result we could see the importance, not only of maintaining both source domain and tar- get domain of the original metaphor, or at least the epistemical correspondences in case the source domain changed, but also the ontological correspondences, the specific con- tact, that the original metaphor establishes between these two domains, for a translation that better follows the norms defined by Newmark. In other words, limited to these th- ree examples, I managed to confirm that a cognitive approach to metaphor can be very useful within translation.