This thesis study employs textural classification techniques applied to four different data groups: (1) visible light photography, (2) high-resolution drill core line scan imaging (3) scanning electron microscopy backscattered electron (SEM-BSE) images, and (4) 3D data from X-ray microtomography (μXCT). Eleven textural classes from Aitik ores were identified and characterized. The distinguishing characteristics of each class were determined such as modal mineralogy, sulphide occurrence and Bond work indices (BWI). The textural classes served as a basis for machine learning classification using Random Forest classifier and different feature extraction schemes. Trainable Weka Segmentation was utilized to produce mineral maps for the different image datasets. Quantified textural information for each mineral phase such as modal mineralogy, mineral association index and grain size was extracted from each mineral map.  Efficient line local binary patterns provide the best discriminating features for textural classification of mineral texture images in terms of classification accuracy. Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) statistics from discrete approximation of Meyer wavelets decomposition with basic image statistical features[PK1]  (e.g. mean, standard deviation, entropy and histogram derived values) give the best classification result in terms of accuracy and feature extraction time. Differences in the extracted modal mineralogy were observed between the drill core photographs and SEM images which can be attributed to different sample size[PK2] . Comparison of SEM images and 2D μXCT image slice shows minimal difference giving confidence to the segmentation process. However, chalcopyrite is highly underestimated in 2D μXCT image slice, with the volume percentage amounting to only half of the calculated value for the whole 3D sample. This is accounted as stereological error. Textural classification and mineral map production from basic drill core photographs has a huge potential to be used as an inexpensive ore characterization tool. However, it should be noted that this technique requires experienced operators to generate an accurate training data especially for mineral identification and thus, detailed mineralogical studies beforehand is required. / Primary Resource Efficiency by Enhanced Prediction (PREP) / Center for Advanced Mining and Metallurgy (CAMM)

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier les transformations physico-chimiques lors de l'élaboration d'un verre à partir d'un mélange granulaire. Les mélanges vitrifiables industriel formant des verres de vitrage ou de conditionnement sont approchés par le système à trois oxydes SiO2-CaO-Na2O, apportés sous forme de sable, de calcaire et de carbonate de sodium. Cette simplification permet d'étudier le lien entre microstructrure de l'empilement granulaire et transformations pendant le chauffage. La variété des chemins réactionnels entre les grains de matières premières transmet en effet l'hétérogénéité du mélange au verre. Le système ternaire est décomposé en deux sous-systèmes. D'une part, les réactions entre le disilicate de sodium et 4 porteurs de calcium (CaCO3, CaO, CaSiO3, Ca2SiO4) révèlent la formation de couches d'espèces cristallines entre le grain calcique en cours de dissolution et le silicate fondu. D'autre part, la synthèse ex situ de carbonate mixte de calcium et de sodium est réalisée. Ce produit est analysé et caractérisé ; son apparition in situ dans un mélange ternaire est observée, et sa réaction avec la silice est étudiée. Dans un mélange vitrifiable silico-sodocalcique, la tomographie X in situ et post mortem montre l'importance de phénomènes transitoires de mouillage et de dégagement gazeux qui orientent les réactions chimiques. En particulier, un mécanisme local et de courte durée convertit une profondeur limitée des grains de calcaire en carbonate mixte. Enfin, l'homogénéité du verre obtenu à 1300°C est étudiée à l'aide d'une méthode de déconvolution de spectres Raman innovante, pour plusieurs granulométries et espèces porteuses de calcium. / This thesis focuses on the physical and chemical transformations undergone by a granula glass batch during the glass making process. Industrial window or container glass batches are complex mixtures, that we approached by the ternary oxide system SiO2-CaO-Na2O. Industrial raw materials, namely silica sand, limestone and sodium carbonate, are used. This simplification makes it possible to study the coupling between the granular microstructure and the physical and chemical transformations during the heating. Indeed, the multiple possible reaction paths propagate the heterogeneity of the granular batch to the glass. To support our study of the ternary system, two sub-system are investigated. On one hand, reactions between sodium disilicate and 4 calcium-bearing species (CaCO3, CaO, CaSiO3, Ca2SiO4) show the formation of successive layers of crystalline intermediate species between the dissolving grains and the molten silicate. On the other hand, sodium calcium mixed carbonate is synthesized ex situ and characterized. Its formation in a ternary glass batch is observed in situ, and its reactivity with silica is studied. In a ternary soda-lime glass batch, X-ray in situ and ex situ microtomography reveals the significance of wetting and degassing phenomena in orienting the grains towards a reaction path. Conversion of a limited depth of limestone grains into mixed carbonate for a short time is notably witnessed. This mechanism is strongly dependent on the grains surrounding limestone particles. Finally, we use an innovative deconvolution procedure to measure the impact of granulometry and the nature of calcium-bearing raw materials on the final glass homogeneity.

Soil is a fundamental resource in the environment, its sustainable use is vital to food supply and, consequently, life continuity on the Earth. However, the currently status of this resource in the world is critical and, therefore, the need of soil recovery measures and methods to evaluate it is urgent. The aim of this study is to provide a holistic evaluation about soil architecture at different recovery states, as well as its interaction with fluid in the environment by using nonconventional methods. It was organized a tool package that allows to analyze soil physical at geometric, morphometric and energy scope, to show in a more efficient way, which physical parameters indicate the physical and environmental quality. Subsequently, this package was applied to the study of six types of managements in different stages of development by using of physical parameter derived from the package; It was also analyzed the efficiency of recovery techniques under different perspectives. In addition, the soil-water dynamic was evaluated in a particular condition by using the same tools, offering knowledge about this interaction in the environment along the time. Finally, it is expected that this work can bring new insight on preservation and recovery of this environmental resource. / O solo é um recurso fundamental no meio ambiente, seu uso sustentável é vital para prover alimentos e consequentemente a continuidade da vida na Terra. No entanto, estado atual desse recurso no mundo encontra-se em condição crítica, logo as medidas de recuperação devem ser adotadas urgentemente, consequentemente a necessidade de métodos adequados para avaliação dessas medidas. O objetivo desse estudo é proporcionar uma avaliação holística sobre a arquitetura do solo em diferentes estados de recuperação, assim como sua interação com fluido no meio ambiente utilizando métodos não convencionais. Logo, foi organizado um pacote de ferramentas que permitam analisar a física solo no âmbito de geometria, morfometria e energia, proporcionando parâmetros físicos que indicam a qualidade física e ambiental; Em seguida esse pacote foi aplicado no estudo de seis tipos de manejos com diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento, envolvendo os parâmetros físicos derivados do pacote, mostrando assim a eficiência das técnicas de recuperação sob diferentes perspectivas; Assim foi realizado também a avaliação da dinâmica da água no solo em uma situação particular utilizando as mesmas ferramentas, proporcionando conhecimentos sobre o essa interação no meio ambiente ao longo do tempo. Finalmente, espera-se com esse trabalho novos olhares sobre esse recurso precioso no meio ambiente.

Ossos trabeculares possuem uma microestrutura porosa e podem ser modelados como um sólido elástico linear, heterogêneo e anisotrópico. A microtomografia tridimensional por raios-x (uCT) tem sido mundialmente utilizada para a caracterização de osso trabecular em pesquisas relacionadas à qualidade óssea e à doenças do metabolismo ósseo como a osteoporose. Na literatura há poucas investigações comparando as análises morfométricas 2D e 3D de osso trabecular. Nesta investigação amostras de osso trabeculares cilíndricas extraídas da cabeça femoral bovina foram utilizadas para a comparação dessas análises por \'mü\'CT. O software CT-Analyser foi utilizado para medidas em três direções (crânio-caudal, lateral-medial e anterior-posterior) de diversos parâmetros da microestrutura trabecular tais como espessura trabecular, separação trabecular, número trabecular e os autovalores do tensor de anisotropia (M). A comparação entre os valores dos parâmetros medidos por análises morfométricas 2D e 3D foi realizada pelo teste-t pareado com nível de significância p < 0,05 e por correlação linear de Pearson. Os autovalores da matriz M mostram que a microestrutura trabecular bovina tem uma tendência para a simetria transversalmente isotrópica. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a microtomografia tridimensional por raios-X é uma técnica de grande potencial para caracterização da qualidade óssea gerando bons parâmetros para o diagnóstico de doenças do metabolismo ósseo. / Trebecular bones have a porous microstructure and can be modeled as a linear elastic solid, heterogenous and anisotropic. The x-ray tridimensional microtomography (\'mü\'CT) has been worldwide used for the assessment of trabecular bone in investigations related to bone quality and aimed to the diagnostic of bone metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis. In the literature few investigations have compared the 2D and 3D morphometric analysis of trabecular bone. In this investigation cylindrical trabecular bone samples were harvested from bovine head femur to carry out that comparison by \'mü\'CT. The CT-Analyser software was used to measure in three directions (superior-inferior, lateral-medial and anterior-posterior) several microstructural trabecular parameters such as trabecular thickness, trabecular separation, trabecular number and the eigenvalues of the fabric tensor (M). The comparison between the parameters values measured by 2D and 3D morphometric analysis was performed by the paired-sample t test with a level of significance p < 0,05 and the Pearson\'s linear correlation. The eigenvalues show that the bovine trabecular microstructure has a tendence to transverse isotropy symmetry. The results show that x-ray tridimensional microtomography (\'mü\'CT) is a technique of great potential for characterization of generating good bone quality parameters for the diagnosis of diseases of bone metabolism.

Orientador: Mario Tanomaru-Filho / Resumo: Este estudo avaliou novas propostas e parâmetros necessários para análise fisico-química de materiais empregando micro-CT. Os materiais utilizados nos subprojetos 1, 2, 3 e 5 foram: AH Plus, Fill Canal e Sealapex; Biodentine, IRM e MTA. Foram aplicados os testes estatísticos ANOVA/Tukey e teste T (α=.05). Subprojeto 1- avaliou por micro-CT o efeito do tempo de imersão em água destilada (7 e 30 dias) na alteração volumétrica de cimentos endodônticos inseridos em cavidades simuladas em moldes de resina. Todos os cimentos obturadores apresentaram diferença na porcentagem de alteração volumétrica de 7 para 30 dias de imersão. Conclui-se que períodos maiores de imersão podem influenciar as alterações volumétricas de materiais. Subprojeto 2- avaliou a influência do tamanho de corpos de prova (espessura de 1,50 mm e diâmetros internos de 6,30, 7,75 e 9,00 mm) na alteração volumétrica de materiais após imersão em água. Sealapex e Biodentine apresentaram a maior perda de volume. O tamanho das amostras não afetou a porcentagem de alteração volumétrica dos materiais. Subprojeto 3- avaliou escoamento e preenchimento volumétrico dos materiais usando diferentes modelos de teste. Biodentine apresentou menor escoamento e melhor preenchimento que IRM quando avaliado no modelo com maior altura, enquanto MTA apresentou o maior escoamento neste modelo. Não houve diferença no escoamento e preenchimento proporcionados pelos cimentos obturadores nos diferentes modelos e metodologias. Conclui-se que... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Non-cavitated caries lesions form due to acid diffusion and demineralization of enamel subsurface with an intact surface layer (SL). Caries lesions progress when the outcome of demineralization and remineralization processes over time is net mineral loss. Lesions that continue to demineralize are called active, while those that display no evidence of further demineralization are called inactive. Micro-computed-tomography (µCT) analysis provides objective non-destructive measurements of the thickness of the surface layer (SL) and severity of caries lesions. Aims: 1) To investigate if visual/tactile suspected active non-cavitated early white spot lesions present a thinner surface layer than inactive ones; 2) To investigate if there is an association between the thickness of the surface layer (SLT) and caries activity, as determined by QLF during dehydration (△QD); 3) To determine lesion severity by comparing lesion volume and maximum depth correlation with △Q value at 15 s from QLF during dehydration. Materials and Methods: Thirty extracted human premolars exhibiting non-cavitated approximal white spot early lesions stored in 0.1.-percent thymol/4C and treated with 5.0-percent NaOCl/30 min were included in the study. Fifteen active and 15 inactive lesions were determined by visual/tactile examinations by consensus of two experienced examiners. Roughness measurements (Ra) were acquired using non-contact optical profilometry. Two-dimensional minimum (2D-min), maximum (2D-max), average (2D-avg) SL and three-dimensional (3D) analyses, volume and depth of lesions were determined from µCT image analysis. A series of fluorescence images were acquired at baseline (hydrated), at 1 s, at 5 s, at 10 s and at 15 s by QLF. During image acquisition, surfaces were dehydrated with continuous-compressed-air. △Q and △Q/s (△QD) were calculated. Data were analyzed using two-sample t-tests and Pearson correlation coefficients (p < 0.05). Results: Surface roughness of active and inactive lesions was not significantly different (p > 0.08). Overall lesion volume and depth in dentin were significantly larger in active lesions (p = 0.022, p = 0.009). SL thickness of active and inactive lesions was not significantly different (2D = 0.121, 3D = 0.080, 2D-avg = 0.446, 2D-min = 0.197, 2D-max = 0.122). △QD at 1s was significantly larger for active lesions (p = 0.046). ΔQ at 15 s of dehydration had a moderate positive association with lesion volume (r = 0.56). △QD had a weak negative association with SL thickness (2D-avg) and (2D-min). Conclusions: 1) Active and inactive non-cavitated lesions show no difference in SL thickness; 2) QLF during dehydration (△QD) does not correlate well with SL thickness; 3) ΔQ at 15 s of dehydration correlates moderately well with lesion volume and is consistent with caries activity assessed by visual/tactile examination.

[pt] A embalagem está no centro de questões de sobrevivência alimentar para mais de sete bilhões de pessoas no mundo. A presente pesquisa tem uma característica exploratória, voltada a investigar se as novas tecnologias digitais (especialmente microtomografia e impressão 3D) potencializam as abordagens de pensar e projetar embalagem por meio de analogias entre biologia e design (Biomimética). Tem também, uma característica experimental, objetivando estimular a criação e prototipação de conceitos inovadores biomiméticos para embalagem de alimentos. Os métodos utilizados foram: pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e de campo; entrevistas com especialistas (biólogos); coleta de materiais biológicos (especialmente frutos) e experimentação - que foi realizada em dois momentos: Experimento A, onde aplicou-se o pensamento biomimético baseado na abordagem Biologia para Projetar (Biomimicry 3.8, 2007), sem uso de novas tecnologias e Experimento B, onde aplicou-se o mesmo pensamento, porém com uso de novas tecnologias (microtomografia e impressão 3D). Graças ao processo de design exploratório e experimental, chegou-se a um conceito de design, que foi resultado de um desdobramento das analogias geradas entre biologia (vagem do amendoim) e design (embalagem). Ele propõe um sistema biomimético inovador para embalagem de alimentos que: aumenta a proteção e conservação, reduzindo o desperdício, permite adaptação a diferentes formatos e dimensões do conteúdo a ser embalado e otimiza o uso de materiais e processos. O resultado final alcançado faz-nos vislumbrar uma série de desdobramentos dessa pesquisa, principalmente ao que se refere à viabilidade técnica e implementação industrial do sistema criado, a fim de que seu uso possa ser generalizado em larga escala e, desta forma, contribuir para gerar impacto positivo nas questões contemporâneas de acesso e preservação de alimentos. / [en] The packaging is at the heart of food survival issues for more than seven billion people in the world. This research has an exploratory characteristic, aimed to investigate whether the new digital technologies (specially microtomography and 3D printing) potentializes the approaches of thinking and designing packaging through analogies between biology and design (Biomimicry). It also has an experimental feature, aiming to stimulate the creation and prototyping of biomimetic concepts for innovative food packaging. The methods used were: bibliographical research, documentary and field; interviews with experts (biologists); collection of biological materials (especially fruit) and trial - which was held in two stages: Experiment A, which applied the biomimetic based thinking approach Biology to Design (Biomimicry 3.8, 2007), without the use of new technologies and Experiment B, where we applied the same thought, but with the use of new technologies (microtomography and 3D printing). Thanks to the exploratory process of and experimental feature, this research came to a design concept, which was the result of a breakdown of analogies generated between biology (pod peanuts) and design (packaging). He proposes an innovative system for Biomimetic package for foods which: increase the protection and conservation, reducing waste, allows adaptation to different shapes and dimensions of the content and optimizes the use of materials and processes. The end result achieved makes us glimpse a number of developments of this research, especially when it comes to the technical feasibility and industrial implementation of the system introduced in order to allow its use to be widespread on a large scale and thus help to generate positive impact on contemporary issues of access and preservation of food.

The performance of dental resin-based composites (RBCs) heavily depends on the characteristic properties of the individual filler fraction. As specific information regarding the properties of the filler fraction is often missing, the current study aims to characterize the filler fractions of several contemporary computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) RBCs from a material science point of view. The filler fractions of seven commercially available CAD/CAM RBCs featuring different translucency variants were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Micro-X-ray Computed Tomography (µXCT), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TG) and X-ray Diffractometry (XRD). All CAD/CAM RBCs investigated included midifill hybrid type filler fractions, and the size of the individual particles was clearly larger than the individual specifications of the manufacturer. The fillers in Shofu Block HC featured a sphericity of ≈0.8, while it was <0.7 in all other RBCs. All RBCs featured only X-ray amorphous phases. However, in Lava Ultimate, zircon crystals with low crystallinity were detected. In some CAD/CAM RBCs, inhomogeneities (X-ray opaque fillers or pores) with a size <80 µm were identified, but the effects were minor in relation to the total volume (<0.01 vol.%). The characteristic parameters of the filler fraction in RBCs are essential for the interpretation of the individual material’s mechanical and optical properties.

[pt] As coquinas carbonáticas são rochas sedimentares constituídas principalmente por conchas e detritos. Elas apresentam diferentes características de textura que são afetadas pela sedimentação e diagênese, influenciando no arranjo de poros, e consequentemente, na permeabilidade. É necessário o entendimento do efeito da variação das tensões efetivas nessas formações rochosas e como problemas de dano mecânico irão afetar na produção e injeção de poços de sistemas de produção de petróleo e gás. Nesta tese, amostras de coquinas sintéticas foram confeccionadas e, com o auxílio de técnicas de microtomografia de raios-x (microCT), modelagem de rede de poros (PNM) e ensaios in situ, a influência da microestrutura dessas rochas na variação de suas propriedades devido a tensões de compressão confinada foi avaliada. O uso de microCT permitiu a análise da estrutura interna das amostras para a discriminação de poros. Uma célula para ensaios mecânicos, acoplável ao tomógrafo e capaz de aplicar tensões de compressão confinada, auxiliou no estudo da alteração da microestrutura das coquinas sob tensão. As amostras foram tomografadas em 3 condições: sem carregamento, com carregamento e após despressurização. PNM foi utilizada para simulação de transporte bifásico nas coquinas, além de relacionar dados como número de conectividade de poros, tortuosidade, permeabilidade, porosidade, diâmetro dos poros e capilares. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a aplicação de tensões de compressão confinada resulta na redução da porosidade e permeabilidade das coquinas. A redução da porosidade total do estágio final em relação às condições iniciais das amostras foi de 87,5 por cento, 70,0 por cento e 85,9 por cento para CP1, CP2 e CP3, respectivamente. Já a permeabilidade absoluta em condições iniciais apresentou valores de 33,10, 11,60 e 22,90 mD para CP1, CP2 e CP3, respectivamente, reduzindo a zero com o aumento dos estágios de pressão, impossibilitando as coquinas de permear fluidos em seus interiores. Em relação aos estudos da literatura, a fabricação de coquinas sintéticas mostrou-se eficiente em termos de reprodutibilidade para coquinas carbonáticas autênticas, apresentando propriedades geomecânicas semelhantes. / [en] Carbonate coquinas are sedimentary rocks composed mainly of shells and fragments. They present different texture characteristics that are affected by sedimentation and diagenesis, influencing the pore arrangement and, consequently, the permeability. It is necessary to understand the effect of variations in effective stresses on these rock formations and how mechanical damage problems will affect the production and injection of wells in oil and gas production systems. In this thesis, samples of synthetic coquinas were made, and with the help of x-ray microtomography, pore network modeling techniques, and in situ tests, the influence of the microstructure of these rocks on the variation of their properties due to confined compression stresses was evaluated. The use of x-ray microtomography allowed the analysis of the samples internal structure for the discrimination of pores. Using a cell for mechanical tests, coupled with the tomograph and able to apply confined compressive stresses, helped study changes in the coquinas’ microstructure under tension. The samples were scanned under three conditions: without loading, with stress loading, and after depressurization. Pore network modeling was used to simulate single-phase transport in the coquinas, as well as for relating data such as pore connectivity number, tortuosity, permeability, porosity, pore, and capillary diameter. The results obtained demonstrate that the application of confined compressive stresses results in the reduction of porosity and permeability of the coquinas. The reduction of total porosity in the final stage relative to the initial conditions of the samples was 87.5 percent, 70.0 percent, and 85.9 percent for CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively. Meanwhile, the absolute permeability under initial conditions presented values of 33.10, 11.60, and 22.90 mD for CP1, CP2, and CP3, respectively, which reduced to zero with the increase of pressure stages, making it impossible for the coquinas to permeate fluids within their interiors. Compared to literature studies, the production of synthetic coquinas proved to be efficient in terms of reproducibility for authentic carbonate coquinas, presenting similar geomechanical properties.

La variabilité des propriétés du bois ainsi que son hygroscopicité pourraient être un frein à son utilisation dans la construction, même s’il peut être considéré comme un matériau de choix dans le contexte environnemental et économique actuel. Il est donc primordial de mieux comprendre les origines physiques du comportement du bois pour être capable d’améliorer la prédiction de ses propriétés, et pouvoir ainsi le rendre plus compétitif par rapport aux autres matériaux de construction. Le comportement hygromécanique du bois, caractérisé par des variations dimensionnelles en présence de variations d’hygrométrie, est particulièrement difficile à prédire, du fait de sa microstructure multi-échelle et de ses interactions complexes avec l’eau.Dans ce contexte, la thèse vise à comprendre et enrichir les relations entre la microstructure du bois, ses propriétés de sorption et son comportement hygromécanique, en étudiant l’influence de l’hétérogénéité de l’accroissement annuel (cerne), constitué de bois initial et de bois final dont la structure et les propriétés présentent de nombreuses différences. Cette étude est menée sur du Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), actuellement référencé comme un matériau de structure intéressant. Des outils de caractérisation avancés sont utilisés : la Résonance Magnétique Nucléaire (RMN) du proton pour caractériser les mécanismes de sorption ; la corrélation d’images volumiques (DVC) pour mesurer les champs de déformations à partir d’images 3D de microtomographie aux rayons X (µTRX), donnant aussi accès à la densité locale du bois.Après une introduction sur le matériau bois et un état de l’art sur son comportement hygromécanique, une caractérisation préliminaire de la microstructure (angle des microfibrilles, largeur de cerne, densité) et du comportement hygromécanique d’échantillons de bois initial et de bois final prélevés dans différents cernes est menée. Une forte anisotropie du bois initial est mise en évidence en opposition au comportement isotrope transverse du bois final. Les déformations suivant la direction des fibres présentent aussi de fortes non-linéarités peu discutées dans la littérature. Une discussion sur la variabilité des propriétés est par ailleurs engagée, ainsi que sur les relations structure-propriétés à l’échelle macroscopique.L’origine des différences de comportement hygromécanique entre le bois initial et le bois final est tout d’abord recherchée au niveau des mécanismes de sorption, au travers une étude de relaxométrie RMN du proton en 2D (cartes T1-T2). Deux types d’eau liée situés dans des environnements distincts sont mis en évidence et leur isotherme de sorption diffère dans les deux types de bois. Une hypothèse sur leur localisation dans la paroi cellulaire est proposée, puis une modélisation simplifiée 2D est effectuée pour évaluer leur impact respectif sur le comportement hygromécanique du bois initial et du bois final, en particulier dans la direction des fibres.Enfin, les champs de déformations locaux et globaux sont étudiés en analysant par DVC des images de µTRX de bois initial et de bois final soumis à différentes sollicitations hydriques. Le couplage entre ces deux matériaux est aussi étudié pour évaluer leurs interactions et comprendre le comportement du bois à l’échelle du cerne. Un protocole de DVC adapté aux images de bois est proposé. Les comportements hygromécaniques du bois initial, du bois final et du cerne sont comparés. A l’échelle locale, des hétérogénéités du champ de déformations sont mises en évidence et corrélées à la densité locale. Leur effet sur le comportement du cerne et sur la courbure des échantillons induite par le chargement hydrique est analysé. Une modélisation 3D par éléments finis, tenant compte des gradients locaux de propriétés, vient enfin compléter cette étude pour améliorer la compréhension des interactions mécaniques entre le bois initial et le bois final / Wood has highly variable properties and is also hygroscopic. These characteristics may restrict its use in construction even if it can be considered as a material of choice with the current environmental and economical concerns. Therefore, it is essential to better understand the physical origins of the behavior of wood in order to improve the prediction of its properties, and making it competitive with respect to other building materials. Dimensional changes of wood appear when it is subjected to relative humidity variations. This hygromechanical behavior is particularly difficult to predict because of the multiscale structure of wood and its complex interactions with water.In this context, the present work aims to understand and enrich relationships between microstructure, sorption properties and hygromechanical behavior of wood. More specifically, it is focused on the influence of the growth-ring heterogeneity, constituted of earlywood and latewood which have different structures and properties. The study is performed on Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), which is a species of significant interest for structural applications. Advanced characterization tools are used: proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to characterize sorption mechanisms; digital volume correlation (DVC) to measure deformation fields from X-Ray microtomography 3D images (XRµT), also providing local density of wood.At first wood properties and its hygromechanical behavior are described through a literature overview. Preliminary microstructural (microfibril angle, growth-ring width, density) and hygromechanical behavior characterizations of earlywood and latewood samples with different cambium age are performed. Earlywood reveals a strong anisotropic behavior compared to latewood which is isotropic in the transversal plane. Moreover, strains along the fiber direction nonlinearly evolve with moisture content. This phenomenon has been hardly reported and studied in the literature. Discussions on variability of properties and on relationships between structure and properties are also initiated.Sorption mechanisms are then studied by 2D NMR relaxometry (T1-T2 correlation spectra) in order to investigate differences between earlywood and latewood hygromechanical behaviors. Two types of bound water located in distinct environments are highlighted and their sorption isotherms are shown to be different in the two types of wood. A hypothesis on their location in the cell-wall is proposed and a simple 2D model is developed to evaluate their respective effect on the hygromechanical behavior of earlywood and latewood, especially in the fiber direction.Furthermore, local and global strains fields are studied using DVC from XRµT images of earlywood and latewood subjected to relative humidity variations. The coupling of these two materials is also investigated in order to evaluate their mechanical interactions and to understand the behavior at the growth-ring scale. A specific DVC procedure is developed for images of wood. The hygromechanical behaviors of earlywood, latewood and a growth-ring are compared. At the local scale, strains fields heterogeneities are highlighted and correlated to the local density. Their effect on the growth-ring behavior and the samples curvature is analyzed. A 3D finite elements model which takes into account local gradients of properties is finally developed to better understand earlywood-latewood mechanical interactions