Dentre os materiais de estrutura perovskita, o titanato de estrôncio, SrTiO3, é um dos mais conhecidos e estudado por apresentar interessantes propriedades como a ferroeletricidade, fotoluminescência, entre outras. Além disso, tem sido reportado na literatura que a adição de diferentes dopantes ao composto SrTiO3 modifica suas propriedades dando origem, por exemplo, a materiais para serem aplicados como sensores de gás ou na fotocatálise. Diferentes trabalhos encontrados na literatura descrevem a síntese do composto SrTiO3 e suas soluções sólidas através do método hidrotermal. Entretanto, poucos trabalhos tiveram como foco o estudo do precursor de Ti e do íon dopante nas propriedades estruturais, morfológicas, ópticas e elétricas destes materiais. Desta forma, este trabalho de tese teve como objetivo o estudo da influência da composição e de alguns parâmetros de síntese sobre as propriedades estruturais, morfológicas e ópticas do composto SrTiO3 preparado através do método hidrotermal assistido por microondas HAM. Inicialmente, foi realizada a síntese do composto SrTiO3 a 140oC por 10 minutos, onde se verificou a possibilidade de controlar a morfologia e a propriedade fotoluminescente das amostras através do tipo de precursor de Ti utilizado. Em uma segunda etapa do trabalho, o composto SrTiO3 foi sintetizado por tempos variando de 10 a 640 minutos. A caracterização destas amostras mostrou a formação da fase cúbica do SrTiO3 exibindo morfologia na forma de cubos, formados pelo processo de auto-organização, que tornam-se mais bem definidos com o aumento do tempo de síntese. Medidas de espectroscopia XANES e EXAFS na borda K do Ti mostraram que as amostras de SrTiO3 sintetizadas pelo método HAM apresentam um alto grau de desordem na estrutura local, caracterizada pela coexistência de unidades do tipo TiO5 e TiO6. Além disso, observou-se que o aumento do tempo de síntese leva a uma redução da intensidade fotoluminescente que foi atribuído à redução na concentração de vacâncias de oxigênio. Medidas de DRX das amostras do sistema SrTi1-xFexO3, ao nosso conhecimento pela primeira vez sintetizadas com sucesso através do método HAM, mostraram a formação da fase cúbica quando x &#8804 0,4. Medidas do espectro XANES e EXAFS revelaram a substituição Ti por íons Fe+2 e Fe+3, levando a formação de vacâncias de oxigênio as quais contribuem para a diminuição da energia do band-gap das amostras de 3,2 para 2,8 eV, bem como na total supressão da intensidade fotoluminescente das amostras. A análise por microscopia eletrônica de varredura FE-MEV mostrou a existência de partículas na forma de cubos cuja cinética de formação é influenciada pela variação da quantidade de ferro. Imagens de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) confirmaram a natureza mesocristalina destas partículas cujo mecanismo de crescimento ocorre por coalescência orientada, originada pelo processo de auto-organização. As amostras do sistema SrTi1-xFexO3 na forma de filmes finos foram avaliadas como sensores O3, NO2, NH3 e CO. As análises indicaram que os filmes depositados pela técnica de evaporação de feixe de elétrons apresentam um grande potencial para serem aplicados como sensor de gás ozônio, exibindo uma boa sensibilidade e seletividade comparada a outros tipos de materiais sensores. / Strontium titanate, SrTiO3, it is one of the most known and intensively studied perovskite compounds due its interesting properties such as ferroelectricity, photoluminescence, etc. According to the literature, the dopant addition into SrTiO3 network can create materials with desirable functions, for example, gas sensing and photocatalytic activity. Despite some authors reported the synthesis of pure or doped SrTiO3 by hydrothermal method, few studies have been devoted to investigate the effects of the Ti precursor and type of dopant ion on the structural, morphological and electrical properties of SrTiO3 compound. In this work, we investigated the influence of synthesis parameters and concentration iron on the structural, morphological and optical properties of SrTiO3 prepared by microwave-assisted hydrothermal method (MAH). Firstly, it was observed that the appropriate choice of the Ti precursor allowed the control of morphological and photoluminescence properties of SrTiO3 compound synthesized at 140oC for 10 minutes by MAH method. Next, SrTiO3 was synthesized during different treatment times varying from 10 to 640 minutes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements indicate a SrTiO3 cubic perovskite structure and FE-SEM images revealed that the samples exhibit a cube-like shape formed by an assembly process, becoming well defined as a function of MAH treatment time. Ti-K edge XANES and EXAFS measurements indicated a large local structural distortion, revealed by the presence of TiO6 and TiO5 units. Moreover, we observed a reduction of the photoluminescence intensity as a function of treatment time probably due to decreasing of the oxygen vacancy concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the SrTi1-xFexO3 solid solution was synthesized by MAH method. XRD analyses indicated a cubic perovskite structure when x &#8804 0.4. XANES and EXAFS measurements revealed that iron ions present a mixed Fe+2/Fe+3 oxidation state and occupy preferentially the Ti4+-site. A UV-visible spectrum shows that the addition of iron reduces the value of optical gap of the 3.2 eV to 2.8 eV and consequently suppresses the photoluminescence intensity. An analysis of FE-SEM and HRTEM images point out that, independently of iron content, the nanoparticles have a cube-like morphology and are formed by a self-assembly of small primary nanocrystals. In addition, SrTi1-xFexO3 thin films were investigated as gas sensor towards O3, NO2, NH3 and CO gases The results indicate that the films deposited by electron beam deposition method exhibits a good response as ozone sensor compared to others gas sensors materials.

<br /> Vários compostos químicos são usados para o controle de pragas e doenças na agricultura com a finalidade de aumentar a produtividade. É de conhecimento científico que tais compostos afetam negativamente a saúde humana e animal por meio da contaminação dos alimentos e do meio ambiente. Assim, o uso de substâncias obtidas da própria natureza para o combate de pragas e plantas invasoras é uma alternativa para o controle e, consequente, prevenção da contaminação ambiental. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os extratos aquosos das folhas da leguminosa feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) como bioerbicida pós-emergente aplicado no controle de plantas invasoras em cultura de soja e seus efeitos no solo. Salienta-se que não há informações sobre os efeitos desses bioerbicida no solo. Os compostos fenólicos, em especial os ácidos fenólicos, têm ação inibitória no crescimento de plantas invasoras. O processo de extração dos compostos fenólicos foi feito em um sistema de digestão por micro-ondas, com aproximadamente 2 g de material vegetal seco, seguida de injeção cromatográfica. Para otimização do procedimento de extração via micro-ondas os parâmetros avaliados foram: tempo de irradiação, temperatura e rampa aplicada. Foram realizadas determinações cromatográficas para identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos: rutina, ácido clorogênico, ácido ferúlico e naringenina presentes nas folhas do feijão-de-porco por HPLC-UV, mediante metodologia de extração por micro-ondas. Todo o trabalho foi desenvolvido de acordo com os requisitos de gestão da qualidade referentes às normas NBR ISO/IEC 17025 e BPL. / <br /> Several chemical compounds are used for pest and disease control in agriculture in order to increase productivity. It is well know that such pesticides adversely affect human and animal health through contamination by food and environment. Thus, the use of substances obtained from nature itself to combat pests and weeds is an alternative for the control of those and, consequently, prevent environmental contamination. This work were assessed aqueous extracts of jack bean leaves (Canavalia ensiformis) as a post-emergent bioherbicide applied in weed control in soybean crops and its effects on the soil. It is noteworthy there is not information on the effects of these bioherbicides on the soil. Phenolics compounds, notably, phenolics acids, have inhibitory action on the growth of weeds. The process of extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out in a digestion system by microwave, using approximately 2 g dry plant material, followed by chromatographic injection. For optimization of the extraction procedure by microwave-assisted extraction the factors evaluated were irradiation time, temperature and ramp time. Chromatographic determinations were performed for identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds: rutin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and naringenin present in the Canavalia ensiformis leaves by HPLC-UV, through microwave extraction methodology. All the study was developed in compliance with the quality management concepts covered in NBR ISO/IEC 17025 and GLP.

Hexagonales Wolframbronze (HTB)–FeF3·0.33H2O Xerogel und eine HTB– FeF3·0.33H2O/GO Nanoverbindung wurden zunächst durch einen fluorolytischen Sol-Gel Ansatz bei Raumtemperatur in MeOH erhalten und ihre elektrochemischen Eigenschaften bewertet. Operando Mössbauer Spektroskopie und Röntgendiffraktometrie (XRD) wurden verwendet, um den Mechanismus während der Reaktion mit Lithium zu untersuchen. Das Fluorid zeigte ein komplexes Verhalten und den strukturellen Zerfall der HTB Phase sowie eine allmähliche Umwandlung in Fe-F2–Rutil–ähnliche Nanodomänen, welche sich als Hauptkomponente im Verlaufe der Reaktion ausbildeten. Die XRD-Analyse bestätigte die Amorphisierung des elektroaktiven Materials. Die strukturelle Optimierung von HTB-FeF3·0.33H2O wurde durch eine mikrowellenunterstützte, fluorolytische Sol-Gel-Reaktion in Benzylalkohol erreicht. Das Verfahren ermöglichte die Synthese von phasenreinen Nanopartikeln mit einem Durchmesser von rund 30 nm, zusammen mit der Herstellung eines auf reduziertem Graphenoxid (RGO) basierten Nanokomposits bei verminderter Reaktionszeit. Die Abscheidung auf leitfähigem RGO erwies sich als vorteilhaft für die elektrochemische Leistung des Fluorids, das wiederholten Zyklen zu unterschiedlichen C–Raten standhalten konnte und seine volle Kapazität nach mehr als 50 Zyklen aufrecht erhielt im Gegensatz zum reinen HTBFeF3 ·0.33H2O. Für die Herstellung von aktiven Ionenspeichermaterialien zur Verminderung der Sichereitsrisiken (im Vergleich zur Verwendung von Metallanoden) sind Strukturen wie HTBFeF3 ·0.33H2O notwendig. Hierzu wurden Na–enthaltende Hexafluoroferrat-Nanokomposite hergestellt und mit RGO und teilweise oxidierten Ruß (ox–CB) als leitfähigen Kohlenstoff versetzt. Die Art des Kohlenstoffzusatzes beeinflusste die elektrochemische Leistung stark, wobei mit RGO die größten Verbesserungen erzielt werden konnten / Hexagonal tungsten bronze (HTB)-FeF3∙0.33H2O xerogel and HTB-FeF3∙0.33H2O/GO nanocomposite were firstly obtained by a room temperature fluorolytic sol-gel approach in MeOH, and their electrochemical properties evaluated. Operando Mössbauer spectroscopy and X-Ray diffraction were employed to investigate the reaction mechanism during reaction with lithium. The fluoride evidenced a complex behavior, with structural collapse of the HTB phase and gradual transformation into FeF2-rutile-like nanodomains, becoming the predominant component all along the reaction. XRD confirmed the amorphization of the electroactive material. Structural optimization of HTB-FeF3·0.33H2O was then achieved by a microwave-assisted fluorolytic sol-gel in benzyl alcohol. The procedure allowed the synthesis of phase pure nanoparticles of ~30 nm in diameter, along with the production of a reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-based nanocomposite and the reduction of reaction times. Deposition onto conductive RGO resulted beneficial for the electrochemical performance of the fluoride, which was able to sustain repeated cycling at different C-rates and recovered full capacity after more than 50 cycles with respect to the unsupported HTB-FeF3·0.33H2O. Aiming at the production of active ions-holding materials to solve safety issues related to the use of metallic anodes, necessary with structures such as HTB-FeF3·0.33H2O, Na-containing hexafluoroferrate nanocomposites were produced using RGO and partially oxidized carbon black (ox-CB) as conductive carbons. Carbon type greatly affected the electrochemical performance, whose best improvement was obtained using RGO as support

Cette étude a deux objectifs principaux : l’extraction de tanins condensés d’écorces de pin maritime et la formulation de colles tanin-lignosulfonate. Deux méthodes d’extraction ont été étudiées. La première est une extraction à l’eau chaude ; c’est une technique simple, peu coûteuse, sans solvant. La deuxième est une extraction assistée par micro-ondes ; c’est une technique innovante, rapide et peu consommatrice en solvant. L’optimisation des conditions d’extraction à l’eau chaude a été réalisée. Les extraits ont été caractérisés par des dosages colorimétriques, leur réactivité au formaldéhyde, par infrarouge à transformée de Fourier (IRTF), par chromatographie en phase liquide à haute pression, par 1H RMN et 2D HSQC RMN. L’impact de la granulométrie sur l’extraction de polyphénols et particulièrement de tanins condensés par extraction assistée par micro-ondes a été étudié pour la première fois. Les deux types d’extraction ont été comparés. L’extraction assistée par micro-ondes a un rendement en extractibles inférieur à l’extraction à l’eau chaude. Mais elle extrait plus de tanins condensés, de flavonoïdes simples et plus de sucres. Quelle que soit la méthode d’extraction, les tanins condensés majoriatires extraits de l’écorce de pin maritime sont de la catéchine, de l’épicatéchine, de l’épicatéchine gallate et de l’épigallocatéchine. Des colles tanin-lignosulfonate ont été produites en utilisant l’héxaméthylènetetramine comme durcisseur. Dans un premier temps, des tanins de mimosa ont été utilisés avec des lignosulfonates de sodium et des lignosulfonates d’ammonium. Les lignosulfonates ont subi deux traitements au glyoxal qui ont été comparés par analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG), par calorimétrie différentielle à balayage (DSC), par les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques de colles et de panneaux de particules avec des lignosulfonates ayant subi les deux traitements ont également été étudiées. L’optimisation du ratio tanin de mimosa-lignosulfonate glyoxalé a été menée et les propriétés thermiques des colles mesurées. L’optimisation des conditions de pressage de panneaux de particules a été réalisée. Des panneaux de particules avec de bonnes performances mécaniques ont été fabriqués. Des colles à base de tanins d’écorce de pin maritime et de lignosulfonates ont été réalisées avec 40% de tanins et 60% de lignosulfonates. Ces colles ont été caractérisées par IRTF, analyse thermomécanique, ATG et DSC. Ces colles sont rentrées dans la fabrication de panneaux de particules. Les émissions de formaldéhyde et la cohésion interne des panneaux ont été mesurées et comparées à des panneaux encollés avec une colle tanin de mimosa-lignosulfonate et une résine urée-formaldéhyde. Grâce à ces résultats, il a été possible de montrer que les panneaux de particules fabriqués à partir de colles bio-sourcées n’émettaient pas de formaldéhyde. / This study has two main objectives: the extraction of condensed tannins from maritime pine bark and the preparation of tannin-lignosulfonate adhesives. Two extraction methods were studied. The first is hot water extraction which is a simple, cheap method without the use of an organic solvent. The second is microwave-assisted extraction which is a fast, innovative method using only a small amount of solvent. Optimum extraction conditions were determined for hot water extraction. The extracts were characterised by their reaction to formaldehyde and by using colorimetric tests, Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high pressure liquid chromatography, 1H NMR and heteronuclear single quantum correlation 2D NMR.. The two types of extraction were compared. It was found that microwave-assisted extraction produced a lower yield of extractibles than the hot water method but that it produced more condensed tannins, simple flavonoids and sugars. The condensed tannins extracted from maritime pine bark are catechin, epicatechin, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin, whatever the extraction method used. Tannin-lignosulfonate adhesives were produced using hexamethylenetetramine as a hardener. First, mimosa tannins were used with sodium lignosulfonates and ammonium lignosulfonates. The lignosulfonates underwent two glyoxal treatments which were compared using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and by determining the thermal and mechanical properties of the adhesives and of the particle boards made using the lignosulfonates resulting from the two treatments. The optimum mimosa tannin-glyoxalated lignosulfonate ratio was determined and the thermal properties of the adhesives were measured. The optimum conditions of pressing the particle boards were determined. Particle boards which recorded a good mechanical performance were produced. Adhesives using maritime pine bark tannins and lignosulfonates were prepared with 40% tannins and 60% lignosulfonates. These adhesives were characterised using FTIR, thermomechanical analysis, TGA and DSC. These adhesives were used to produce particle boards. The emission of formaldehyde and the internal bond of the boards were measured and compared to those of boards made with a mimosa tannin-lignosulfonate adhesive and to those of boards made with a urea-formaldehyde resin. Thanks to these results, we were able to produce particleboards with bio-based adhesives that didn’t emit formaldehyde.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MoisesRC_TESE.pdf: 5138295 bytes, checksum: 2244f5424aa2282bc24737aca40cf3d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-04-29 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Topics of research related to energy and environment have significantly grown in recent years, with the need of its own energy as hydrogen. More particularly, numerous researches have been focused on hydrogen as energy vector. The main portion of hydrogen is presently obtained by reforming of methane or light hydrocarbons (steam, oxy, dry or auto reforming). During the methane steam reforming process the formation of CO2 undesirable (the main contributor to the greenhouse effect) is observed. Thus, an oxide material (sorbent) can be used to capture the CO2 generated during the process and simultaneously shifting the equilibrium of water gas shift towards thermodynamically more favorable production of pure hydrogen. The aim of this study is to develop a material with dual function (catalyst/sorbent) in the reaction of steam reforming of methane. CaO is well known as CO2 sorbent due to its high efficiency in reactions of carbonation and easy regeneration through calcination. However the kinetic of carbonation decreases quickly with time and carbonation/calcination cycles. A calcium aluminate (Ca12Al14O33) should be used to avoid sintering and increase the stability of CaO sorbents for several cycles. Nickel, the industrial catalyst choice for steam reforming has been added to the support from different manners. These bi-functional materials (sorbent/catalyst) in different molar ratios CaO.Ca12Al14O33 (48:52, 65:35, 75:25, 90:10) were prepared by different synthesis methodologies, among them, especially the method of microwave assisted self-combustion. Synthesis, structure and catalytic performances of Ni- CaO.Ca12Al14O33 synthesized by the novel method (microwave assisted selfcombustion) proposed in this work has not being reported yet in literature. The results indicate that CO2 capture time depends both on the CaO excess and on operating conditions (eg., temperature and H2O/CH4 ratio). To be efficient for CO2 sorption, temperature of steam reforming needs to be lower than 700 ?C. An optimized percentage corresponding to 75% of CaO and a ratio H2O/CH4 = 1 provides the most promising results since a smaller amount of water avoids competition between water and CO2 to form carbonate and hydroxide. If this competition is most effective (H2O/CH4 = 3) and would have a smaller amount of CaO available for absorption possibly due to the formation of Ca(OH)2. Therefore, the capture time was higher (16h) for the ratio H2O/CH4 = 1 than H2O/CH4 = 3 (7h) using as catalyst one prepared by impregnating the support obtained by microwave assisted self-combustion. Therefore, it was demonstrated that, with these catalysts, the CO2 sorption on CaO modifies the balance of the water gas-shift reaction. Consequently, steam reforming of CH4 is optimized, producing pure H2, complete conversion of methane and negligible concentration of CO2 and CO during the time of capture even at low temperature (650 ?C). This validates the concept of the sorption of CO2 together with methane steam reforming / T?picos de pesquisa relacionados ? energia e meio ambiente t?m crescido significativamente nos ?ltimos anos, com a necessidade de energia pr?pria como o hidrog?nio. Mais particularmente, in?meras pesquisas t?m sido focadas em hidrog?nio como vetor energ?tico. A maior parte de hidrog?nio ? atualmente obtida por reforma do metano ou hidrocarbonetos (vapor, seco, oxi ou auto reforma). Durante o processo de reforma a vapor do metano, a forma??o de CO2 indesej?vel (principal contribuinte ao efeito estufa) ? observada. Dessa forma, um material ?xido (absorbante) pode ser usado para capturar o CO2 gerado durante o processo e ao mesmo tempo deslocar o equil?brio da rea??o de deslocamento g?s-?gua no sentido termodin?mico mais favor?vel ? produ??o de hidrog?nio puro. O objetivo desse estudo consiste em desenvolver um material com dupla fun??o (catalisador/absorbante) na rea??o de reforma a vapor do metano. CaO ? bem conhecido como absorbante do CO2 devido ? sua elevada efici?ncia em rea??es de carbonata??o e f?cil regenera??o por interm?dio da calcina??o. No entanto, a cin?tica de carbonata??o decresce rapidamente em fun??o do tempo e ciclos de carbonata??o e calcina??o. Um aluminato de c?lcio (Ca12Al14O33) deve ser utilizado para evitar a sinteriza??o e aumentar a estabilidade de absorbantes de CaO durante v?rios ciclos. O n?quel, o catalisador industrial escolhido para a reforma a vapor do metano foi adicionado ao suporte em diferentes maneiras. Estes materiais bi-funcionais (absorbante/catalisador) em diferentes raz?es molares CaO.Ca12Al14O33 (48:52, 65:35, 75:25, 90:10) foram preparados por diferentes m?todos de s?ntese, dentre eles, com destaque o m?todo de autocombust?o assistida por microondas (AAM). S?ntese, estrutura e desempenho catal?tico de Ni- CaO.Ca12Al14O33 sintetizado pelo novo m?todo (autocombust?o assistida por microondas) proposto neste trabalho n?o t?m sido reportado na literatura. Os resultados indicam que o tempo de captura de CO2 depende tanto do excesso de CaO quanto das condi??es de funcionamento (como, por exemplo, a temperatura e a raz?o H2O/CH4). Para ser eficiente na absor??o de CO2, a temperatura de reforma a vapor deve ser inferior a 700 ?C. Uma percentagem otimizada correspondente a 75% de CaO e uma raz?o (H2O/CH4 = 1) fornece os resultados mais prometedores uma vez que uma menor quantidade de ?gua evita uma competi??o entre a ?gua e CO2 para a forma??o de carbonato e hidr?xido. Se esta competi??o for mais efetiva (H2O/CH4 = 3) ter-se-ia uma menor quantidade de CaO dispon?vel para absor??o possivelmente devido ? forma??o de Ca(OH)2. Por isso, o tempo de captura foi maior (16h) para a raz?o H2O/CH4 = 1 do que H2O/CH4 = 3 (7h) usando como catalisador reacional aquele preparado por impregna??o do suporte obtido por AAM. Portanto, foi demonstrado que, com esses catalisadores, a absor??o de CO2 por CaO modifica o equil?brio da rea??o de deslocamento g?s?gua. Consequentemente, a reforma a vapor de CH4 ? otimizada, produzindo hidrog?nio puro, concentra??es desprez?veis de CO2 e CO durante o tempo de captura, mesmo a baixa temperatura (650 ? C). Isso confirma o conceito de absor??o in situ de CO2 durante a reforma a vapor do metano

<br /> Vários compostos químicos são usados para o controle de pragas e doenças na agricultura com a finalidade de aumentar a produtividade. É de conhecimento científico que tais compostos afetam negativamente a saúde humana e animal por meio da contaminação dos alimentos e do meio ambiente. Assim, o uso de substâncias obtidas da própria natureza para o combate de pragas e plantas invasoras é uma alternativa para o controle e, consequente, prevenção da contaminação ambiental. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os extratos aquosos das folhas da leguminosa feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) como bioerbicida pós-emergente aplicado no controle de plantas invasoras em cultura de soja e seus efeitos no solo. Salienta-se que não há informações sobre os efeitos desses bioerbicida no solo. Os compostos fenólicos, em especial os ácidos fenólicos, têm ação inibitória no crescimento de plantas invasoras. O processo de extração dos compostos fenólicos foi feito em um sistema de digestão por micro-ondas, com aproximadamente 2 g de material vegetal seco, seguida de injeção cromatográfica. Para otimização do procedimento de extração via micro-ondas os parâmetros avaliados foram: tempo de irradiação, temperatura e rampa aplicada. Foram realizadas determinações cromatográficas para identificação e quantificação dos compostos fenólicos: rutina, ácido clorogênico, ácido ferúlico e naringenina presentes nas folhas do feijão-de-porco por HPLC-UV, mediante metodologia de extração por micro-ondas. Todo o trabalho foi desenvolvido de acordo com os requisitos de gestão da qualidade referentes às normas NBR ISO/IEC 17025 e BPL. / <br /> Several chemical compounds are used for pest and disease control in agriculture in order to increase productivity. It is well know that such pesticides adversely affect human and animal health through contamination by food and environment. Thus, the use of substances obtained from nature itself to combat pests and weeds is an alternative for the control of those and, consequently, prevent environmental contamination. This work were assessed aqueous extracts of jack bean leaves (Canavalia ensiformis) as a post-emergent bioherbicide applied in weed control in soybean crops and its effects on the soil. It is noteworthy there is not information on the effects of these bioherbicides on the soil. Phenolics compounds, notably, phenolics acids, have inhibitory action on the growth of weeds. The process of extraction of phenolic compounds was carried out in a digestion system by microwave, using approximately 2 g dry plant material, followed by chromatographic injection. For optimization of the extraction procedure by microwave-assisted extraction the factors evaluated were irradiation time, temperature and ramp time. Chromatographic determinations were performed for identification and quantification of the phenolic compounds: rutin, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid and naringenin present in the Canavalia ensiformis leaves by HPLC-UV, through microwave extraction methodology. All the study was developed in compliance with the quality management concepts covered in NBR ISO/IEC 17025 and GLP.

Materiais cerâmicos têm se mostrado atrativos para o desenvolvimento de novos materiais funcionais avançados no estado-da-arte especialmente devido às suas propriedades ópticas, magnéticas e eletrônicas moduláveis. Materiais luminescentes (incluindo os materiais fosforescentes, fluorescentes e persistentes), são promissores para muitas aplicações tecnológicas como LEDs, sinalização de atenção, biomarcadores etc.; assim, o estudo dos seus fenômenos ópticos tem um papel fundamental na engenharia de materiais mais eficientes. Os materiais que apresentam o fenômeno de luminescência persistente são capazes de emitir luz por longos períodos de tempo após cessada a fonte de irradiação. O método cerâmico, no qual altas temperaturas (> 1000 °C) e longos tempos de tratamento térmico (> 10 h) são requeridos, é o método de síntese mais usado para obtenção dessa classe de materiais. Portanto, há a necessidade do desenvolvimento de métodos mais rápidos, de menor consumo de energia e mais baratos para síntese desses compostos. Nesta tese, compostos com luminescência persistente de fórmula geral Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ foram preparados pelos métodos cerâmico-CCM (TR3+: Y, La-Lu) de coprecipitação-CPC (TR; Dy) e de estado sólido assistido por micro-ondas-MASS(TR: Dy) com o objetivo de investigar a influência dos métodos de síntese nas suas propriedades fotônicas. A caracterização dos materiais foi feita para explorar aspectos fundamentais dos compostos por uma ampla variedade de técnicas utilizadas, tais como, TGA, DTA, FTIR, XRD, SEM, NTA, XAS, PL e TL. De forma concisa, os principais resultados desta tese incluem a obtenção da fase cristalina desejada para o material particulado, com especial atenção às amostras obtidas em apenas 25 minutos de síntese pelo método MASS, correspondendo a um processo quase 20 vezes mais rápido do que o método cerâmico tradicional. Os materiais apresentaram uma larga banda de excitação entre 225 e 450 nm, atribuída às transições 4f7(8S7/2)&38594;4f65d1(2D) do íon Eu2+, indicando que estes materiais absorvem luz do UV ao visível. O comportamento de emissão destes materiais é bem descrito pela banda larga em 470 nm atribuída à transição 4f65d1(2D)&#8594;4f7(8S7/2) do íon Eu2+ na região do azul. A eficiência da luminescência persistente se mostrou um parâmetro fortemente dependente do codopante utilizado e do método de síntese. Os resultados de termoluminescência e de decaimento de luminescência persistente indicam que os materiais codopados com Tm3+ e Dy3+ são aqueles com maior tempo de emissão da luminescência persistente e que o método MASS o que produz materiais mais eficientes. Sendo assim, foi possível demonstrar a obtenção e os aspectos fundamentais das propriedades fotônicas do composto Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ com luminescência persistente de mais de 125 minutos, usando um método de síntese mais rápido, mais barato e de menor consumo de energia. / Ceramic materials have been attractive to the development of new state-of-the-art advanced functional materials, especially due to their tunable optical, magnetic and electronic properties. Luminescent materials (including phosphorescent, fluorescent and persistent materials) are promising to many technological applications such as LEDs, warning signs, medical biomarkers, etc.; thus, the studies of their optical phenomena play an important role in efficient materials engineering. Materials presenting persistent luminescence phenomenon are capable to emit light for long periods of time after ceased the irradiation source. The Ceramic Method, in which high temperatures (>1000 °C) and long-time thermal treatments (>10 h) are required, is the most common synthesis method used to obtain this class of materials. Therefore, the development of faster, energy-efficient and lower-prices synthesis methods is needed. In this work, persistent luminescent compounds with general formulae Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ were prepared via: ceramic method (CCM - RE3+: Y, LaLu), co-precipitation method (CPC, RE3+: Dy) and microwave-assisted solid-state method (MASS - RE3+: Dy) in order to investigate the influence of synthesis method parameters in their photonic properties. Important aspects of the materials characterization were explored using a wide range of techniques such as TGA, DTA, FTIR, PXRD, SEM, NTA, XAS, PL and TL. In summary, the main results of the thesis include the obtention of the desired phase powder materials, with special attention to the samples prepared via MASS method within 25 min of synthesis time, almost 20 times faster than the CCM method. The materials have shown a broad absorption band (from 225 to 450 nm) assigned to the Eu2+ 4f7(8S7/2)&#8594; 4f65d1(2D) transition, showing that the materials absorb light from UV to visible. The emission behavior of these materials is well described by its 470 nm-centered broad emission band in the blue region of the visible range. The persistent luminescence efficiency is strongly dependent on the co-dopants as well as synthesis methods. The thermoluminescence and the persistent emission decay analysis indicate that Tm3+ and Dy3+ co-doped materials have the longest emission time and that MASS synthesis produce the most efficient materials. All pointed, we have demonstrated the obtention and the fundamental aspects of photonic properties of the Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,TR3+ materials with persistent luminescence lasting for more than 125 min using a faster, cheaper and lower-energy synthesis method.

Today, the demand for speed in drug discovery is constantly increasing, particularly in the iterative processes of hit validation and expansion and lead optimization. Irradiation with microwaves (MWs) has been applied in the area of organic synthesis to accelerate chemical reactions and to facilitate the generation of new chemical entities since 1986. In the work presented in this thesis, the use of MW-mediated heating has been expanded to address three fields of drug discovery, namely hit expansion, chemical library generation and genomics. In the first project, potential inhibitors of malaria aspartic proteases were designed and synthesized, partly by MW-assisted organic chemistry, and evaluated with regard to their inhibitory efficacy on five malaria aspartic proteases and their selectivity over two human aspartic proteases. The synthetic work included the development of fast and convenient methods of MW-assisted formation of thiazolidines and epoxy esters. Some of the resulting structures proved to be efficacious inhibitors of the aspartic protease that degrades haemoglobin in all four malaria parasites infecting man. No inhibitor affected the human aspartic proteases. Expedient, two-step, single-operation synthetic routes to heterocycles of medicinal interest were developed in the second and third projects. In the former, the use of a versatile synthon, Ph3PCCO, provided α,β-unsaturated lactones, lactams and amides within 5–10 minutes. In the latter project, saturated lactams were formed from amines and lactones in 35 minutes, in the absence of strong additives. These two MW-mediated protocols allowed the reduction of the reaction time from several hours or days to minutes. In the fourth project, a fully automated MW-assisted protocol for the important enzyme-catalysed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was established. In addition, the PCR reaction could be performed in unusually large volumes, 2.5 mL and 15 mL, with yields corresponding to those from conventional PCR. Good amplification rates suggested that the thermophilic enzyme, Taq polymerase, was not affected by the MW radiation.

Lithium triborate, (LiB3O5), is a technologically important material for diverse applications, such as nonlinear optical materials and surface acoustic wave devices or, etc. Furthermore, it is suggested as an efficient thermoluminescent material. LiB3O5, suitable to dosimetric usage, was produced by different synthesis methods which were high temperature solid state reaction, microwave solid state reaction, microwave assisted high temperature solid state reaction and precipitation assisted high temperature solid state reaction. After the synthesis, metal oxides were doped into LiB3O5 to enhance its thermoluminescent properties. Identification and characteristics of LiB3O5 were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra red (FTIR) analyses, Differential Thermal Analyses (DTA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Particle Size Analyzer. The glow curves were obtained by using thermoluminescent (TL) reader. Among four different synthesis methods applied, high temperature solid state method needs very high temperatures and long duration of heating. Therefore, the effect of the reaction temperature, the time intervals, and also starting materials on production of LiB3O5 were investigated. Characterization studies indicated that LiB3O5 could be produced at 710 &deg / C for 4 hours. Among the starting materials used, Li2CO3 and H3BO3 combination was found the most suitable for the synthesis of LiB3O5 considering phase impurity as well as cost. LiB3O5 synthesized by microwave energy was unsuccessful. However, LiB3O5 could be synthesized by microwave assisted synthesis method by adding distilled water, urea and sucrose separately as thermal auxiliaries in microwave pre-heating step. The use of microwave and conventional ovens subsequently shortened the duration of heating. The crystallinity of LiB3O5 was the best in 40 % sucrose addition to initial mixture. The best method for synthesis of LiB3O5 has been found as precipitation assisted high temperature solid state method. This method yields LiB3O5 with higher phase purity as compared to these produced by other methods applied in this thesis and reported in the literature. It seems to be rather attractive since it is simple and needs less energy. Rare earth metal oxides, CuO and Al2O3 were added to LiB3O5 as activators to improve its TL properties. LiB3O5 synthesized by precipitation assisted high temperature solid state reaction and doped by 5 % wt Al2O3 showed the best TL property. Its main dosimetric characteristics revealed that LiB3O5 seemed to be suitable to medical and radiotherapy applications, since it was non-toxic, tissue equivalent, and chemically inert to body fluids.

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