Shared micromobility defines as the shared use of light and low-speed vehicles such as bike and scooter in which users have short-term access on an as-needed basis. As shared micromobility, as one of the most viable and sustainable modes of transportation, has emerged in the U.S. over the last decade., understanding different aspects of these modes of transportation help decision-makers and stakeholders to have better insights into the problems related to these transportation options. Designing efficient and effective shared micromobility programs improves overall system performance, enhances accessibility, and is essential to increase ridership and benefit commuters. This dissertation aims to address three vital aspects of emerging shared micromobility transportation options with three essays that each contribute to the practice and literature of sustainable transportation. Chapter one of this dissertation investigates public opinion towards dockless bikes sharing using a mix of statistical and natural language processing methods. This study finds the underlying topics and the corresponding polarity in public discussion by analyzing tweets to give better insight into the emerging phenomenon across the U.S. Chapter two of this dissertation proposes a new framework for the micromobility network to improve accessibility and reduce operator costs. The framework focuses on highly centralized clubs (known as k-club) as virtual docking hubs. The study suggests an integer programming model and a heuristic approach as well as a cost-benefit analysis of the proposed model. Chapter three of this dissertation address the risk perception of bicycle and scooter riders’ risky behaviors. This study investigates twenty dangerous maneuvers and their corresponding frequency and severity from U.S. resident’s perspective. The resultant risk matrix and regression model provides a clear picture of the public risk perception associated with these two micromobility options. Overall, the research outcomes will provide decision-makers and stakeholders with scientific information, practical implications, and necessary tools that will enable them to offer better and sustainable micromobility services to their residents.

No description available.

The Swedish Government announced on June 15, 2022 that electric scooters will no longer be allowed to park on pedestrian and bicycle lanes starting from September 1, 2022, except at designated bicycle racks or other designated parking areas. This measure has been taken to improve accessibility and safety for pedestrians and cyclists. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the effects and opinions regarding the parking ban in Stockholms stad, with a focus on users, municipalities, and operators. The report combines quantitative and qualitative methods, including surveys, interviews, and data analysis, to analyze various effects and opinions regarding the parking ban. The results show that users, municipalities, and operators perceive the implementation of parking zones as positive for the urban environment bypromoting increased orderliness and cleanliness. However, there is a downside in terms of longer walking distances to destinations and reduced convenience, as door-to-door travel is no longer as feasible. Complaints about illegal parking have decreased among the general public, but there have been other requests from users and operators regarding the placement of parking zones.  The municipalities Stockholms stad and Göteborgs Stad agree that a well-developed infrastructure for privately owned bicycles and shared electric scooters is crucial for implementing the parking ban. This study ultimately demonstrates that the introduction of the parking ban has had a negative impact on the usage of electric scooters in Stockholm's inner city.

This thesis explores the intersection of shared micro-mobility services and genderwith a focus on the nighttime in Stockholm, Sweden. Research has found agender gap in user characteristics, with safety, affordability, and vehicle qualityaffection adoption. This study explores the differences in motivations and barriersto usage, contributing to sustainable and inclusive transportation. This wasachieved through a quantitative-qualitative approach that combined responsesfrom 164 people, 60 open comments, and 15 interviews. The research found PublicTransport and socializing as the primary mode and purpose of night trips amongmen and women, with women having a slightly higher preference. Time-saving,convenience and reliability, ease of access and use, and the complementarity ofother modes of transport are relevant for users regardless of gender. Womenseem to be more regular users than men. Women also seem to be more sensitiveto pricing and safety issues, both positive and negative aspects of the services.Among users who avoid the service at night, parking restrictions, unusefulnessand impracticality, expensiveness, owning a bike, consuming alcohol, andsocio-political aspects are the main motivations for doing so. The last three alsoapply to non-users. Men seem to be more sensitive to parking restrictions andwomen to unusefulness and impracticality and carrying bags and travelling withchildren. Finally, this document suggests strategies to increase overall, nighttime,and female usage of this service, focused on the shared micro-mobility operatorsand municipalities.

With the convergence of the wireless networks and the Internet and the booming demand for multimedia applications, the next-generation (beyond the third generation, or B3G) wireless systems are expected to be all IP-based and provide real-time and non-real-time mobile services anywhere and anytime. Powerful and efficient mobility support is thus the key enabler to fulfil such an attractive vision by supporting various mobility scenarios. This thesis contributes to this interesting while challenging topic. After a literature review on mobility support architectures and protocols, the thesis starts presenting our contributions with a generic multi-layer mobility support framework, which provides a general approach to meet the challenges of handling comprehensive mobility issues. The cross-layer design methodology is introduced to coordinate the protocol layers for optimised system design. Particularly, a flexible and efficient cross-layer signalling scheme is proposed for interlayer interactions. The proposed generic framework is then narrowed down with several fundamental building blocks identified to be focused on as follows. As widely adopted, we assume that the IP-based access networks are organised into administrative domains, which are inter-connected through a global IP-based wired core network. For a mobile user who roams from one domain to another, macro (inter-domain) mobility management should be in place for global location tracking and effective handoff support for both real-time and non-real-lime applications. Mobile IP (MIP) and the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) are being adopted as the two dominant standard-based macro-mobility architectures, each of which has mobility entities and messages in its own right. The work explores the joint optimisations and interactions of MIP and SIP when utilising the complementary power of both protocols. Two distinctive integrated MIP-SIP architectures are designed and evaluated, compared with their hybrid alternatives and other approaches. The overall analytical and simulation results shown significant performance improvements in terms of cost-efficiency, among other metrics. Subsequently, for the micro (intra-domain) mobility scenario where a mobile user moves across IP subnets within a domain, a micro mobility management architecture is needed to support fast handoffs and constrain signalling messaging loads incurred by intra-domain movements within the domain. The Hierarchical MIPv6 (HMIPv6) and the Fast Handovers for MIPv6 (FMIPv6) protocols are selected to fulfil the design requirements. The work proposes enhancements to these protocols and combines them in an optimised way. resulting in notably improved performances in contrast to a number of alternative approaches.

Across the world, efforts are being made to deal with climate change, where development in different fields is being made to transition towards a sustainable future. Transportation has become one component of this, resulting in the emergence of micro-mobility. One popular micro-mobility mode discussed by many scholars and introduced in many places, including the city of Linköping, is e-scooters. E-scooters have become popular due to the flexibility they offer. However, they have contributed negative aspects too. Therefore, I have investigated how the implementation of e- scooters has affected Linköping municipality in terms of the built environment, travel habits, and sustainable goals perspective. I further describe the approach to socio-technical transition by introducing a niche innovation and, in this case, e-scooters to improve the current transportation system to steer towards a low-carbon future. The impact e-scooters have had in Linköping municipality will be captured through interviews with the officials and politicians from the municipality. The findings showed that e-scooters negatively impacted the built environment by putting more pressure on an already crowded city. Some e-scooters would be carelessly parked, posing a danger to other traffic users. As a result, specific regulations, such as geo-zones, were made to reduce e-scooters being wrongly parked. In Linköping city, e-scooters have mostly replaced walking and public transport trips. Because e- scooters are still relatively new in Linköping municipality, their contribution to the municipality's sustainable goals is limited and difficult to assess.

The fast-growing market of powered micro-mobility, including electric bikes (e-bikes) and electric scooters (e-scooters), has introduced a paradigm shift in mobility across the world. These emerging transport modes have frequently been referred to as convenient mobility, having playfulness and transport functions. However, one of the main obstacles to the safe adoption of these transport modes is the safety issues related to their use. Based on the cycling literature, the interaction of vulnerable road users with each other could be classified based on the encounter directions. More specifically, passing is referred to as same-direction encounters, and meeting demonstrates opposite-direction encounters. Experiments and observations have been applied in this research domain for data collection, while interview setups are less conducted to explore users' opinions about their interactions. In this study, we conducted a series of semi-structured interviews and scrutinised e-bike and e-scooter users' safety issues in motorised and non-motorised facilities (e.g. shoulder lanes and sidewalks). [from Introduction]

Micro-mobility companies have in recent years introduced electric vehicles such as bikes, scooters and mopeds as a sustainable alternative to traditional combustion engine cars in inner cities. Having electric vehicles available in the cities comes with corporate responsibilities, such as making sure the electric vehicles follow national laws regarding speed and parking. Furthermore, a prerequisite for offering the service is that the electric vehicles should be connected at all times, and that the company has means to make certain that the service is used only by authorized users. This functionality is provided by having an IoT device mounted on the electric vehicle. One problem that arises is that it introduces new attack vectors that put both the company and its users at risk. White hat hackers working together with corporations is the right way to find vulnerabilities. This thesis evaluates the Company’s offered service through the method of threat modeling, by answering the question "Is the Company’s system secure against cyber attacks?". This has been made possible through an active collaboration with the Company, which have prioritized resolving vulnerabilities that have arisen during the project. The results show that there are security flaws present in the current system, hence making room for security improvements. Critical vulnerabilities discovered include adversaries being able to use the offered service for free, hijacking the vehicle, and the Company relying on ’front-end’ security in one payment context. / Mikromobilitetsföretag har de senaste åren introducerat elfordon som cyklar, skotrar och mopeder som ett hållbart alternativ till traditionella fossildrivna bilar i innerstäderna. Att ha elfordon tillgängliga i städerna kommer med företagsansvar, som att se till att elfordonen följer nationella lagar om hastighet och parkering. En förutsättning för att erbjuda tjänsten är vidare att elfordonen alltid ska vara uppkopplade och att företaget har möjligheter att försäkra sig om att tjänsten endast används av behöriga användare. Denna funktionalitet tillhandahålls genom att ha en IoT-enhet monterad på elfordonet. Ett problem som uppstår är att den introducerar nya attackvektorer som utsätter både företaget och dess användare för risker. White hat-hackare som arbetar tillsammans med företag är det rätta sättet att hitta sårbarheter. Denna avhandling utvärderar företagets erbjudna tjänst genom metoden för hotmodellering, genom att svara på frågan "Är företagets system säkert mot cyberattacker?". Detta har möjliggjorts genom ett aktivt samarbete med Företaget, som har prioriterat att lösa sårbarheter som uppstått under projektets gång. Resultaten visar att det finns säkerhetsbrister i det nuvarande systemet, vilket ger utrymme för säkerhetsförbättringar. Kritiska sårbarheter som upptäckts inkluderar att motståndare kan använda den erbjudna tjänsten gratis, kapa fordonet och att företaget förlitar sig på front-end-säkerhet i ett betalningssammanhang.

Electric scooters have been pointed out as an important solution in today’s urban transportation systems and as vehicles that will contribute to more sustainable traffic. Based on new technology and new means of transportation being offered, the way we choose to transport ourselves also changes. More individuals choose to rent, or share vehicles instead of owning their own, which may lead to shared mobility growing further in the future. This study examines people's perceptions of electric scooters and electric scooters in the urban space in central Stockholm, with perspectives from users and non-users. The study consists of a qualitative interview study in which the interviews have taken place with users and non-users and with an equal distribution between sexes. The study also consists of a knowledge review with research from previous relevant studies. Finally, the results are presented based on five different focus areas: choice of means of transport, accessibility, legislation, safety, and security as well as opinions and attitudes, and an analysis based on the issues is raised. Based on the results of the study, there is a positive attitude towards electric scooters as a means of transportation and of its potential, both among users and non-users. The findings show that the scooters have made a difference in the traffic environment with implemented and planned measures, but also that there is a need for further development and adaptation of the vehicle in the urban transportation systems. Regulation and legislation regarding electric scooters are considered deficient, and incorrect parking and mismanagement among users were highlighted as problematic. / Elsparkcyklarna har pekats ut som en viktig roll i transportsystemet och som ett fordon som ska bidra till en mer hållbar stadstrafik. Baserat på ny teknik och nya färdsätt som erbjuds förändras också sätten vi väljer att transportera oss på. Fler individer väljer att hyra eller dela på fordon i stället för att äga ett eget vilket kan leda till att delad mobilitet kommer att växa ytterligare i framtiden.  I den här studien undersöks människors uppfattningar kring elsparkcykling och elsparkcyklar i stadsrummet i centrala Stockholm, med perspektiv från användare och icke-användare. Studien består av en kvalitativ intervjustudie där intervjuerna skedde med användare och icke-användare och en jämn fördelning mellan kvinnor och män. Studien består även av en kunskapsöversyn med forskning från tidigare relevanta studier. Avslutningsvis presenteras dels resultaten utifrån fem olika fokusområden: färdmedelsval, tillgänglighet, lagstiftning, trygghet och säkerhet samt åsikter och attityder och dels lyfts en analys upp baserad på frågeställningarna. Utifrån resultaten av studien finns en positiv syn på elsparkcyklar som färdmedel och dess potential. Det konstaterades att det skett en skillnad i trafiken med genomförda och planerade åtgärder, men även att det finns behov av en fortsatt utveckling och anpassning av fordonet i trafiken. Reglering och lagstiftning kring elsparkcyklarna anses som bristfälliga, och felparkeringar samt misskötsel bland användare lyftes upp som problematiskt.

In the next generation of networks we will begin to see the true convergence of voice, multimedia, and data traffic. This merging of various dedicated networks will occur both in the wired and wireless domains. Given the growth in the areas of wireless voice and data, we see that the combination of mobile and Internet communication constitutes the driving force behind the third-generation wireless system and makes the basis for the fourth-generation wireless system. For services like voice over IP over wireless (VoIPoW), the main challenge is to achieve QoS and spectrum efficiency. In order to support better QoS the IETF Mobile IP Working Group is discussing a number of enhancements to the base protocol to reduce the latency, packet loss and signaling overhead experienced during handoff. This support also includes both the call admission and the subsequent scheduling of packet transmissions. In this thesis, we will first survey the work done on issues related to QoS provisioning for wireless network and then will address bandwidth allocation problem in packet radio network with special emphasis on wireline to wireless internetworking zone. The main aim of the thesis is to evolve a strategy to reduce the call dropping probability by negotiating the QoS in those conditions when we do not have the sufficient resources (mainly bandwidth) to allocate. In order to achieve the QoS we have investigated the behaviour of the Real-time Voice traffic on a wireless link and its relation to the associated quality of service. This investigation opens a way for QoS negotiation, in a condition like during handoff, when the network is not able to sustain the negotiated bandwidth. The main results of this work are, that even with reduced bandwidth, quality for speech can be maintained at a reasonable level and this way the call dropping can be reduced. Such a scheme is useful in those conditions when we do not have the sufficient bandwidth to allocate like during a handoff of a mobile host from one cell to another. Moreover the bandwidth is a scarce resource in wireless domain so there should be an efficient call admission control policy. Many call admission control policies are proposed in the literature; here we propose a simple scheme for real-time traffic, specially speech, in a base station which increases the system throughput. In addition to above, we have also experimented with Cellular IP, one of the implementations of proposed micro-mobility architecture to provide faster handoff and seamless mobility in wired and wireless network.