Significant changes must occur in human interaction with the natural environment if the world is to move towards a state of sustainability. While the need for such change is widely recognized, planning in many sectors continues to lead to development that is unsustainable. Urban transportation planning is one such sector. Little attention has been given by sustainability-oriented researchers to the problem of resistance to change. Conversely, little attention has been given by organizational change theorists to local government planning organizations’ indifference to the sustainability imperative. As a consequence, while a great deal of research has examined the need to control the automobile in urban areas, little has been written about why such control still does not happen -- even when policies call for it. Vancouver, British Columbia is recognized for its progressive attempts to move towards sustainability. This progressive situation creates an environment in which barriers impeding change towards sustainability can be studied. While Vancouver’s municipal and regional policies explicitly call for a reversal in priorities which have traditionally favoured automobiles over transit, bicycles and pedestrians, operational decisions still favour the automobile. Most significantly, roads continue to be widened and new expressways are built to accommodate more automobile traffic. A qualitative case study approach was used to inquire into transportation planning in Vancouver. An analysis of documents and of interviews with key informants suggests that a system of institutional barriers exists which has structural, cultural, and human resource dimensions. Unsustainability is a function of organizational inertia which is not only supported by, but also takes advantage of and fosters, the wider political individualistic culture. Specifically, there are several reasons for the disjunction between Vancouver’s transportation policies and the decisions which are being made in transportation infrastructure development: an institutional structure which separates land-use and transportation planning, impedes comprehensive decision-making, and lacks mechanisms to publicize and assess cumulative environmental impacts; the existence of an organizational culture which seems to condone the use of subversive tactics to promote an informal transportation plan which perpetuates traditional, automobile-oriented values, beliefs and assumptions; and the lack of conceptual knowledge and skills necessary for organizational change to occur. The practical implications of these findings are that, in cases like Vancouver’s, sustainability can be fostered by three categories of mutually reinforcing actions: education, structural change, and planning practice. The actions in each category can build momentum towards second-order change using a social learning process to overcome societal values, beliefs and assumptions which promote an automobile-dominated transportation system. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This study is an attempt to determine the effects of proximity to a large urban center on selected changes in agriculture.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the patterns and magnitudes of per capita expenditures and revenue collections in selected metropolitan areas in an attempt to explain variations in expenditures between metropolitan areas.

The Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM) is currently in the process of establishing a heritage route and tour through Mamelodi. The route includes a number of sites considered to important in terms of cultural or historical significance. These sites form part or a journey through Pretoria where visitors are to experience accounts and sites of the freedom struggle. Tshwane is branding itself as a city of learning, freedom and trying to give weight to the fact that it is the administrative capital of South Africa. Moretele Park is the current venue for jazz festivals in Mamelodi and forms a part of the heritage route. Festivals are organised by the park authorities in conjunction with a private organising body and various sponsors. The stage is always a temporary structure comprising of scaffolding and cladding. It is usually positioned on an embankment between the Moretele and Pienaars Rivers, facing the park with the mountain as backdrop. The festival remains popular, drawing crowds from all over the country. For the rest of the year, the park is used as a recreational facility or as a destination for school trips. Its facilities include a water slide and swimming pool, braai areas, an unused hall, various ablutions around the park and a for the jazz festivals. There is clearly a need to upgrade some of these facilities, particularly the hall and an opportunity also exists to formalise the facilities for the jazz festivals. Copyright 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Blokland, J 2006,Moretele Park, MArch(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07102007-094744 / > / Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Architecture / unrestricted

Orientador: Alvaro Martim Guedes / Resumo: A presente dissertação analisa o processo de criação e as atividades desenvolvidas nas escolas dos legislativos da região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto. Serão aqui identificados os resultados obtidos na qualificação de servidores públicos e na educação para cidadania da sociedade civil. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa realizada foi de base empírica, de caráter qualitativo com base em um estudo de caso. Como procedimentos foram realizados análise documental e revisão de literatura. Foi analisado o processo de criação e as atividades desenvolvidas nas escolas do legislativo em quatro cidades da região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto: i) Escola do Parlamento do Município de Ribeirão Preto; ii) Escola do Legislativo do Município de Jaboticabal; iii) Escola do Legislativo do Município de Mococa, denominada “Dr. Tiago Ferraz de Siqueira”e, iv) Escola do Legislativo do Município de Pradópolis. A relevância teórica e política do presente trabalho justificam-se pela análise da sistemática de relacionamento entre representantes e representados, observado nas atuações das escolas dos legislativos identificadas. O trabalho possibilitou compreender que a atuação das escolas legislativas da região metropolitana de Ribeirão Preto contribui para o desenvolvimento social da região, pois cria espaços destinados não apenas à formação e ao aprimoramento de servidores, mas também à difusão de valores democráticos. / Abstract: This dissertation analyzes the creation process and the activities developed in the legislative schools of the metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto. The results obtained in the qualification of civil servants and in citizenship education in civil society will be identified. In methodological terms, the research was empirical, qualitative and based on case study. The procedures were documentary analysis and literature review. It was analyzed the creation process and the activities developed in the legislative schools in the four cities of the metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto, namely: i) School of the Parliament of Ribeirão Preto; ii) Jaboticabal Municipal Legislative School; iii) Legislative School of the Municipality of Mococa, called “Dr. Tiago Ferraz de Siqueira ”and, iv) Legislative School of the Municipality of Pradópolis. The theoretical and political relevance of the present work is justified in the analysis of the systematic of the relationship between representatives and represented, observed in the performances of the identified legislative schools. The work made it possible to understand that the performance of the legislative schools of the metropolitan region of Ribeirão Preto contributes to the social development of the region, as it creates spaces destined not only for the formation and improvement of civil servants, but also for the diffusion of democratic values. / Mestre

Almost 30 years has passed since the concept of EMR first appeared. It is well acknowledged that globalization has been one of the major driving forces in the less-developed countries (LDCs) including China. The 2008 Global "Financial Tsunami" has recently ushered in a new economic dynamic in China, i.e. it has forced the Chinese government to take domestic demand as an important national development strategy and this will change its global economic relations as well as lead to changes in its domestic spatial dynamics. In that regard, new EMRs in Inland China, e.g. the Changzhutan (CZT) EMR in Hunan province, the Wuhan EMR in Hubei province, and the Zhongyuan EMR in Henan province, have been designated by the central government to support the domestic demand. Apart from the Coastal EMRs, i.e. the Pearl River Delta (PRD) EMR, this new phenomenon has also extended EMRs to Inland China. Would EMRs formed in Inland China share the same characteristics, mechanisms and spatial structure as those in the coastal areas? How will the new global economy, the demand for development of a low carbon economy and the domestic market impact on the growth of the interior EMRs in China? What can we learn from this new EMR experience in China, theoretically and practically for future policies and planning? Using provincial demographic data by municipality and county in 1990-2010 and supplemented by field surveys, we have tested our hypotheses after a literature review on the development of urban regions in the LDCs. Using the CZT as a case, temporal analyses based on municipal level demographic, economic and land-use data have been conducted to verify the hypothetical driving forces. Through the method of Fixed-effects (FE) model, it brings understanding on a possible new urbanization trend in China, which would likely be embedded in local forces against the nation's new development strategy of emphasizing domestic demand in the ii context of the country's transition towards a major global economy. Through the GIS mapping based county-level data of the CZT, spatial analyses are then conducted to examine the spatial structure of these EMRs in Inland China that are hypothesized as driven by the combination of domestic and global forces. The results have revealed that interior EMRs show a similar pattern to traditional Coastal EMRs in spatial pattern development, i.e. the co-existence of regional concentration of growth dynamics with the intra-EMR dispersion tendency of economic activities from its core to its peripheral "rural areas", although the nature of these forces might be different. For instance, its industrial activities that play a significant role in region-based concentration have shown a tendency toward "low-carbon" in line with the EMRs designation as the Experimental Zone of the "Two-oriented" (resource conserving and environmental-friendly)1 Society. Institutional perspectives have also been used to test the planning and management formation mechanisms of the EMR. It is found that the government role has been very significant and proactive in the formation of this region. Finally, a delimitation method is introduced to delimit the CZT into three rings to further demonstrate the spatial characteristics of region-based urbanization and its dynamics from domestic and global forces regulated by the government.

Bibliography: leaves 135-145 / Climate Change poses a great risk to our future as species on Earth. The impacts thereof will have far reaching consequences on every aspect of our daily lives and ultimately on our ability to survive and thrive as humans. It is therefore important, particularly in urban areas where most of the human population live, for the investment of resources and expertise into mitigating these impacts and ensuring the resilience of urban areas. The urban forest provides climate change mitigation benefits for urban areas through carbon sequestration. In order to encourage investment and protection of the urban forest, this benefit must be quantified and afforded a monetary value. This study calculated the amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated by the Jacaranda mimosifolia street tree in the City of Tshwane and afforded this amount a monetary value in both South African Rands and American Dollars through the South African Carbon Tax Bill. This study followed the baseline study by Stoffberg (2006) looking at how much carbon dioxide had been sequestrated by the Jacaranda trees over the past 15 years post the baseline study and what monetary value do the trees now have through legislation that was not available during the baseline study. The study also observed the variables that may have affected the amount of carbon dioxide sequestrated by the trees. Although some areas saw a drop in the Total Carbon Dioxide Equivalent sequestrated since 2004, the total amount for the whole city remained stable. Through the Carbon Tax Bill, the value of these trees has increased significantly encouraging the municipality to invest in the maintenance and protection of the Jacaranda street trees in the City of Tshwane in order to preserve their carbon sequestration benefits / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental management)

The project explores the expression of meaning in architecture against the backdrop of the City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality as post-apartheid capital city. The architectural aim of the project is the consolidation of the National Department of Home Affairs and the design of the headquarters of this department. The project starts with a brief exploration of the context of a post-colonial and post-apartheid city, and the aims and identity linked to an African democracy in the context of multiple cultural identities. The search for a national identity is linked to the existential question of ‘being’, which is related to an experiential understanding of physical surroundings. Case studies include recent public buildings that form part of an era of searching for identity and contribute to the discovery of an underdeveloped element of multi-sensory experience in recent architectural projects related to the new democratic government. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Architecture / unrestricted

The goal of the study was to explore how adults living with stimulant abuse and bipolar disorder experience treatment at treatment centres in the Gauteng Province. As the study was aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the lived experiences of service users in terms of treatment, a qualitative research approach was implemented. The research findings were aimed at adding knowledge to the field of social work, which could contribute to the development of treatment programmes and possible policy changes that could positively impact the recovery of individuals living with a dual-diagnosis, specifically the dual-diagnosis of bipolar disorder and stimulant abuse. A phenomenological research design was used as it allowed the researcher to discover and report on the details pertaining to the participants' experiences in terms of the treatment they received. The phenomenological research design also enabled the researcher to describe the commonalities and discords expressed by participants in relation to the phenomenon. The sampling process for the research study took place in three phases. In the first phase, purposive sampling was implemented to select three substance abuse treatment centres in the Gauteng Province, and more specifically the Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality. The second phase of sampling was also purposive sampling, where inclusion criteria were supplied to a social worker at each treatment centre who identified possible participants. During the third phase of sampling, possible participants were approached and informed of the study and ultimately four (N=4) individuals volunteered to participate in the study. Data was collected through the use of semi-structured one-on-one interviews which were guided by an interview schedule. Data gathered during the literature review and interviews were analysed through the process of thematic analysis and aimed at answering the research question "How do adults living with stimulant abuse and bipolar disorder experience services at treatment centres in the Gauteng Province?" The key findings indicate that admission to in-patient treatment programmes, for both stimulant abuse and psychiatric care, was prevalent among all participants, but re-occurring admissions to substance abuse treatment was more evident. Stimulants were primarily used as a means of coping with moods and emotions, as unstable mood patterns and emotions persisted regardless of the pharmacological treatment for bipolar disorder. The most helpful component of treatment which aided participants in managing their mood was counselling. When stimulants were not available and counselling was insufficient, other means of achieving psychological relieve were employed by participants, such as exercise, nicotine use, sweets and caffeine. The role of religion and spirituality in treatment is not clear, but all participants believe that religion and spirituality should be included in treatment. The need for education in terms of bipolar disorder, addictive behaviours, lifestyle changes and coping mechanisms were mentioned by most participants. In addition to education provided by professionals, participants expressed a need for sharing experiences with individuals that have managed to recover from bipolar disorder and/or stimulant abuse. When treatment plans and goals are set participants believe that they and their family should be included, a factor relevant to in-patient and reintegration services. With regards to in-patient treatment programmes, the psychosocial-cultural environment created within the physical environment was also mentioned as a component that needs to be considered. In order to deliver services that allow for the effective treatment and reintegration of individuals that abuse stimulants and are diagnosed with bipolar disorder the following recommendations are made: 1) Interventions, including prevention and early interventions, should be developed based on research findings focused on dual-diagnosis, to ensure that concurrent treatment and reintegration is achieved and sustained, thus promoting recovery, or the management, of both disorders. 2) Education in terms of stimulant addiction, cross-addiction, bipolar disorder, lifestyle changes, coping skills, as well as the interplay between these factors should be included in treatment programmes, however, education should be expanded to service providers and extended to family members too. 3) The role of religion and spirituality as part of dual-diagnosis treatment should be considered. 4) Treatment and support groups that focus on the specific dual-diagnosis of stimulant use and bipolar disorder, should be developed as part of in-patient treatment programmes, as well as supporting out-patient programmes, which could improve long-term recovery. 5) The physical and the psychosocial environments which are conducive to the recovery of dual-diagnosis patients should be established, as these environments could possibly be replicated, for example at home, and could ensure long-term recovery. 6) Service users and their families should be included in decisions regarding treatment planning and reintegration, as inclusion in this area of treatment could promote compliance to treatment. However, it should be stated that many of these recommendations are dependent on governing bodies, such as the Department of Social Development and the Department of Health, who are responsible for changing, developing and monitoring policies guiding treatment, which has a direct impact on the long-term recovery of individuals living with this dual-diagnosis. Future research studies that can contribute to understanding this phenomenon can focus on 1) Repeating the study within other private and government based treatment centres across South Africa in order to determine whether treatment needs differ or whether it presents the same results. 2) Comparing studies from different centres and areas of South Africa in order to establish treatment needs of individuals diagnosed with a dual-diagnosis. 3) Research should be done to determine the actual prevalence of the dual-diagnosis of stimulant abuse and bipolar disorder in South Africa, focused on admissions in both substance abuse treatment centres and psychiatric treatment facilities. 4) Treatment programmes developed from research findings should be implemented, and research should be conducted on the effectiveness of treatment. 5) Research on different combinations of dual-diagnosis is necessary to determine how treatment needs differ, as this will ensure the development of appropriate treatment. Individuals working at treatment centres (for both substance abuse and psychiatric disorders) should be aware of the needs of dual-diagnosis patients, and be educated on this phenomenon. 6) It is recommended that research should be done with the staff of psychiatric treatment centres, as well as staff at substance abuse treatment centres, to determine their views and knowledge in terms of dual-diagnosis. 7) Research focussed on the costs of not treating dual-diagnosis should be conducted. When the actual costs of non-treatment are established, government agencies and the private sector might be more prone to support treatment strategies. 8) Intervention strategies focused on families of dual-diagnosis patients should be implemented and the impact of these interventions on both patients and families should be researched. 9) More research in terms of this dual-diagnosis is necessary as this could allow for the development of effective treatment strategies that could lower relapse and readmission rates. / Mini Dissertation (MSW)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Social Work and Criminology / MSW / Unrestricted

This study is made to evaluate some of these forces for the thirty titled Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas of the United States which are located on and overlap borders of two or more states. The attempt is made to determine if border SMSAs conform to the Burgess model despite state lines and other barriers imposed between SMSA parts, or whether such barriers restrict functional growth to the state side containing the central city.