This thesis studies the formation of mobile and surface-bound electric charges in nonpolar liquids. Unlike aqueous media with their natural abundance of charged species, liquids of low dielectric constant do not readily accommodate charges, but can do so in the presence of certain surfactant additives. Surfactant-mediated charging in nonpolar oils has long been exploited industrially, but the underlying charging mechanisms are far from understood. The present work seeks clarification by comparing the effect of ionic and nonionic surfactants on the conductivity of nonpolar solutions and the electrophoretically observable surface charge of suspended polymer particles. Both types of surfactant are found to generate mobile ions in solution as well as particle charge; and in the more surprising case of nonionic surfactants, the occurrence of particle charge and screening ions is confirmed independently by measurements of the electrostatic particle interaction energy. A systematic variation of the particle material and functionalization, the residual water content, and the surfactant concentration above and below the critical micelle concentration provides insights about the possible charging pathways. Reverse surfactant micelles are explored not only as charging agents, but also as reactors and templates for the synthesis of novel nanogels with promise for drug delivery. Synthesis via copper-free Click chemistry is shown to allow for better control of the particle size than a more conventional polymerization scheme, while avoiding metal catalysts and free radicals that are considered hazardous for most biomedical applications.

Le but de ce travail est la compréhension du mécanisme de la solubilisation micellaire de molécules organiques modèle de faible masse moléculaire et d'une solubilité limitée dans l'eau. Les interactions entre ces molécules organiques<br />(Phénol, butanol, heptanol et acide heptanoïque) et les micelles du tensioactif cationique le bromure d'hexadécyltriméthylammonium (CTAB) au voisinage de la concentration micellaire critique et à de faibles concentrations en solutés ont été caractérisées avec différentes techniques expérimentales : La RMN du 1H, la microcalorimétrie de titration, la conductivité spécifique et la spectroscopie UV. La localisation et l'orientation des solutés modèle dans la micelle ont été déterminées.<br />La solubilisation de ces molécules dans un système micellaire varie selon la composition du mélange. En effet, les interactions tensioactif-soluté, qui sont très faibles et difficiles à détecter, nécessitent pour être étudiées des techniques expérimentales sensibles et précises (RMN 1H et microcalorimétrie de titration).<br />L'exploitation des résultats obtenus a fourni des indications sur la localisation et l'orientation du Phénol à l'intérieur de la micelle. Ces résultats confirment que le Phénol, pour de faibles molalités, se solubilise principalement dans la couronne micellaire et la couche de palissade. A cause de l'aspect compétitif entre le Phénol, le NaBr et les alcools résulte que à faibles molalités en solutés, le Phénol est contraint à quitter la micelle. Le butanol et l'acide favorisent la solubilisation du Phénol dans le coeur de la micelle.

Dissociation of gas hydrates has been the primary concern of the oil and gas industry for flow assurance, mainly in an offshore environment. There is also a growing interest in the rapid formation of gas hydrates for gas storage, transport of natural gas and carbon sequestration. In this thesis, we experimentally measure the kinetics of formation and dissociation of methane hydrates and the effect of various anionic and cationic surfactants such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) on the association/dissociation rate constants. The importance and necessity of micelle formation in these surfactants has been studied. The effect of foam generation on the rate of formation of these hydrates has also been measured. SDS was found to significantly decrease the induction time for hydrate formation. There was an added decrease in the induction time when a foamed mixture of water and SDS was used. On the other hand CTAB and AOS had an inhibiting effect. The contribution of micelles towards promoting hydrate formation was demonstrated with a series of experiments using SDS. The micelles formed by these surfactants appear to serve as nucleation sites for the association of hydrates. New experimental data is presented to show that some surfactants and the use of foam can significantly increase the rate of hydrate formation. Other surfactants are shown to act as inhibitors. A new experimental setup is presented that allows us to distinguish between surfactants that act as promoters and inhibitors for hydrate formation. / text

Les micelles apparaissent comme prometteuses dans le domaine de la vectorisation de médicaments. Afin d'améliorer leur biocompatibilité nous nous intéressons ici à des synthèses originales de copolymères amphiphiles comportant un bloc hydrophobe lipidique biosourcé. Un polymère intelligent constitue le bloc hydrophile. L'huile de lin subit une modification chimique afin d'introduire un site amorceur de polymérisation. Le bloc hydrophile est alors ajouté par polymérisation contrôlée. Deux copolymères sont obtenus, le lipide-b-poly(acide acrylique), pH-sensible et le lipide-b-poly(2-isopropyl-oxazoline), thermo-sensible. Une caractérisation physico-chimique complète révèle des concentrations micellaires critiques basses et des micelles de 10 nm. Un système mixte est préparé par mélange des deux copolymères. L'étude de ce système prouve une sensibilité aux deux stimuli. Afin d'améliorer la stabilité des micelles, nous proposons la photo-réticulation des insaturations de la chaîne lipidique.

Mon travail de thèse se focalise sur la compréhension de différents aspects de la réactivité des acides hydroxamiques avec les métaux, comme la thermodynamique des équilibres, la structure des complexes métalliques, la cinétique des réactions et l'identification d'intermédiaires réactionnels. J'ai réalisé une analyse des systèmes réactionnels en variant les conditions environnementales, afin de déterminer les facteurs clefs qui gouvernent la réactivité. En particulier, j'ai déterminé les mécanismes réactionnels pour les processus de formation/dissociation des complexes métal-acide hydroxamique. Cela permet de mieux comprendre ce qui se passe à l'échelle moléculaire en conditions dynamiques et, donc, de maîtriser certaines propriétés physico-chimiques de la réaction lors d'une application de la réaction même. Les acides hydroxamiques sont une famille de composés organiques ayant une affinité importante pour différents métaux de transition. Pour cette raison, ce sont des ligands ubiquitaires en chimie et biochimie. En particulier, un des rôles physiologiques des acides hydroxamiques est associé à leur utilisation comme sidérophores, mais ils sont aussi des molécules bioactives avec des propriétés anti-tumorales, anti-fungales, anti-malaria et antituberculeuse. D'autre part, dans le domaine industriel, les acides hydroxamiques sont largement utilisés comme agents chélatants de différents métaux (Cr, Zn, Ni, Cu, Fe) ou comme agent de flottation dans la métallurgie extractive. Compte tenu de ces diverses applications, les études sur les mécanismes de formation/dissociation de complexes métalliques des acides hydroxamiques suscitent un intérêt croissant dans les communautés de physico-chimie et biochimie. Dans ce contexte, j'ai effectué une analyse détaillée, en solution aqueuse et en milieu micellaire, des mécanismes de réaction de différents acides hydroxamiques avec des ions métalliques communs dans les domaines biologique, industriel et environnemental. En particulier, j'ai étudié en détail la polyvalence des modes de coordination des acides hydroxamiques à travers les mécanismes de formation (i) d'un complexe mononucléaire (Ni(II)/acide salicylhydroxamique), (ii) d'un complexe dinucléaire (Fe(III)2/acide salicylhydroxamique), (iii) de composés supramoléculaires (metallacrowns) basés sur la chélation du Cu(II) par l'acide (S)-a-aminohydroxamique. De plus, j'ai accomplis une caractérisation chimique et structurale de ces différents complexes, dans le but de définir un lien entre leur structure et leur réactivité. Ce travail met aussi en évidence l'importance d'une approche basée sur l'utilisation de méthodes complémentaires (thermodynamiques et cinétiques) pour l'analyse de mécanismes de réaction complexes contrôlés par des équilibres multiples.

Self-assembly of polymeric building blocks is a powerful tool for the design of novel materials and structures that combine different properties and may respond to external stimuli. In the past decades, most studies were focused on the self-assembly of amphiphilic diblock copolymers in solution. The dissolution of these block copolymers in a solvent selective for one block results mostly in the formation of micelles. The micellar structure of diblock copolymers is inherently limited to a homogeneous core surrounded by a corona, which keeps the micelle in solution. Thus, for drug-delivery applications, such structures only offer a single domain (the hydrophobic inner core) for drug entrapment. Whereas multicompartment micelles composed of a water-soluble shell and a segregated hydrophobic core are novel, interesting morphologies for applications in a variety of fields including medicine, pharmacy and biotechnology. The separated incompatible compartments of the hydrophobic core could enable the selective entrapment and release of various hydrophobic drugs while the hydrophilic shell would permit the stabilization of these nanostructures in physiological media. However, so far, the preparation and control of stable multicompartment micellar systems are in the first stages and the number of morphological studies concerning such micelles is rather low. Thus considerably little is known about their exact inner structures. In the present study, we concentrate on four different approaches for the preparation of multicompartment micelles by self-assembly in aqueous media. A similarity of all approaches was that hydrocarbon and fluorocarbon blocks were selected for all employed copolymers since such segments tend to be strongly incompatible, and thus favor the segregation into distinct domains. Our studies have shown that the self-assembly of the utilized copolymers in aqueous solution leads in three cases to the formation of multicompartment micelles. As expected the shape and size of the micelles depend on the molecular architecture and to some extent also on the way of preparation. These novel structured colloids may serve as models as well as mimics for biological structures such as globular proteins, and may open interesting opportunities for nanotechnology applications. / Die Selbstorganisation von synthetischen amphiphilen Blockcopolymeren ist ein vielseitiger Prozeß, der die Entwicklung von neuartigen Materialien, die verschiedene Eigenschaften miteinander verbinden und auch auf äußere Reize reagieren können, ermöglicht. In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben sich viele Untersuchungen mit der Selbstorganisation von Diblockcopolymeren in Lösung beschäftigt. So bilden zum Beispiel amphiphile Diblock-Copolymere in Wasser meist Mizellen die einen hydrophoben Kern und eine hydrophile Hülle besitzen. Ihre potentielle Anwendung als Wirkstoffträger ist jedoch begrenzt, da für die Einlagerung nur ein hydrophober Bereich zur Verfügung steht. Multikompartment-Mizellen, bestehend aus einer wasserlöslichen Hülle und einem unterteilten hydrophoben Kern, sind dagegen neuartige und sehr interessante Strukturen für die Nanotechnologie und im speziellen für die Nanobiotechnologie, da sie sich zum Beispiel als Träger für Arznei- und Wirkstoffe eignen. So könnten in die separaten und untereinander nicht mischbaren Kompartimente im Kern der Mizelle verschiedene hydrophobe Wirkstoffe selektiv eingelagert und auch freigesetzt werden, wobei die hydrophile Hülle die Nanostrukturen im physiologischen Medium stabilisiert. Aus diesem Grund wurden in den letzten Jahren verschiedene Strategien für die Herstellung von Multikompartiment-Mizellen vorgeschlagen. Bis jetzt gibt es jedoch nur eine begrenzte Anzahl an Untersuchungen, die sich mit der Morphologie solcher Mizellen befassen und somit ist auch wenig über ihre innere Struktur bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konzentrieren wir uns auf vier verschiedene Ansätze zur Herstellung von Multikompartiment-Mizellen durch Selbstorganisation in wässriger Lösung. Eine Gemeinsamkeit bei allen Ansätzen ist, das die untersuchten Copolymere einen hydrophoben Kohlenwasserstoff-Block sowie einen Fluorkohlenstoff-Block besitzen. Die Kombination von Kohlenwasserstoff- und Fluorkohlenstoff-Blöcken wurden gewählt, weil solche Segmente in der Regel nicht miteinander kompatibel sind und somit die Aufteilung in separate Domänen begünstigen. Unsere Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass die Selbstorganisation der verwendeten Copolymere in wässriger Lösung in drei Fällen zu Multikompartiment-Mizellen führt. Die Form und Größe der Mizellen ist erwartungsgemäß von der Molekülarchitektur und zum Teil auch vom Präparationsweg abhängig. Diese neuartigen, nanostrukturierten Kolloide könnten als Modell und Mimetika für biologische Strukturen wie die von globulären Proteinen fungieren. Sie eröffnen weiterhin interessante Möglichkeiten für Anwendungen in der Nanotechnologie.

L'écoulement des fluides complexes à l'échelle micrométrique est une problématique qui intéresse notamment la récupération assistée du pétrole. Ici, les fluides sont des solutions de polymères et de tensioactifs capables de s'auto-assembler en micelles géantes. Nous étudions ces écoulements au sein d'outils microfluidiques fabriqués en résine SU-8 selon un protocole développé pendant cette thèse. Nous avons réalisé des expériences de drainage d'huile en milieux poreux et montré que la rhéofluidification et le glissement promeuvent le phénomène de digitation pendant l'invasion. Nos expériences montrent que ces solutions peuvent être élastiquement turbulentes à de faibles nombre de Reynolds. Ces instabilités de vitesse ont des conséquences sur la rhéologie locale du fluide dans un simple canal droit et sont une source de dissipation additionnelle dans des géométries plus complexes.

Entre as mais importantes propriedades de soluções aquosas micelares está a capacidade de incorporar substâncias orgânicas com diferentes polaridades e graus de hidrofobicidade. Como demonstrado por Quina et aI. (J Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 11708-11714), um dos métodos mais promissores para a obtenção de correlações entre e a eficiência de solubilização em micelas e as estruturas do soluto e do detergente é através do uso de relações lineares de energia livre (LSERs). No presente trabalho, investigou-se a incorporação de uma série de solutos neutros em micelas dos detergentes zwitteriônicos dimetil-hexadecilamônio-propano sulfonato (CDAPS; 31 solutos) e o N-óxido de dimetil-dodecilamina (DDAO; 33 solutos), bem como em micelas catiônicas da forma protonada de DDAO (DDAOH+; 33 solutos). As constantes de incorporação dos solutos foram determinadas experimentalmente por meio de técnicas fotofísicas, métodos de solubilização e cromatografia líquida e gasosa. A análise dos resultados foi efetuada através de técnicas de regressão múltipla, obtendo-se as seguintes LSERs: CDAPS: Log Ks = - 0,55 + 0,99 R2 - 0,82 &#960;2 + 0,36 &#931;&#945;2 - 0,99 &#931;&#946;2 + 2,73 Vx DDAOH+: Log Ks = - 0,68 + 1,30 R2 - 0,78 &#960;2 + 0,67 &#931;&#945;2 - 1,45 &#931;&#946;2 + 2,29 Vx DDAO: Log Ks = - 0,46 + 0,89 R2 - 0,61 &#960;2 + 0,82 &#931;&#945;2 - 1,66 &#931;&#946;2 + 2,59 Vx onde &#931;&#945;2 e &#931;&#946;2 representam a \"acidez\" e a \"basicidade\" do soluto, com relação à formação de pontes de hidrogênio, R2 corresponde à refração molar em excesso, &#960;2 representa a dipolaridade e Vx é o volume molar do soluto. As LSERs obtidas indicam que os detergentes zwitteriônicos formam sistemas distintos dos demais estudados até o momento. No entanto, os sistemas DDAO e DDAOH+ apresentam LSERs muito semelhantes entre sí, sugerindo que a incorporação dos solutos não é afetada por uma mudança da estrutura (carga) da cabeça do detergente. / One of the most important properties of aqueous micellar solutions is their capacity to incorporate organic solutes with different degrees of polarity and hydrophobicity. As demonstrated by Quina et aI. (J. Phys. Chem., 1995, 99, 1170811714), one of the most promissing methods for obtaining correlations between solubilization eficiency and the solute and surfactant structure is via the use of linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs). The present work investigates the incorporation of a series of neutral solutes in micelles of the zwitterionic detergents hexadecyldimethylammonium propanesulfonate (CDAPS; 31 solutes) and the N-oxide of dodecyldimethylamine (DDAO; 33 solutes), as well as in the cationic micelles of the protonated form of DDAO (DDAOH+; 33 solutes). The incorporation constants were determined experimentally by photophysical techniques, from solubility measurements and by liquid and gas chromatographic methods. Analysis of the results by multiple regression techniques led to the following LSERs: CDAPS: Log Ks = - 0,55 + 0,99 R2 - 0,82 &#960;2 + 0,36 &#931;&#945;2 - 0,99 &#931;&#946;2 + 2,73 Vx DDAOH+: Log Ks = - 0,68 + 1,30 R2 - 0,78 &#960;2 + 0,67 &#931;&#945;2 - 1,45 &#931;&#946;2 + 2,29 Vx DDAO: Log Ks = - 0,46 + 0,89 R2 - 0,61 &#960;2 + 0,82 &#931;&#945;2 - 1,66 &#931;&#946;2 + 2,59 Vx where &#931;&#945;2 and &#931;&#946;2 are the hydrogen bond acidity and basicity of the solute, R2 is the excess molar refraction, &#960;2 is the dipolarity and Vx corresponds to the molar volume of the solute. The LSERs obtained demonstrate that zwitterionic surfactants are distinct from the other systems investigated previously. However, the similarity of the LSERs of DDAO and DDAOH+ suggests that incorporation of solutes is not affected by changes in the structure (charge) ofthe polar headgroup.

As antocianinas compreendem o maior conjunto de pigmentos solúveis em água do reino vegetal. A absorção da luz por estes compostos, responsáveis pelas cores vermelha, azul e roxa da maioria das frutas e flores, é produto de combinações de vários fatores, como o número de substituintes, a presença ou não de outras moléculas capazes de estabilizar a cor (“co-pigmentos”), o pH local do meio e a natureza do microambiente em que a antocianina se encontra. A reatividade química e fotoquímica das antocianinas já é relativamente complexa em solução aquosa na ausência de micelas, onde cada um dos processos químicos e fotoquímicos ocorre numa faixa de tempo distinta. Uma forma de se diminuir o número de espécies em solução é o emprego de antocianinas sintéticas com estruturas simplificadas, conhecidas como sais de flavílio, cuja variação no número, posição e tipo químico de substituinte permite um certo controle sobre as frações molares das espécies. Neste estudo procurou-se compreender os processos que regem o equilíbrio ácido-base e a hidratação do cátion flavílio em ambiente micelar. Estes dois processos exercem um papel central na estabilização da cor em antocianinas. Foram utilizados três sais de flavílio: o 4-carboxi-7-hidroxi-4\'-metoxiflavílio (CHMF), o 2-fenilbenzopirílio e o 4\'-metoxiflavílio. Os dois grupos ionizáveis do CHMF possuem pKas distintos (pKa1 = 0,73; pKa2 = 4,84), cujas dinâmicas de protonação/desprotonação são influenciadas pelas micelas de SDS de modos diferentes. O cátion é estabilizado preferencialmente pelas micelas aniônicas em relação ao zwitterion (pKa1SDS = 2,77), que por sua vez é mais favorecido que a base quinonoidal (pKa2SDS = 5,64). A estabilização do cátion está relacionada com as fortes interações eletrostáticas entre a espécie e a micela carregada negativamente. A base quinonoidal, que no caso específico do CHMF tem carga negativa, é desfavorecida em relação ao zwitterion. Adicionalmente, em SDS praticamente não se observa hidrólise da espécie zwitteriônica. Com relação ao 2-fenilbenzopirílio (pKw = 3,01) e o 4\'-metoxiflavílio (pKw = 4,47), a primeira observação feita é que a inclusão do grupo metoxi na posição C4\' estabiliza o cátion flavílio, diminuindo a extensão da hidrólise por meio de transferência de carga para o anel central. O efeito de estabilização do cátion pelo ambiente micelar, verificado pelo aumento do pKw, é mais pronunciado no 2-fenilbenzopirílio (pKwSDS = 4,73) do que no 4\'-metoxiflavílio (pKwSDS = 5,05). Os processos cinéticos mostram que a reação de hidratação (kw) do flavílio sem substituintes diminui 65 vezes em SDS, enquanto que a reação no sentido inverso se mantém dentro da mesma ordem de magnitude. Já no caso do 4\'-metoxiflavílio, foi verificado que ambas as constantes de velocidade aumentam, mas a constante de desidratação do hemicetal (k-w), que depende da concentração de prótons, é a mais afetada, aumentando cerca de 15 vezes. Este fato é um indicativo de que o pH na interface micelar é o fator de estabilização do cátion do 4\'-metoxiflavílio. Adicionalmente foram feitos cálculos computacionais de transições eletrônicas, pKa e potenciais de redução em nível ab initio para um conjunto cátions flavílios e respectivas bases quinonoidais. Os valores de pKa calculados apresentaram um desvio médio de +/- 0,5 unidade de pKa. / Anthocyanins comprise the major water-soluble pigment group in the Plant Kingdom. Light absorption by these compounds is responsible for the diverse colors in many flowers and fruits and can be modulated by phenomena such as self-association of flavylium cations or anhydrobases, copigmentation with other polyphenols and flavonoids, complexation with metal ions, incorporation of anthocyanins into microaggregates like micelles and the pH of the medium. The chemical and photochemical reactivity of anthocyanins is quite complex in aqueous solution and each process occurs in a different time range. The use of structurally simplified synthetic flavylium salts permits a certain control over the mole fractions of the various species in solution. In this study we used the synthetic flavylium ions 4-carboxy-7-hydroxy-4\'-methoxyflavylium (CHMF), 2-phenylbenzopyrylium and 4´-methoxyflavylium to investigate the main processes that influence the acid-base equilibrium and hydration of the flavylium cation in micellar environments. Such reactions play a central role in color stabilization of anthocyanins. CHMF has two ionizable groups with distinct pKas (pKa1 = 0,73; pKa2 = 4,84), and the protonation/deprotonation dynamics of these groups are affected differently by SDS micelles. The results show that SDS micelles stabilize the cationic form rather than the zwitterion (pKa1SDS = 2,77), which is favored relative to the quinonoidal base (pKa2SDS = 5,64). The preferential stabilization of the cation is related to electrostatic interactions of this form with the anionic micelle. The quinonoidal base, which in the specific case of CHMF is an anion, is disfavored relative to the zwitterion. In addition, the hydrolysis of the zwitterionic form is substantially reduced in micellar SDS solutions. The comparison of 2-phenylbenzopyrylium (pKw = 3,01) and 4´-methoxyflavylium (pKw = 4,47) shows that the methoxy group at the C4´ position stabilizes the cationic form, reducing the hydration by charge transfer to the central ring. The stabilization of the cationic form by the micellar environment, which is reflected in the increase of the pKw, is more pronounced for the 2-phenylbenzopyrylium cation (pKwSDS = 4,73) than for 4´-methoxyflavylium (pKwSDS = 5,05). Kinetic studies of the 2-phenylbenzopyrylium ion in SDS indicate a 65-fold reduction in the hydration rate constant (kw), while the inverse reaction has the same magnitude as in water. In the case of the 4´-methoxyflavylium ion, both rate constants associated with the equilibrium between the flavylium cation and hemicetal increased. However, the [H+]-dependent rate constant for dehydration of the hemicetal is affected to a greater extent, increasing about 15 fold, indicating stabilization of the 4\'-methoxyflavylium cation by the micellar interface. Finally, computational calculations were performed at the ab initio level for several flavylium cations and anhydrobases to estimate the electronic transitions, pKa and reduction potentials. The quality of the calculated pKa results were compared with experimental data and the mean absolute deviation is +/- 0.5 pKa unit.

A reação de hidrólise alcalina em fase aquosa de ions N-alquil-4-cianopiridíneos (RCP) foi caracterizada com relação a efeitos de pH, força iônica (&#181;) e constante dielétrica do meio (D) A hidrólise alcalina dos RCP resulta na formação de dois produtos, i.é., a N-alquil-4-carboxiamidopiridíneo (A) e a N-alquil-4-piridona (P) correspondentes. A relação P/A é função crescente de pH e atinge um valor limite de 1,75 para todos os RCP empregados. No entanto, em misturas água/dioxana a formação de P é preferencial. A constante de velocidade observada (k&#968;) de pseudo primeira ordem de hidrólise dos RCP é função de pH. Em solução aquosa (&#181;=0,02) esta dependência pode ser expressa por : log k&#968; = 1,0702 pH - 14,3 Os efeitos devidos a variações em &#181; e D sobre k&#968;, foram analisados segundo os modelos de Debye-Hückel (Robinson, R.A. e Stokes, R.H. em \"Electrolyte Solutions\", 1955) e Brönsted - Christiansen - Scatchard (Amis, E.S. em \"Solven t Effects on Reaction Rates and Mechanisms\", 1966). Os estudos dos efeitos de pH , &#181; e D sobre k&#968; serviram como modelos de referência para racionalizar efeitos de detergentes de vários tipos estruturais tanto na velocidade, como na razão de produtos resultantes da hidrólise alcalina dos RCP. Em soluções tamponadas de micelas de hexadeciltrimetilamônio (CTAB), a k&#968; de hidrólise do íon N-metil-4-cianopiridíneo (MCP) é independente da concentração de detergente. Por outro lado, k&#968; aumenta com CTAB, acima da concentração crítica de micelização (CMC) para íons N-butil (BCP), N-octil (OCP) e N-dodecil-4-cianopiridíneo (DCP) . No caso do DCP o valor máximo de k&#968; na presença de CTAB (k&#968;máx ) é cerca de 200 vêzes maior que k&#968; na ausência de CTAB (k&#968;o). Os dados referentes ao efeito de CTAB para a hidrólise de DCP , foram analisados quantitativamente utilizando o modelo teórico de Troca-Iônica em micelas (Quina, F.H. e Chaimovich, H. J.Phys.Chem. 83,1844 (1979)). Os resultados desta análise indicam que a constante de velocidade de segunda ordem na fase micelar (km2) é uma ordem de magnitude superior àquela na água (ko2). Esta diferença pode ser reproduzida supondo a reação num ambiente com D= 32 e &#181;=3. A adição de dodecilsulfato de sódio (SDS) acima da CMC, inibe a reação. Contudo, não é observada inibição total, mesmo no caso do DCP o qual é completamente incorporado à fase micelar. Empregando a teoria de Troca-Iônica em soluções micelares, explicitas considerações do produto iônico da água na fase micelar (Kw), conduzem a expressões da dependência de concentração de Na+ aquoso (livre) do pH local na superfície do SDS. Análise quantitativa dos resultados de velocidade de hidrólise dos RCP , fornecem o resultado que Kw = 0,025 Kw (kw é o produto iônico da água na fase aquosa), uma vez suposto km2= 10 ko2. Em soluções micelares de 3-(N,N-dimetil-N-dodecilamônio)- propano-l-sulfonato (SDP), k&#968; de hidrólise do DCP aumenta, a razão k máx/ko&#968;; chega a cerca de 15. Esta aceleração pode ser devida a existência de um campo potencial diplar na superfície da micela de SDP. Como no caso de misturas dioxano-água, a razão de produtos P/A em presença de micelas (CTAB, SDS e SDP) refletem a formação preferencial de P. Esta preferência foi analisada considerando os possíveis estados de transição envolvidos. Finalmente descreve-se uma metodologia simples para determinação rápida da homogeneidade dos detergentes derivados de sais de amônio (distribuição do comprimento de cadeias alquila). Esta técnica é em essência uma eliminação micro-Hoffman, devido a direta injeção do detergente na forma de hidróxido e posterior pirólise no cromatógrafo a gás. Como tal, quantidades negligíveis de detergente são requeridas, como também os passos de isolamento e manipulação (e eventuais erros sistemáticos) associados com a eliminação de Hoffman convencional, seguidos por análise no cromatógrafo a gás, são evitados. / The alkaline hydrolysis of N-alkyl-4-cyano pyridinium ions (RCP) in aqueous solution was characterized with respect to the eftects on pH, ionic strength (&#181;) and medium dieletric constant (D) on the reaction. Alkaline hydrolysis of RCP results in the formation of two products, i.e., the corresponding N-alkyl-4-carboxamidopyridinium ion (A) and N-alKyl-4-pyridone (P). In aqueous solution the P/A product ratio increases with pH, attaining a limiting value of 1,75 at high pH for all the RCP. In water-dioxane mixture, however, there is preferential formation of P. The observed pseudo-first-order rate constant (k&#968; ) for hydrolysis of the RCP in aqueous solution (&#181; =0,02) varies with pH according to: LOG k&#968; = 1,0702 pH - 14,3.The effect of changes in &#181; or D on k&#968; were analysed within the framework of the models of Debye-Huckel (Robinson, R.A. and Stockes, R.H. in \"Electrolyte Solutions\", 1955 ) and Brönsted- Christiansen - Scatchard (Amis, E.S. in \"Solvent Effects on Reaction Rates and Mechanisms\", 1966) . These dependences of k&#968; and of the P/A product ratio on pH, &#181; and D served as a basis for rationalization of the effects of detergents of various structural types on both the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of the RCPand the resultant produc ratio. In Buffered micellar solutions o hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), k&#968; for alkaline hydrolysis of the N-methyl-4-cyanopyridinium ion (MCP) is independent of detergent concentration. In contrast, k&#968; increases with (CTAB) above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for the N-Butil (BCP), N-octyl (OCP) and N-dodecyl-4 cyanopyrydinium (DCP) ions. In the case of DCP, the maximum value of k&#968; in the presence of CTAB (k&#968; max) is 200 times greater than k&#968; in the absence of CTAB (ko&#968; ). The effect of CTAB on k&#968; for alkaline hydrolysis of DCP was analyzed quantitatively using the conceptual model for ion exchange (Quina, F.H. and Chaimovich, H. J.Phys.Chem. 83, 1844 (1979)). The results of this analysis indicate that the second order rate constant for hydrolysis in the micellar phase (km2) is an order of magnitude greater than that in the aqueous phase (ko<sub2). This difference betwen km2 and ko2 can be reproduced by assuming a reaction environment with D=32 and &#181; = 3. Micellar sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) inhibit the rate of alkaline hydrolysis of all the RCP. Nonetheless, total inhibition is not observed, even in the case of DCP, which is completely incorporated into the micellar phase. Using the theory of ion exchange in micellar solutions, explicitly consideration of the ionic product of water in the micellar phase (Kw) leads to expression for the external (free) N+a dependence of the local pH at the SDS micellar surface. Quantitative analysis of the rate data for the alkaline hydrolysis of the RCP, assuming km2= 10 ko2, furnishes the result that Kw= 0,025 Kw, where Kw is the product of water in the aqueous phase.In micellar solutians of 3-(N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylammonium) propane-l-sulfanate (SDP), k&#968; for alkalyne Hydrolysisof DCP increases, the ratia k&#968;max/ko&#968; attaining a value of ca. 15. The observed rate acceleration is suggested to be due to the existence of a dipolar potencial field at the SDP micellar surface. As in the case of water-dioxane mixtures, the P/A product ratio in the presence of detergent micelles (CTAB, SDS and SDP) reflects preferential formation of P. This preference was analyzed on the basis of considerations of possible transition states involved. Finally, a simple methodology for rapid determination of the homogeneity (distribution of alkyl chain lengths) of ammonium-derived detergents is described. This technique is in essence a micro Hoffmannelimination effected by direct injection pyrolysis glpc of the detergent in the hydroxide form. As small negligible quantities of detergent are required and the product isolation and manipulation steps and attendant systematic errors) associated with a conventional Hoffmannelimination, followed by glpc analysis of the products are circunve ted.