Los ambientes costeros son áreas con una significativa actividad biogeoquímica, con procesos dinámicos y complejos que dan como resultados ecosistemas altamente productivos. Particularmente los estuarios, son zonas de transición entre la tierra y los océanos y son los responsables del transporte de sustancias, como los metales pesados. Los organismos planctónicos son constituyentes esenciales de estos ecosistemas, ya que son los responsables de la mayor parte de la producción primaria y secundaria. Estos organismos junto con el material particulado en suspensión (MPS) cumplen roles fundamentales en la dinámica de metales pesados puesto que poseen una gran capacidad de retener y transferir estos elementos potencialmente tóxicos no sólo a nivel espacial, sino también a través de las tramas tróficas. En el presente estudio se analizó la distribución temporal y espacial de algunos metales pesados, así como también la influencia del Estuario de Bahía Blanca (EBB) en el transporte de estos elementos hacia la plataforma media. Para esto, se determinaron las concentraciones de Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr y Fe en el MPS, en el microplancton y en el mesozooplancton durante tres períodos, comprendidos entre los años 2012 y 2015, y en cinco sitios ubicados a lo largo del Canal Principal del EBB, uno en la zona más interna, tres próximos a las zonas de descargas de desechos cloacales e industriales y uno próximo a la boca del estuario. Además se evaluó la transferencia trófica de estos metales calculando el Factor de Biomagnificación entre las distintas fracciones. A partir de los resultados obtenidos fue posible concluir que: 1) el EBB está exportando, al menos gradualmente, cantidades significativas de metales pesados hacia la plataforma media; 2) en este ambiente dichos metales están disponibles para los organismos vivos independientemente de la época del año; 3) el Cd, el Cu, el Pb, el Zn y el Ni se están biomagnificando, pudiendo ser transferidos a niveles tróficos superiores; 4) con los desechos cloacales se vierten grandes cantidades de metales pesados al estuario, constituyendo una fuente continua o cuasi continua de contaminantes. / Coastal environments are areas of significant biogeochemistry activity, with dynamic and complex processes resulting in highly productive ecosystems. Particularly the estuaries are transition zones between the land and the oceans and are responsible for the transport of substances, such as heavy metals. Planktonic organisms are essential constituents of these ecosystems, since they are responsible for most of the primary and secondary production. These organisms together with the suspended particulate matter (SPM) play fundamental roles in the heavy metal dynamics because they have a great capacity to retain and transfer these potentially toxic elements not only at the spatial level, but also through the trophic webs. In the present study, the temporal and spatial distribution of some heavy metals was analysed, as well as the influence of Bahía Blanca Estuary (BBE) on the transport of these elements to the midshelf. Thus, the concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cr and Fe were determined in the SPM, in the microplankton and in the mesozooplankton during three periods, comprised between 2012 and 2015, and in five sites located along the Principal Channel of the EBB: one in the inner zone, three close to the sewage and industrial waste discharge areas, and one close to the mouth of the estuary. In addition, the trophic transfer of these metals was evaluated by calculating the Biomagnification Factor between the different fractions. From the results it was possible to conclude that: 1) the EBB is exporting, at least gradually, significant amounts of heavy metals to the midshelf; 2) in this environment all metals are available for living organisms during all the year; 3) Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni are being biomagnified, and they could be transferred to higher trophic levels; 4) large amounts of heavy metals are released with the sewage discharge, constituting a continuous or quasi-continuous source of pollutants.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-02-26T22:00:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DinamicaComunidadeMicrofitoplanctonica.pdf: 620031 bytes, checksum: 107fe7b1ed480fb44c67e92872c04da6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-03-01T14:26:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DinamicaComunidadeMicrofitoplanctonica.pdf: 620031 bytes, checksum: 107fe7b1ed480fb44c67e92872c04da6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-03-01T14:26:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DinamicaComunidadeMicrofitoplanctonica.pdf: 620031 bytes, checksum: 107fe7b1ed480fb44c67e92872c04da6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / SEMA/PA - Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / Estuários são ambientes ricos em nutrientes, favorecendo a reprodução e desenvolvimento de diversas espécies. Nestes, o fitoplâncton representa uma considerável parcela da produção primária e, em conjunto com outros fatores, regula os níveis de produtividade biológica. Este estudo teve o objetivo de conhecer a dinâmica do microfitoplâncton e sua correlação com os fatores ambientais no estuário do rio Guajará-mirim, na cidade de Vigia- PA, que é um importante pólo pesqueiro do estado do Pará. Foram realizadas coletas bimestrais de fitoplâncton e parâmetros físico-químicos em quatro estações de coleta ao longo do estuário, durante os períodos de maré vazante e enchente. Foram determinadas a composição específica e densidade do microfitoplâncton (org.L-1) e realizadas análises de frequência de ocorrência, diversidade e equitabilidade, agrupamento e componentes principais (ACP). Sazonalmente, nota-se, principalmente durante a maré vazante, uma considerável variação dos parâmetros físico-químicos que está fortemente relacionada ao ciclo hidrológico da região. Foram registrados 78 táxons pertencentes às Divisões Bacillariophyta (65), Chlorophyta (6), Cyanophyta (3), Dinophyta (3), e Ochrophyta (1). A divisão Bacillariophyta foi predominante em numero de espécies, frequência de ocorrência e densidade (99,89%). A densidade média mensal do microfitoplâncton variou de 9.999 (julho) a 535.411 org. L-1 (janeiro). Durante o mês de janeiro ocorreu uma floração de Skeletonema costatum (máx = 1.996.613 org. L-1). A comunidade microfitoplanctônica caracterizou-se como de diversidade média (média geral anual = 2,40). A variação sazonal dos parâmetros físico-químicos e da densidade das espécies foi o fator preponderante no agrupamento de amostras, tendo se formado dois grandes grupos, o primeiro composto por amostras do período chuvoso e o segundo grupo composto por amostras do período de estiagem. A análise de componentes principais mostrou que, apesar de os parâmetros físico-químicos apresentarem baixa variabilidade espacial e sazonal, a variação do índice de pluviosidade, do teor de sólidos totais dissolvidos e da salinidade foi determinante na variação da densidade de grande parte das espécies e também favoreceu um leve aumento da diversidade no período de estiagem. / Estuaries are rich nutrients environments, favoring reproduction and development of several species. Phytoplankton represents a considerable portion of primary production in these environments and, together with other factors, regulates the biological productivity levels. This study aimed to know the microphytoplankton dynamics and its correlation with environmental factors in the Guajará-mirim river’s estuary in the city of Vigia-PA, an important fishery center of the Pará state. Every two months were made collections of the phytoplankton and take measurements of physicochemical parameters in four collection stations along the estuary, in ebb and flood tide periods. Were determined the specific composition and density of microphytoplankton (org.L-1) and analysis of frequency of occurrence, diversity and evenness, clustering and principal components. Seasonally, was noted, mainly during the ebb tide, a considerable physicochemical variation, strongly related with hydrological cycle in the region. Seventy-eight taxa were recorded belonging to the Bacillariophyta (65), Chlorophyta (6), Cyanophyta (3), Dinophyta (3) and Ochrophyta (1) divisions. Bacillariophyta was dominant in species number, frequency of occurrence and density (99.89%). The monthly average densities of the microphytoplankton ranged from 9.999 (July) to 535.411 org L-1 (January). In January happened a bloom of Skeletonema costatum (max = 1.996.613 org.L-1). The microphytoplankton community was characterized as the median diversity (annual general mean = 2.40). The seasonal variation of physicochemical parameters and species density was the predominant factor to the grouping of samples, and it formed two major groups, the first composed by samples of the rainy season and the second by samples of the drought period. The principal components analysis showed that, despite the physicochemical parameters have low spatial and seasonal variability, the variation in rate of rainfall, total dissolved solids content and salinity was decisive in the variation of density of most species and also promoted a slight increase in diversity in the drought period.

L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est d’évaluer le degré de contamination des différents compartiments du site de la décharge d’Étueffont à savoir : les lixiviats, les sédiments, l’eau souterraine, les poissons, les insectes et les microorganismes de la décharge d’Étueffont. Ce travail de recherche est structuré en neuf chapitres.Après une première partie (Part I) consacrée à une étude bibliographique, le deuxième chapitre (Part II) présente le site d’étude, c’est-à-dire l’installation de stockage de déchets non dangereux(ISDND) d’Étueffont. La troisième partie (Part III) est consacrée à l’analyse de la qualité des lixiviats dans les lagunes, les unités de stockage des déchets « Nouveau casier », « Sous casier », « Ancienne décharge », les ruisseaux du gros Pré et Mont Bonnet. La quatrième partie (Part IV) intitulée « Contamination métallique des sédiments du site de la décharge d’Étueffont », aborde l’étude de la variation spatiotemporelle des éléments traces métalliques au niveau des lixiviats et des sédiments dans les quatre lagunes du site de la décharge d’Étueffont. Afin de déterminer le degré de contamination métallique des lixiviats et des sédiments, nous avons procédé à un suivi de certains éléments localisés en amont, au milieu et en aval de chaque lagune avec un pas d’échantillonnage trimestriel entre octobre 2013 et avril 2016. La cinquième partie (Part V), complémentaire du chapitre précédent, définit plus précisément la distribution spatiale du panache à travers l’analyse de la qualité de l’eau souterraine au moyen de piézomètres. La sixième partie (Part VI) concerne les effets des métaux lourds sur les échanges gazeux et la fluorescence des chlorophylles chez (Typha latifolia). Le septième chapitre (Part VII) est consacré à l’étude des microorganismes de la décharge d’Etueffont : apport de la cytométrie en flux. Dans le huitième chapitre (Part VIII), nous aborderons l’étude de la bioaccumulation des éléments traces métalliques dans le Chironome Chironomus riparius. La dernière partie (Part IX) intitulée « Étude de la bioaccumulation des éléments traces métalliques au niveau des différents organes du gardon Rutilus rutilus», aborde l’étude de la bioaccumulation des éléments traces métalliques au niveau de différents organes (muscle, foie, arêtes et branchies). / The objective of this thesis work is to estimate the contamination level in the various compartments of the Étueffont discharge site namely: leachates, sediments, groundwater, fishes and insects. The microorganisms (< 10 µm) of the Étueffont discharge of were investigated at the single cell level by flow cytometry. This research work is structured in nine chapters.The first part (Part I), is dedicated to a literature review. Part II presents the study site, the storage of non-hazardous waste (ISDND) at Étueffont. Part III is dedicated to the analysis of leachate quality in lagoons, NC, SC, AD, MB and GP. Part IV addresses "Metal Sediment Contamination of Étueffont discharge site" It concerns the study of spatial and temporal variation of trace metals in leachate and sediment in the four lagoons landfill site of Étueffont. To determine the metal contamination level in leachate and sediment, we conducted follow-elements located upstream, middle and downstream in each lagoon with quarterly sampling between October 2013 and April 2016. Part V complements the previous chapter, by specifically defining the spatial distribution of the plume through the quality analysis of the piezometer groundwater. Part VI addresses the heavy metals impacts on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in (Typha latifolia). Part VII is dedicated to the microorganisms (<10 µm) investigation in the Étueffont discharge: by using flow cytometry. In the (Part VIII), we addressed the study of bioaccumulation of trace metallic elements (Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd and Pb) in insect Chironomus riparius. Part IX entitled "Study bioaccumulation of trace metals in the various organs of roach Rutilus rutilus" concerns bioaccumulation of trace metals in different organs (muscle, liver, bones and gills) of this fish.