La matière molle se consacre à l'étude des propriétés de fluides complexes. Ces fluides diffèrent des fluides simples à cause de l'existence d'une microstructure qui provient de l'arrangement particulier des éléments mésoscopiques constitutifs du matériau (agrégats de particules de noir de carbone, enchevêtrements de polymères, micelles de molécules tensioactives). C'est le couplage entre microstructure et déformation qui confère aux fluides complexes des comportements singuliers et qui engendre des écoulements hétérogènes. Comprendre ces états hors-équilibre et les dynamiques associées présente un intérêt à la fois industriel et fondamental. La rhéologie en cellule de Taylor-Couette est une technique très répandue pour l'étude de la déformation et de l'écoulement de fluides complexes. Cependant, cette méthode n'est pas adaptée à l'étude des écoulements hétérogènes car elle ne fournit qu'une description globale de l'écoulement. Pour pallier ce problème, une technique de vélocimétrie ultrasonore à deux dimensions a été couplée à la rhéologie classique. Cette visualisation locale nous a permis d'étudier l'instabilité inertielle de Taylor-Couette dans les fluides newtoniens, les instabilités élastiques de fluides viscoélastiques (polymères et solutions micellaires), la fluidification de fluides à seuil (gels de noir de carbone, microgels de carbopol et émulsions) et enfin la rupture de gels de protéine soumis à une contrainte de cisaillement. Tous ces exemples montrent des coexistences entre différents états induits par l'écoulement et permettent de revisiter les approches rhéologiques à partir de caractérisations locales des champs de déformation et de vitesse. / Soft matter scientists are dedicated to studying the properties of complex fluids. Complex fluids differ from simple fluids in that they possess a microstructure resulting from the particular arrangement of mesoscopic elements which constitute the material (aggregates of carbon black particles, entangled polymers, micelles of surfactant molecules, etc.). Peculiar flow behaviors in complex fluids, such as heterogeneous flows, arise from the coupling between microstructure and flow. Understanding these non-equilibrium states and the associated dynamics is both of industrial and fundamental interest. Rheology in a Taylor-Couette cell is a wide-spread technique for investigating the deformation and flow of complex fluids. However, this method is mostly blind to heterogeneous flows as it only provides a global description of the flow. To overcome this problem, an ultrasonic imaging technique has been combined with classical rheology. This local visualisation has allowed us to study the inertial Taylor-Couette instability in Newtonian fluids, elastic instabilities in viscoelastic fluids (polymers and micellar solutions), the fluidisation of yield stress fluids (carbon black gels, carbopol microgels and emulsions) and finally the failure of protein gels under stress. In all these cases we evidence a coexistence between different flow-induced states and revisit global rheological approaches through local characterizations of deformation and velocity fields.

Statics, dynamics, rheology and scission-recombination kinetics of self-assembling linear micelles are investigated at equlibrium state and under shear flow by computer simulations using a newly proposed mesoscopic model. We model the micelles as linear sequences of Brownian beads whose space-time evolution is governed by Langevin dynamics. A Monte Carlo algorithm controls the opening of a bond or the chain-end fusion. A kinetic parameter omega modelling the effect of a potential barrier along a kinetic path, is introduced in our model.<p>For equilibrium state we focus on the analysis of short and long time behaviors of the scission and recombination mechanisms. Our results show that at time scales larger than the life time of the average chain length, the kinetics is in agreement with the mean-field kinetics model of Cates. By studying macroscopic relaxation phenomena such as the average micelle length evolution after a T-jump, the monomer diffusion, and the zero shear relaxation function, we confirm that the effective kinetic constants found are indeed the relevant parameters when macroscopic relaxation is coupled to the kinetics of micelles.<p>For the non-equilibrium situation, we study the coupled effects of the shear flow and the scission-recombination kinetics, on the structural and rheological properties of this micellar system. Our study is performed in semi-dilute and dynamically unentangled regime conditions. The explored parameter omega range is chosen in order for the life time of the average size chain to remain shorter than its intrinsic (Rouse) longest relaxation time. Central to our analysis is the concept of dynamical unit of size Lambda, the chain fragment for which the life time tau_Lambda and the Rouse time are equal. Shear thinning, chain gyration tensor anisotropy, chain orientation and bond stretching are found to depend upon the reduced shear rate Beta_Lambda=gamma dot*tau_Lambda while the average micelle size is found to decrease with increasing shear rate, independently of the height of the barrier of the scission-recombination process. / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation physique / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Ce travail est consacré à l’étude des propriétés de systèmes à base de tensioactifs non ioniques hydrogéné et fluoré dans le but de préparer des matériaux poreux silicatés. L’effet de la solubilisation d’hexadécane ou de décane dans des micelles de C12H25CO(OC2H4)9OCH3 conduit à la formation de silices mésoporeuses à plus larges pores, tandis qu’aucun effet de gonflement n’est observé avec l’ajout de cyclohexane. Lorsque les matériaux sont préparés avec des micelles de C8F17C2H4(OC2H4)9OH, l’ajout de perflorooctylbromure (PFOBr) augmente la taille des mésopores. Par ailleurs, l’incorporation de grandes quantités de PFOBr ou de perfluorodécaline conduit à la formation de macropores. Avec C7F15C2H4(OC2H4)8OH, l’incorporation de (C4F9CH)2 permet d’élargir les mésopores et de créer un réseau de macropores, tandis que l’ajout de PFOBr ne conduit ni à la formation de mésopore, ni à la formation de macropore. Les résultats mettent en évidence que la formation de matériaux macroporeux à partir d’émulsions hydrogénées ou fluorées est favorisée avec les systèmes qui présentent des valeurs de PIT (Température d’Inversion de Phase) élevées. Pour finir, l’effet de l’addition de différents alcools dans le système à base de C8F17C2H4(OC2H4)9OH a été étudié. La détermination des paramètres structuraux de la phase cristal liquide hexagonal, indique que les alcools à courte ou moyenne chaîne jouent le rôle de solvant, tandis que le fluoro-octanol joue celui d’un co-tensioactif. L’addition d’alcools courts provoque la destruction progressive des micelles qui perturbe le mécanisme d’auto-assemblage et les matériaux obtenus présentent des structures vermiformes / This work deals with the study of the properties of nonionic hydrogenated and fluorinated surfactant based systems which are related to the synthesis of porous silica. The effect of the solubilization of low fraction of hexadecane or decane in the micelles of C12H25CO(OC2H4)9OCH3 leads to the formation of large mesoporous silica, whereas no swelling effect was noted with cyclohexane. When the materials are templated by fluorinated micelles of C8F17C2H4(OC2H4)9OH, large pore mesoporous materials are obtained with perfluorooctyl bromide (PFOBr). Both PFOBr and perfluorodecalin give rise to macropores at high oil concentrations. With C7F15C2H4(OC2H4)8OH, the fluorocarbon (C4F9CH)2 is not only an effective expander to enlarge the pore size of mesoporous materials, but also very favourable for the design of macropore network. On the contrary, with PFOBr, there is neither mesopore nor macropore. Therefore, both hydrogenated and fluorinated systems obey to the same rule: the formation of macroporous materials template by emulsions is favoured with systems which exhibit a high value of the PIT. Lastly, alcohols used as additives in the C8F17C2H4(OC2H4)9OH -water system to tune the characteristics of the recovered materials. The structural parameters of the hexagonal liquid crystal show the short and medium alcohols behaved like solvent, while the long chain and fluorinated octanol acted as co-surfactant. The short alcohols provoke a micelle breaking effect. Thus, the self-assembly mechanism is disturbed and wormhole-like structures are recovered

La présente étude est une approche holistique axée sur l'étude des effets spécifiques d'ions sur les propriétés d'auto-assemblage de tensioactifs cationiques gemini. Notre objectif principal étant l’étude de l'effet de divers contre-ions sur les caractéristiques d’auto-assemblage de tensioactifs cationiques en solution aqueuse. Afin d'obtenir une vision plus complète de l'effet des interactions ioniques et moléculaires à l’interface sur les propriétés globales, nous avons utilisé des approches différentes. Nous avons combiné une étude expérimentale portant sur les propriétés en solution (concentration micellaire critique, degré d'ionisation, nombre d'agrégation, etc.), avec des approches centrées sur l'étude des propriétés micellaires interfaciales en analysant les concentrations des contre-ions et de l'eau de façon expérimentale (piégeage chimique) et informatique (simulations de dynamique moléculaire). En outre, nous avons étudié l'impact de la nature des contre-ions sur la croissance des micelles géantes par rhéologie. En plus de l'examen des propriétés de tensio-actifs en solution, les effets spécifiques d'ions sur les structures cristallines des agents tensioactifs gémini ont été étudiés.Nous avons trouvé que les effets d'ions spécifiques qui déterminent le comportement des agrégats micellaires de gemini cationiques d'ammonium quaternaire dans des solutions aqueuses dépendent fortement de l'énergie libre d'hydratation des contre-ions, en d'autres termes, sur leur propriétés hydrophile /hydrophobe. Contrairement à la solution aqueuse, dans les cristaux, la taille de l'ion devient le facteur déterminant. La comparaison des résultats obtenus pour un même système en solution aqueuse et à l'état solide a montré l'importance des interactions ion-eau dans les effets spécifiques d'ions. Cependant, il faut noter que les propriétés du substrat (les gemini dans notre cas) doivent être prises en compte non moins soigneusement afin de prédire complétement les effets Hofmeister. / The present study is a holistic approach focused on the investigation of ion specific effects on the self-assembly properties of cationic gemini surfactants. Our main focus was on the effect of various counterions on the self-organization features of cationic surfactants in aqueous solution. In order to obtain amore comprehensive understanding of the effect of interfacial ionic and molecular interactions on aggregate properties we used different approaches. We combined an experimental study focused on the bulk solution properties (critical micelle concentration, ionization degree, aggregation number, etc.), with approaches focused on investigating the interfacial micellar properties by analyzing the interfacial counterion and waterconcentrations, experimentally (chemical trapping) and computationally (molecular dynamic simulations). Moreover, the impact of counterion nature was investigated by studying the growth of wormlike micelles using rheology. Besides the examination of the surfactants properties in solution, the ion specific effects onthe crystalline structures of gemini surfactants were studied.We found that ion specific effects which determine the behavior of micellar aggregates of cationic quaternary ammonium gemini in aqueous solutions strongly depend on the free energy of hydration of the counterions, in others words, on their hydrophilic/hydrophobic properties. Contrarily to aqueous solution, in crystals, the size of the ion becomes the determining factor. Comparison of the results obtained for the same system in aqueous solution and in solid state showed the importance of ion-water interactions in ion specific effects. However, one should note that the properties of substrate (the gemini in our case) should be taken into account not less carefully in order to fully predict Hofmeister effects.

Les nano-objets hybrides ou polymères connaissent un intérêt grandissant depuis plusieurs années mais peu sont étudiés sous irradiation. Dans ce travail, différents nano-objets ont été synthétisés et étudiés pour comprendre leur stabilité face à des rayonnements ionisants. Nous avons étudié l’effet de l’irradiation sur des copolymères à blocs amphiphiles pouvant s’organiser en micelles dans l’eau. Les objets varient par la nature de leur polymère hydrophobe et leur sensibilité aux rayonnements ionisants. Dans un cas, des polyméthacrylates ont été copolymérisés par ATRP à partir d’un PEG macro-amorceur. Dans un autre cas, pour accentuer l’effet de l’irradiation, un polysulfone aliphatique plus radiosensible, a été synthétisé via une polyaddition thiol-ène. Après nanoprécipitation, les objets ont été caractérisés avant et après irradiation par des techniques de diffusion et de chromatographie. En parallèle, on s’est intéressés également à des nanoparticules métalliques connues pour augmenter l’effet de l’irradiation. Des nanoparticules d’or greffées de polymères ont été synthétisées par voie « grafting to » après synthèse de macro-ligands par polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée. Après une caractérisation fine des objets, l’effet de l’irradiation a été étudié à la fois sur la taille des objets et la masse des polymères afin de déterminer la nature des phénomènes mis en jeu. / Hybrid and polymer nano-objects have known a growing interest these last years but few are studied under irradiation. In the present work, different nano-objects have been synthetized and studied to understand their stability towards ionizing rays. We have studied the effect of irradiation onto amphiphilic bloc copolymer that form micelles in water. Objects were varied by the nature of their hydrophobic bloc and their sensibility to ionizing rays. First, methacrylates were copolymerized by ATRP with a PEG macro-initiator. Secondly, to improve radiation effect, a more radiosensitive polymer, a polyolefinsulfone, was synthetized by a thiol-ene polyaddition. After nanoprecipitation, objects were caracterized before and after irradiation by scattering and chromatography techniques. In parallel we also studied metallic nanoparticles well known for improving irradiation effect. Polymer-grafted gold nanoparticles were synthetized via a “grafting to” technique, after the synthesis of macro-ligands by controlled radical polymerization. After a precise characterization of these objects, irradiation effect has been studied via changes in size and polymer mass. This will permit to determine the nature of induced phenomena.

No description available.

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), one of the major capillary electrophoresis (CE) modes, has been interfaced to mass spectrometry (MS) to provide high sensitivity and selectivity for analysis of chiral compounds. The research in this dissertation presents the development of novel polymeric glucopyranoside based molecular micelles (MoMs) (aka. polymeric surfactants) and their application in chiral MEKC-MS. Chapter 1 is a review of chiral CE-MS - in the period 2010-2015. In this chapter, the fundamental of chiral CE and CE-MS is illustrated and the recent developments of chiral selectors and their applications in chiral EKC-MS, CEC-MS and MEKC-MS are discussed in details. Chapter 2 introduces the development of a novel polymeric α-D-glucopyranoside based surfactants, n-alkyl-α-D-glucopyranoside 4,6-hydrogen phosphate, sodium salt. In this chapter, polymeric α-D-glucopyranoside-based surfactants with different chain length and head groups have been successfully synthesized, characterized and applied as compatible chiral selector in MEKC-ESI-MS/MS. or the enantioseparation of ephedrines and β-blockers. Chapter 3 continues to describe the employment of polymeric glucopyranoside based surfactants as chiral selector in MEKC-MS/MS. The polymeric β-D-glucopyranoside based surfactants, containing charged head groups such as n-alkyl β-D-glucopyranoside 4,6-hydrogen phosphate, sodium salt and n-alkyl β-D-glucopyranoside 6-hydrogen sulfate, monosodium salt were able to enantioseparate 21 cationic drugs and 8 binaphthyl atropisomers (BAIs) in MEKC-MS/MS, which promises to open up the possibility of turning an analytical technique into high throughput screening of chiral compounds. Physicochemical properties and enantioseparation capability of polymeric β-D-glucopyranoside based surfactants with different head groups and chain lengths were compared. Moreover, the comparison of polymeric α- and β-D-glucopyranoside 4,6-hydrogen phosphate, sodium salt were further explored with regard to enantioseparations of ephedrine alkaloids and b-blockers. The concept of multiplex chiral MEKC-MS for high throughput quantitation is demonstrated for the first time in scientific literature.

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Master of Science / Department of Clinical Sciences / Mary Lynn Higginbotham / Objectives – To isolate and maintain canine Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells (WJMSCs) in culture, to determine the effects of micellar nanoparticles containing doxorubicin (DOX) on WJMSCs and canine osteosarcoma (OSA) D17 cell viability, and to determine the effects of conditioned media from WJMSCs loaded with micellar nanoparticles containing DOX on OSA D17 cell viability. Sample Population – Canine WJMSCs containing various concentrations of DOX micelles and canine OSA D17 cells. Procedures – WJMSCs were isolated from canine umbilical cords. Micellar nanoparticles containing DOX were prepared and added to culture plates containing canine OSA D17 cells to determine micelle effects on cell growth and viability. Conditioned media from culture plates containing canine WJMSCs incubated with various DOX micelle concentrations was added to OSA D17 cells for conditioned media experiments. A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess OSA D17 cell viability. A trypan blue stain was also utilized to perform cell counts to determine the effect of the DOX micelles on stromal cell growth. Results – WJMSCs were successfully isolated and maintained in culture. Micellar nanoparticles containing DOX decreased OSA D17 cell viability. OSA D17 cell viability was also decreased following incubation with conditioned media from canine WJMSCs loaded with micellar nanoparticles containing DOX. Significant decreases with the conditioned media of canine WJMSCs loaded with 10μM micelles occurred at 48 hours (p < 0.005) and at 72 and 96 hours (p < 0.0001). Significant decreases were also observed with the 1 μM DOX micelles at 72 hours (p < 0.005) and 96 hours (p < 0.0001). WJMSC numbers decreased in a dose dependent manner following incubation with DOX micelles. Changes in WJMSC number was not caused by increased cell death as all variables produced similar percentages of dead cells. Conclusions – Canine WJMSCs were successfully isolated and maintained in culture. Stromal cells containing DOX micellar nanoparticles induced OSA D17 cell cytotoxicity while inducing an anti-proliferative, rather than cytotoxic effect, on the WJMSC. These data support future in vivo experiments utilizing canine WJMSCs and micellar nanoparticles.

<p>Uloga micela u razvoju farmaceutskih oblika zasniva se na njihovom potencijalu da kao transportni sistemi povećaju bioraspoloživost lekovite supstance i unaprede njen farmakokinetski profil. Micele mogu da modifikuju propustljivost biolo&scaron;kuh membrana, omoguće kontrolisano oslobađanje lekovite supstance iz farmaceutskog oblika, stabilizuju lekovitu supstancu, itd. Kombinovanje različitih surfaktanata kao gradivih jedinica omogućava konstruisanje micela sa poželjnim fizičko-hemijskim karakteristikama. Takođe, me&scaron;ovite micele između čijih gradivnih jedinica postoje sinergističke interakcije se formiraju na nižim koncentracijama surfaktanata u poređenju sa monokomponentnim micelama. U doktorskoj disertaciji je ispitana termodinamička stabilnost binarnih me&scaron;ovitih micela Brij S10 i Brij S20 surfaktanata sa polisorbatom 20, polisorbatom 60 i polisorbatom 80 kao kosurfaktantima. Analiziran je uticaj građe odabranih nejonskih surfaktanata na fizičko-hemijske parametre i stabilnost njihovih me&scaron;ovitih micela. Vrednosti kritične micelarne koncentracije su dobijene spektrofluorimetrijskim merenjima. Da bi se analizirao uticaj temperature na termodinamičku stabilnost micela, merenja su vr&scaron;ena na sledećim temperaturama: 273.15 K, 283.15 K, 293.15 K, 303.15 K i 313.15 K. Rezultati su tumačeni sa aspekta teorije regularnih rastvora (regular solution theory &ndash; RST), uz primenu Porterove jednačine. Na osnovu rezultata istraživanja, predloženi su modeli monokomponentnih i binarnih me&scaron;ovitih micela. Utvrđeno je da u svim analiziranim binarnim me&scaron;ovitim sistemima postoji dodatna entropija. Može se doneti zaključak da pretpostavka RST o isključivo entalpijskoj prirodi dodatne Gibsove energije nije primenljiva na ispitivane binarne sisteme. Utvrđeno je da postojanje razlike u dužini hidrofobnih segmenata monomera dodatno stabilizuje me&scaron;ovitu micelu. Sa porastom temperature, ovaj stabilizacioni efekat entropijskog porekla postaje izraženiji. Prisustvo dvostruke veze u ugljovodoničnom lancu polisorbata 80 doprinosi povećanoj rigidnosti njegovih molekula. Rezultat je smanjena termodinamička stabilnost me&scaron;ovitih micela koje sadrže polisorbat 80 u poređenju sa me&scaron;ovitim micelama koje sadrže njegov zasićeni homolog, polisorbat 60. Utvrđeno je da razlika u dužini polarnih segmenata monomera koji grade me&scaron;ovitu micelu utiče na stepen hidratacije micele, a time i na njenu stabilnost.</p> / <p>The role of the micelles in pharmaceutical formulation lies in their ability to, when used as drug delivery systems, increase the bioavailability of the drug and enhance its pharmacokinetic profile. Micelles may modify the permeability of biomembranes, enable controlled release from drug delivery systems, stabilize the drug, etc. By combining different surfactants as building units it is possible to engineer micelles with favorable physicochemical characteristics. Also, the mixed micelles between whose building units synergistic interactions exist are formed on lower concentrations of surfactants in comparison to single-component micelles. In the doctoral dissertation the thermodynamic stability of binary mixed micelles built of Brij S10 and Brij S20 with polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60 and polysorbate 80 as co-surfactants is examined. The influence of the structure of selected nonionic surfactants on physicochemical parameters and the stability of their mixed micelles is analyzed. Critical micelle concentration values were obtained by spectrofluorimetric measurements. In order to analyze the influence of the temperature on the micelles&rsquo; thermodynamic stability, measurements were conducted on following temperatures: 273.15 K, 283.15 K, 293.15 K, 303.15 K and 313.15 K. Obtained results were studied using regular solution theory (RST) and Porter&rsquo;s equation. Based on the research results, models of both single-component and binary mixed micelles are introduced. It is deduced that in all analyzed binary mixed systems the excess entropy exists. A conclusion can be made that the assumption of RST regarding solely enthalpic nature of the excess Gibbs energy is not applicable to investigated binary systems. The difference in the length of the hydrophobic segments of monomers additionally stabilizes the mixed micelle. With the increase in the temperature, this stabilizing effect of the entropic nature is more noticeable. The existence of the double bond in polysorbate 80 hydrocarbon chain contributes to the increased rigidity of its molecules. As a result, the thermodynamic stability of the mixed micelles containing polysorbate 80 is lesser than the stability of the mixed micelles containing its saturated homologue, polysorbate 60. It is determined that the difference in length of polar segments of mixed micelle monomers affects the micelle hydration and therefore, its stability.</p>