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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Conception d'un microsystème d'aide au monitoring per-opératoire dans la chirurgie de l'oreille moyenne / Desing and modeling of a micro sensor used in the frame of middle ear surgery

Arthaud, Yoann 19 July 2011 (has links)
Certains problèmes d’audition trouvent leur origine dans des anomalies de transmission de l’énergie des vibrations acoustique par la chaîne des osselets de l’oreille moyenne. Il se pratique aujourd’hui des opérations chirurgicales visant à la reconstruire. Un outil permettant d’évaluer la qualité de transmission des vibrations par de la chaîne ossiculaire pendant l’opération apporterait une aide substantielle au praticien afin dans le but d’optimiser la configuration des osselets. Les travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit traitent de la conception d’un capteur microsystème adapté à la mesure de l’amplitude de vibrations des osselets. Nous y avons particulièrement développé les travaux de modélisation de la structure mécanique du capteur. Il s’agit d’une structure communément employée pour les capteurs tactiles dont nous modélisons le comportement en régime harmonique. Dans une la deuxième partie nous présentons une étude d’optimisation du capteur en vue de son utilisation « tenu en main » par le chirurgien. Celle-ci repose notamment sur l’utilisation d’un modèle électrique équivalent de l’oreille moyenne et d’un logiciel d’optimisation multicritères. Nous présentons dans cette partie un concept de filtre mécanique des basses fréquences par l’utilisation des propriétés viscoélastiques des matériaux polymères. La dernière partie traite des travaux de réalisation des différents composants d’un capteur basé sur les matériaux polymères. Les travaux de réalisation et de test de membranes en résine SU8 y sont présentés ainsi que l’intégration de jauges en matériaux électroactifs chargés en nanoparticules. L’utilisation d’une technique de moule perdu pour réaliser la structure mécanique du capteur est discutée. / Acoustic transmission anomalies of the middle ear ossicular chain can result in hearing losses. Nowadays some surgical interventions allow significant hearing improvements by reconstructing the ossicular chain. A tool able to evaluate vibration transmission along the ossicular chain would be of great help to the surgeon. The work presented in this manuscript deals with the conception design of a MEMS sensor adapted suitable ftoor ossicle’s vibration amplitude measurement. Modelling of the sensor structure mechanical behaviour has been particularly developed. The presented structure which is similar to onethat widely used in tactile sensors conception design that wewas modelled ins the harmonic vibrating regime here.
72

Usefulness of dental cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for detetion of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear

Taleb Mehr, Mahdieh 01 May 2013 (has links)
Thesis problem: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can provide images with identical information and considerable dose reduction compared with reasonably low costs compared to multislice computed tomography (MSCT) especially where multiple follow up imaging studies are needed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic usefulness of CBCT, using i-CAT®'s software, for detection of the anatomical landmarks of the external, middle and inner ear to answer this question whether MSCT Can be replaced by dental CBCT for evaluation of the temporal bone. Material and methods: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 63 subjects made with the same machine, with unknown clinical histories and no evidence of pathosis on CBCT images, were evaluated by two oral and maxillofacial radiologists retrospectively. Seven anatomical points (scutum, oval window, incudomalleolar joint, the tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve, anterior and posterior crura of stapes) of the right and left temporal bone (total of 120 temporal bones) were evaluated. The results were provided as percentage of the points identified by each radiologist. The intra and inter observer agreement were calculated using kappa statistic. Results: The scutum, the tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal and the oval window of the right and left temporal bone of 63 cases (total 126 temporal bones) were visualized by the first observer as well-defined structures in 100%, 96.03% and 100% of the cases, respectively. The tympanic/horizontal segment of the facial nerve canal was visualized as a poorly-defined structure in 2.38 % and could not be identified in 1.59% of the cases. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint were visualized as well-defined structures in 24.60%, 53.17%, 99.21% and 57.94% of the cases, as poorly defined structures in 32.54%, 41.27%, 0.79% and 39.68% of the cases respectively. The anterior and posterior crura of stapes, the mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal and the incudomalleolar joint could not be identified in 42.86%, 5.56%, 0% and 2.38% of the cases respectively. The intra- and inter-observer agreement ranged from strong for tympanic/horizontal and mastoid/vertical segments of the facial nerve canal to poor for the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and also the incudomalleolar joint. Conclusion: The i-CAT CBCT machine is a promising replacement for MSCT in evaluation of the temporal bone where there is no need for evaluation of the anterior and posterior crura of stapes and the incudomalleolar joint which are the smallest anatomical structures in the temporal bone. Other CBCT machines with higher contrast to noise ratio should be evaluated for detection of those anatomical structures since CBCT can reduce the patient dose substantially where multiple follow up CT studied are needed. Key words: Computed tomography; cone beam CT; multislice helical CT; middle ear; inner ear; temporal bone.
73

Modifications fonctionnelles auditives dans l'hyperacousie réversible / Auditory functionnal changes in reversible hyperacusis

Duron, Julie 20 June 2019 (has links)
L’hyperacousie est définie comme une hypersensibilité aux sons d’intensité modérée. Il s’agit d’un trouble de la perception auditive qui a des répercussions néfastes sur la qualité de vie des patients. Un mécanisme impliquerait la modification du gain central des neurones auditifs centraux sous l'influence des régions cérébrales non auditives. Toutefois, la question de l'endroit où ces anomalies surviennent dans le système auditif reste ouverte, plus particulièrement lorsque l'hyperacousie survient sans perte auditive neurosensorielle. Nous avons utilisé un modèle animal d’hyperacousie réversible et sans perte audiométrique, induit par injection aigue de salicylate. Nous avons observé un raccourcissement significatif de la latence des ondes III et IV des PEA aux fréquences inférieures à 10 kHz corrélé à une diminution de 15 dB du seuil de réflexe de sursaut acoustique à basses fréquences. La diminution de l’efficacité du réflexe musculaire de l’oreille moyenne suite à l’injection de salicylate semble trop modérée pour expliquer l'hyperacousie, qui semble plutôt être causée par une altération du codage temporo-spatial de la sonie dans le tronc cérébral. L’hyperacousie fait partie des troubles de perception retrouvés dans la migraine, nous avons étudié les changements physiologiques auditifs dans un modèle animal de migraine induit par administration extradurale de soupe inflammatoire. Dans un contexte migraineux, aucun des paramètres modifiés par le salicylate n'est affecté de sorte que l'hypersensibilité au son est plutôt une phonophobie, réponse émotionnelle au son résultant d’une activation anormale du système limbique et du système nerveux autonome. / Hyperacusis is a disorder of loudness perception defined as decreased tolerance to ordinary environmental sounds that are felt as disagreeable, or even, unbearably painful. The idea that hyperacusis is underpinned by an increase in central auditory gain is now widely invoked. Besides, the neural bases of this gain abnormality remain unclear, as well as more generally the mechanisms of loudness perception. We used an animal model of reversible and hearing-loss-free hyperacusis induced by acute salicylate injection. We observed a significant shortening of the latency of ABR waves III and IV at frequencies below 10 kHz correlated to a 15 dB decrease of the threshold of acoustic startle reflex at low frequencies and without sensorineural hearing loss. The decreased effectiveness of middle ear muscle reflex following salicylate injection seems too moderate for explaining hyperacusis, which is more likely produced by impaired temporo-spatial loudness coding with a brainstem origin. Hyperacusis is one of the perceptual disorders found in migraine. We studied auditory physiological changes in an animal model of migraine induced by extradural administration of inflammatory soup. In a migraine context, none of the salicylate-induced changes was observed so that the reaction to sound is likely closer to phonophobia, an emotional response to sound resulting from abnormal activation of the limbic system and the autonomic nervous system.
74

Function, Applicability, and Properties of a Novel Flexible Total Ossicular Replacement Prosthesis With a Silicone Coated Ball and Socket Joint

Stoppe, Thomas, Bornitz, Matthias, Lasurashvili, Nikoloz, Sauer, Kirsten, Zahnert, Thomas, Zaoui, Karim, Beleites, Thomas 04 November 2020 (has links)
Eine totale Mittelohr-Prothese (TORP) mit einem mit Silikon ummantelten Kugelgelenk ist in der Lage Druckveränderungen zu kompensieren und somit eine bessere Schallübertragung, im Vergleich zu starren Prothesen, zu erzielen. Die Ergebnisse können als vorläufig betrachtet werden, da diese experimentelle Studie sich auf eine von vielen verschiedenen möglichen Situationen der Tympanoplastik und eine damit verbundene kleine Stichprobengröße beschränkte. Dennoch sind die Ergebnisse mit der flexiblen TORP vielversprechend für die weitere Entwicklung. / A total ossicular replacement prosthesis (TORP) with a silicone coated ball and socket joint (BSJ) is able to compensate pressure changes and therefore provide better sound transmission compared with rigid prostheses. The findings may be considered preliminary as this experimental study was limited to just one of the many different possible situations of tympanoplasty and it involved a small sample size. Nevertheless, the results with the flexible TORP were promising and could encourage further investigations on such prostheses.
75

Aktive Implantate im Incudostapedialgelenk der Gehörknöchelchenkette

Koch, Martin 13 September 2019 (has links)
Fragestellungen • Welchen Signalertrag kann ein Kraftsensor auf Basis eines Einkristallpiezo im Incudostapedialgelenk liefern? • Welchen Einfluss haben die anatomisch variierenden Randbedingungen des Mittelohres sowie Variationen der Positioniergenauigkeit? • Welche Leistungsparameter kann ein Wandler erreichen welcher das Sensorkonzept um ein stapesseitiges Aktorelement erweitert? • Welche prospektive medizinische Indikation lässt sich aus den Leistungsparametern abschätzen? Material und Methode Untersucht wurden sowohl Sensoren als auch Sensor-Aktor-Elemente, im Folgenden Wandler genannt, zum Einsatz im ISG des Mittelohres. Die Abmessungen betrugen jeweils 4.5x2.5x1 mm. Die Einkristallpiezos wurden dabei innenliegend auf je eine dünne ovale Biegeplatte aus Titan geklebt. Mit einer entsprechenden Durchführung der Anschlusskabel durch das Gehäuse ist eine hermetische Dichtung und damit die Biokompatibilität der Gesamtbaugruppe realisierbar. Durch die Bauform entspricht die Wirkungsweise von Sensor- und auch Aktor-element hauptsächlich einem Biegewandler. Der Sensor ist ein Kraftsensor. Der Aktor arbeitet abhängig von der Kettenvorspannung als eine Mischung aus Weg- und Kraftgeber. Die Elemente lagen jeweils als aufgebautes Testmuster vor. Sie konnten sowohl in einem physikalischen Modell des Mittelohrs als auch in Humanpräparaten untersucht werden. Als Eingangssignal kam jeweils ein Schallsignal über einen Geber im Gehörgang zum Einsatz, welches mit einem Mikrofon vor dem Trommelfell als Referenz gemessen wurde. Ein Maß für den Höreindruck der hypothetischen Patienten/Patientinnen stellt, wie bei Untersuchungen am Felsenbein üblich, die Bewegung der Steigbügelfußplatte dar. Diese kann im Felsenbein mit einem Laser Doppler Vibrometrie (LDV) und im Modell mit einem Mikrofon in einer Hohlkammer unter der Membran, auf welcher der künstliche Steigbügel sitzt, gemessen werden. Das dynamische Messsignal des Sensors wurde als elektrische Spannung aus dem Piezoelement nach einer Vorverstärkung von einer Messkarte im PC erfasst. Die Signalverarbeitung im kombinierten Sensor-/Aktorbetrieb erfolgte mit einem Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Das Aktorelement wurde ebenfalls von diesem angesteuert. Durch einen Vergleich der Stapesfußplattenschwingung bei Aktoranregung und Anregung mit Schalldruck im Gehörgang konnte jeweils auf einen äquivalenten Schalldruck zurückgerechnet werden. Für den kombinierten Wandlerbetrieb wurde ein Least Mean Square (LMS) zur Rückkopplungsunterdrückung auf dem FPGA implementiert. Der Sensor wurde in zehn Felsenbeinen untersucht, der kombinierte Wandler kam in sechs Felsenbeinen (zwei ohne und vier mit mittels CO2-Laser erweitertem Gelenkspalt) zum Einsatz. Der Zugang erfolgte dabei über eine posteriore Tympanotomie mit Auftrennung des ISGs. Dies und die Insertion von Sensor oder Wandler erfolgte mit Standardinstrumentarium. Weitere fünf Felsenbeine wurden entlang der Normalenebene zur Stapeslängsachse auf Höhe des ISGs gespalten um Kraft-Weg-Messungen mit Kraftmesszelle und Lasertriangulationssensor durchführen zu können. Der laterale Schalleitungsapparat (Gehörgang, Trommelfell, Hammer-Amboß-Komplex) und der mediale Teil (Stapes, rundes und ovales Fenster, Innenohr) blieben hierbei intakt. Dadurch konnte die Vorspannung auf den Sensor nach Einbau und die amboss- und sensorseitige statische Steifigkeitsvariation der Kette bei Auslenkung untersucht werden. In einem Finite-Elemente-Methode (FEM) Modell des Mittelohrs und des Sensors konnten zur Validierung der Messergebnisse vergleichende Simulationen durchgeführt werden. Da das Simulationsmodell auf dynamische Felsenbeinmessungen gefittet ist sind sowohl quasistatische Untersuchungen als auch Aussagen über das Verhalten der Kette bei Vorspannung nur eingeschränkt möglich. Die Ergebnisse der Wandlermessungen wurden in ein Audiogramm eingetragen und mit Literaturdaten für typische Formen der Hörschädigung verglichen. Hiermit konnte eine erste Einschätzung über eine mögliche zukünftige medizinische Indikation getroffen werden. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerungen Das Sensorelement des Wandlers erzielte bei Schallanregung mit 1 Pa am Trommelfell Signalerträge von 0.1 mV bis 1 mV im audiologischen Frequenzbereich. Der Sensor nutzt einen Teil der natürlichen Übertragung im Gehörorgan (Gehörgang, Trommelfell, Hammer, Amboss). Die Übertragung des Signals erfolgt auf dem natürlichen Übertragungsweg. Dies kann einen positiven Einfluss auf Parameter wie das Klangbild oder das Richtungshören haben. Der Sensor zeigte sich robust gegenüber verschiedenen äußeren Einflussfaktoren. Kleine Variationen der Sensorposition oder zusätzliche Kontaktpunkte mit umliegenden Strukturen an Ambossfortsatz oder Hammergriff gehen mit einem Signalverlust von etwa 5 dB einher. Ein zusätzlicher Kontakt am Promontorium erzielt durch die verbesserte Lagerung des Sensors einen Signalgewinn von 5 dB. Die Leistung des Wandlers, insbesondere des Aktorelements, ist sehr stark von der Vorspannung in der Ossikelkette abhängig, welche bei der Wandlerinsertion hervorgerufen wird. Durch ein Aufweiten des Gelenkspalts versteift sich die Ossikelkette stapesseitig mehr als ambossseitig. Mit Hilfe künstlich erweiterter Gelenkspalte im Felsenbeinexperiment konnte das Verhalten zukünftiger miniaturisierter Wandlerelemente studiert werden. Der Dynamikbereich des Wandlers erstreckt sich experimentell zwischen einer sensorseitigen Hörschwelle mit breitbandig 30 dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL) und einem maximalen äquivalenten Aktorpegel von tieffrequent 70 dB SPL bis zu hochfrequent 120 dB SPL. Die Verstärkungsleistung innerhalb dieses Dynamikbereichs liegt hochfrequent bei 30 dB. Eine zukünftige medizinische Indikation des Wandlers kann im Bereich der Hochtonschwerhörigkeit und damit auch der klassischen Altersschwerhörigkeit liegen. Eine Behandlung von Patienten mit einer typischen Lärmschädigung ist ebenfalls denkbar. Der Sensor erscheint bereits für verschiedene Applikationen anwendbar während es für den kombinierten Wandler noch einige offene Fragen gibt, nichtsdestotrotz das Konzept bereits erfolgversprechend ist. Während die Leistungsfähigkeit des Wandlers prinzipbedingt durch die schwebende Lagerung nicht über den kompletten Frequenzbereich vollständig auf dem gleichen Niveau anderer implantierbarer Hörsysteme liegt, zeichnet sich das Konzept besonders durch einen vergleichsweise einfachen und prinzipiell reversiblen Eingriff aus.:I Einleitung II Inhalt und thematischer Zusammenhang der Publikationen III Publikation 1: Influence of the middle ear anatomy on the performance of a membrane sensor in the incudostapedial joint gap IV Publikation 2: Examination of a mechanical amplifier in the incudostapedial joint gap: FEM simulation and physical model V Publikation 3: Fully implantable hearing aid in the incudostapedial joint gap VI Ergebnisse und Diskussion VII Zusammenfassung VIII Summary / Background Implantable hearing systems have been a research topic for some time. Because of the im proving technology especially in terms of electronics miniaturisation and power supply fully implantable devices become the focus of attention. The performance parameters of existing components often meet the technical requirements but lack medical practicability. The insertion of the devices is often a very complex procedure and causes non-reversible changes in the patient’s anatomy. A new transducer system for sensor and actuator elements is introduced. It attempts to account for a reversible minimally invasive approach and feasible handling. The main idea is to insert a transducer into the Incudostapedial Joint (ISJ) gap. The design consists of a titanium housing with one or two titanium bending plates which are internally equipped with single crystal piezos for signal-acquisition or -generation. The attachment of the transducer is free floating in the joint gap without additional fixation points in the tympanic cavity. This concept enables a reduced sensitivity to body noise. The publications deal with the analysis of possible performance parameters of the transducers components in experiment and simulation. A further emphasis of the studies is how the humans highly variable anatomy affects the results. Questions • Which signal yields a force sensor based on a bending plate single crystal piezo in the ISJ? • How does the anatomical variation and the position accuracy influence the results? • What performance is to be expexted of a combined sensor/actuator transducer? • What is the prospective medical indication of the proposed transducer design? Material and methods A sensor and a transducer consisting of a sensor and an actuator element for application inside the ISJ gap were studied. Both could be prospective components of future Cochlea Implants (CIs) or Active Middle Ear Implants (AMEIs). The dimensions are 4.5x2.5x1 mm. The single crystal piezos are glued inside a thin oval titanium plate, with a proper lead of the wires out of the hermetically sealed housing ensuring biocompatibility of the whole assembly. The sensor- and actuator element mainly act in bending mode. The actuator works in a mix between force- and displacement actuator dependending on the ossicular chain pretension. The elements used were manually constructed prototypes. Measurements were performed with the elements inserted into a physical model of the middle ear as well as in human temporal bones. A sound generator’s signal in the auditory canal was the input into the system. The sound signal was measured in front of the tympanic membrane by a reference microphone. The movement of the stapes footplate was used as a measurement for the theoretical hearing sensation. It was measured either by Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV) for the temporal bone measurements or with a small microphone inside a cavity beyond the physical models plastics membrane equipped with the artificial stapes. The dynamic signal of the sensor in the form of an electrical voltage from the piezo element was preamplified and subsequently acquired by a data acquisition card. The signal conditioning and processing for the combined sensor- actuator-transducer was realised with an Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) card. With a comparison of the stapes footplate movement at actuator-excitation and sound-excitation a equivalent sound pressure could be calculated. For the combined transducer-operation a Least Mean Square (LMS) was established to suppress the feedback between sensor and actuator. The sensor was examined in ten temporal bones, the combined transducer was evaluated in six temporal bones (two unaltered and four with a joint gap extended by a CO2-laser). The access was untertaken in terms of a posterior tympanotomie with separation of the ISJ with needle or sickle knife. The insertion of sensor or transducer was done with standard instruments. Further five temporal bones were split normal to the stapes long axis at the level of the ISJ gap to measure force-displacement relations with load cell and laser triangulation sensor. The lateral sound conducting apparatus (auditory canal, tympanic membrane, malleus-incus-complex) remained intact as well as the medial part (stapes, inner ear with round and oval window). Therefore the pretension on the sensor element after insertion and the variation of the stiffness on both parts of the ossicular chain could be observed. In an Finite-Elemente-Method (FEM) model of the middle ear and the sensor the measurement results could be validated. Because the simulation model is fitted to dynamic temporal bone measurements the prediction of the systems behaviour is has some restrictions for quasistatic examinations and the analysis of the ossicular chain under pretension. The results of the transducer measurements are endorsed in an audiogram and compared with literature und typical forms of hearing impairment. This is sufficient for a first estimation of the prospective medical indication. Results and conclusion The transducer’s sensing element shows a signal yield from 0.1 mV to 1 mV for a sound pressure excitation of 1 Pa at the ear drum. The sound transmission occurs on the natural pathway. This could be beneficial to parameters like acoustic pattern and directional hearing could operate normally. The sensor is resilient against several factors. Small variations in the sensor position or additional contact points with the surrounding anatomy at long process of incus or malleus evoke a signal loss of up to 5 dB. An additional contact point with the promontory cause a signal gain of 5 dB due to the improved sensor fixation. The performance of the transducer and especially the actuator element depends strongly on the ossicular chain pretension which is induced during transducer insertion. The ossicular chain is stiffening much more on the stapes-side than on the incus-side during the stretch of the joint gap. By means of artificially widended joint gaps in temporal bone experiments the behavior of future miniaturised transducers could be studied. The experimental dynamic range of the presented transducer ranges from a sensor’s broadband hearing threshold level of 30 dB Sound Pressure Level (SPL) up to an actuator’s maximum an equivalent sound pressure level of 70 dB SPL low frequency respectively 120 dB SPL for high frequencies. The amplification performance of the transducer within this dynamic range is located at about 30 dB for high frequencies. A prospective medical indication of the transducers could be the treatment of high frequency hearing loss and therefore also presbyacusis. A treatment for patients with typical noise induced hearing loss seems to be equally feasible. At this stage in development, it seems feasible to implant the sensor-only concept in a number of applications, while the transducer concept faces some questions to resolve but is nevertheless promising. The transducers performance is not on the same level like other approaches in terms of technical characteristics for the whole frequency range but the concept stands out regarding feasible insertion and minimal invasivity.:I Einleitung II Inhalt und thematischer Zusammenhang der Publikationen III Publikation 1: Influence of the middle ear anatomy on the performance of a membrane sensor in the incudostapedial joint gap IV Publikation 2: Examination of a mechanical amplifier in the incudostapedial joint gap: FEM simulation and physical model V Publikation 3: Fully implantable hearing aid in the incudostapedial joint gap VI Ergebnisse und Diskussion VII Zusammenfassung VIII Summary
76

The effect of Nystatin on the inner ear : an experimental guinea pig study

Woods, Owen 08 1900 (has links)
Objectifs: Le Nystatin est un antibiotique efficace pour le traitement d’otomycose. Bien que sa sécurité au niveau de l’oreille externe soit bien établie, son utilisation n’est pas recommandée lorsqu’il y a une perforation tympanique. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer le potentiel ototoxique du Nystatin lorsque celui-ci est appliqué directement au niveau de l’oreille moyenne. Méthodes: Nous avons fait une étude expérimentale avec 18 cochons d’Indes de souche Hartley que nous avons divisés en deux groupes. En exposant l’oreille moyenne de chaque animal au Nystatin (groupe I) ou à la néomycine (groupe II) et chaque oreille controlatérale à une solution physiologique (NaCl), la fonction auditive a été évaluée avec un test de potentiels évoqués auditif du tronc cérébral avant et après les injections. Une étude par microscopie électronique a permis une comparaison histologique de l’état des cellules ciliées cochléaires entre les 2 groupes. Résultats: Les pertes auditives moyennes du groupe « Nystatin » étaient de 13.0 dB et comparables aux pertes moyennes observées dans les oreilles ayant été injectées avec du NaCl (4.0 dB dans le groupe I et 15.1 dB dans le groupe II). Le groupe de contrôle « néomycine » a subi une perte auditive moyenne de 39.3 dB, ce qui représente une différence cliniquement et statistiquement significative (p<0.001). L’étude histologique avec une microscopie à balayage électronique a démontré une conservation de l’architecture des cellules ciliées cochléaires dans les groupe Nystatin et NaCl. La néomycine a causé une destruction marquée de ces structures. Conclusions: Le Nystatin ne provoque pas d’atteinte auditive ni de destruction des cellules ciliées externes après injection directe dans l’oreille moyenne chez le cochon d’Inde. / Objective: Nystatin is an effective topical antifungal agent widely used in the treatment of otomycosis. Though it is safe for external ear use, current recommendations are to avoid its use in cases of tympanic membrane perforation. The objective of our study was to test the security of Nystatin when applied directly to the middle ear of a guinea pig model. Methods: We performed an experimental study with 18 Hartley guinea pigs that were divided into two groups. Exposing middle ears from one group to Nystatin (group I) and from the other to the ototoxic neomycin (group II), we compared results of auditory brainstem response (ABR) testing at three intervals during the study. Each animal’s contralateral ear was injected with a physiological solution (NaCl). At the end of the study, we performed a histological analysis of the animals’ cochleae using a scanning electron microscope. Results: Average hearing loss in the Nystatin group was 13.0 dB which was similar to the results obtained in the NaCl-exposed ears (4.0 dB in group I and 15.1 dB in group II). Average hearing loss in the neomycin group was 39.3 dB, which represents a clinically significant difference (p<0.001). Scanning electron microscope evaluation revealed intact cochlear hair cell architecture in the Nystatin and normal saline groups, compared to important destruction in the neomycin group. Conclusion: Nystatin does not cause hearing impairment or cochlear hair cell damage when exposed directly to the middle ear of a guinea pig model.
77

Évaluation de l’ototoxicité secondaire au bleu de méthylène chez le cochon d’Inde : étude animale prospective

Belhassen, Sarah 04 1900 (has links)
INTRODUCTION: Le bleu de méthylène est un colorant grandement utilisé dans le domaine médical, notamment pour ses propriétés de coloration histologique. Il est également utilisé comme agent photosensibilisant dans la thérapie photodynamique antimicrobienne, qui une fois photoactivé devient efficace pour l’éradication de plusieurs germes multirésistants. L’objectif de cette étude est d’investiguer le potentiel ototoxique du bleu de méthylène. MÉTHODES: Vingt cochons d’Inde divisés en deux groupes, ont reçu une solution de bleu de méthylène et de gentamicine dans l’oreille testée. L’oreille controlatérale a reçu une solution saline contrôle. Nous avons procédés à des potentiels évoqués auditifs du tronc cérébral avant et une semaine suivant la série d’injections. À la suite des dissections, des analyses histologiques et immunohistochimiques ont été réalisées. RÉSULTATS: La différence moyenne de perte auditive dans le groupe gentamicine comparativement au groupe normal salin était de 66.25 dB (p<0.001). Toutefois, la différence moyenne de perte auditive dans le groupe ayant reçu du bleu de méthylène comparativement à celui ayant reçu des injections de la solution saline était de 1.50 dB, et n’a pas été démontré comme étant statistiquement significative (p=0.688). De plus, la captation de caspase-3 en immunohistochimie (marqueur d’apoptose) n’a pas été significative dans le groupe recevant le bleu de méthylène. CONCLUSION: À la lumière de nos résultats, les injections intratympaniques de bleu de méthylène n’ont pas démontrées de potentiel ototoxique. Nous recommandons des études supplémentaires afin d’en préciser son utilisation sécuritaire dans le domaine otologique. / INTRODUCTION: Methylene blue is widely used in the medical field, especially as a blue dye for staining. It is also used as a photosensitizing agent in antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, which once photoactivated is effective for the eradication of several multiresistant bacteria. The objective of this study is to investigate its ototoxic potential. METHODS: Twenty guinea pigs, forming two groups, received respectively intratympanic methylene blue and gentamicin in one ear. The contralateral ears received a control saline solution. We conducted auditory evoked brainstem response (ABR) before and one week after the injection series. Once completed, the cochleas were dissected and analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The mean difference of hearing loss in the saline group compared to the gentamicin group was 66.25dB (p<0.001). However, the mean difference of hearing loss in the methylene blue group compared to normal saline was 1.50 dB, and it was not shown to be statistically significant (p=0.688). Furthermore, uptake of caspase-3 by immunohistochemistry (apoptotic marker) was negative in the group which received injections of methylene blue. CONCLUSION: In light of our results, intratympanic injections of methylene blue did not demonstrate an ototoxic potential. We recommend further studies to precise its usefulness in the otology field.
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Medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga em crianças com perda auditiva sensorial severa e profunda e diferentes achados timpanométricos / Wideband acoustic immittance measurements in children with severe and profound sensorineural hearing loss, and different tympanometric findings

Araujo, Eliene Silva 27 February 2015 (has links)
A avaliação da integridade do sistema tímpano-ossicular é um pré-requisito para que o processo de diagnóstico audiológico infantil possa ser concluído com precisão, assim, muito têm se discutido em relação aos procedimentos utilizados na prática clínica para definir a presença ou ausência de problema condutivo. Nesse sentido, as medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga mostram-se como uma opção para o avanço na área. Diante disso, surgiu o interesse em ampliar os conhecimentos e trazer as características das medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga nas diferentes condições de orelha média. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar as medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga com os estímulos tom puro e chirp em crianças com perda auditiva sensorial de grau severo e profundo e diferentes padrões timpanométricos. Foram avaliadas 187 orelhas de 98 crianças na faixa etária de seis a 60 meses de idade, subdivididas em grupos de acordo com a pressão e compliância obtidas na timpanometria com sonda de 226 Hz. As medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga foram realizadas por meio do sistema de medidas do Acoustics\' Middle-Ear Power Analyzer - MEPA, versão 5.0, utilizando os estímulos tom puro e chirp, com faixa de frequência de 211 a 6000 Hz. Os valores de compliância e pressão obtidos na timpanometria convencional foram correlacionados às medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga, adotando-se testes estatísticos apropriados, com nível de significância de 0,05. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram o efeito das faixas de frequência (grave, média e aguda) em todas as medidas analisadas, com exceção do delay da reflectância. Foi constatada influência de pressões correspondentes a -100 daPa ou mais negativas e também para pressões positivas acima de 25 daPa, e compliâncias menores que 0,2 ml nas medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga. Além disso, houve diferença significante entre os estímulos tom puro e chirp para frequências baixas para a absorvância e magnitude da impedância, com maior reflexo da variação dos valores de compliância e pressão nos resultados obtidos com estímulo chirp. Conclui-se que as características das medidas de imitância acústica de banda larga estão relacionadas à condição de orelha média e a frequência do estímulo teste. Para o delay da reflectância observou-se uma ampla variabilidade entre frequências ao analisar os grupos subdivididos pela pressão e também na frequência de 258 Hz ao analisar os grupos subdivididos pela compliância. / The evaluation of the integrity of the tympanic-ossicular system is a prerequisite for the child audiology diagnostic process to be completed accurately, thus, much has been discussed in relation to the procedures used in clinical practice to define the presence or absence of conductive problems. Hence, the wideband acoustic immittance measurements show to be an option to the advance in the field. As a result, the interest in expanding the knowledge and bringing the characteristics of wideband acoustic immittance measurements in the different conditions of middle ear, emerged. This study aimed at characterizing the wideband acoustic immittance measurements using pure and chirp stimuli in children presented with severe and profound sensorineural hearing loss and different tympanometric standards. 187 ears of 98 children in the age range six-sixty months, subdivided into groups according to pressure and compliance achieved through tympanometry with a 226 Hz probe, were assessed. Wideband acoustic immittance measurements were performed by the measuring system of the Acoustics\' Middle-Ear Power Analyzer - MEPA, version 5.0, using pure and chirp tone stimuli, in a frequency ranging from 211 to 6000 Hz. The values of compliance and pressure obtained through conventional tympanometry were correlated with wideband acoustic immittance measures, by applying suitable statistical tests, with a 0.05 significance level. The results achieved evidenced the effect of frequency bands (low, medium and high) in all measures examined, with the exception of the reflectance delay. The Influence of pressures -100 daPa or more negative ones and also in positive pressures above 25 Pa, and compliance lower than 0.2 ml in the wideband acoustic immittance measurements, was verified. In addition, there was a significant difference between pure tone and chirp stimuli at low frequencies for impedance absorbance and magnitude, with a greater reflex of the variation of compliance and pressure values in the results obtained with the chirp stimulus. It is concluded that the characteristics of broadband acoustic immittance measures are related to the condition of middle ear condition and the frequency of the test stimulus. For Reflectance delay, a wide variability between frequencies was observed when analyzing the groups subdivided by pressure and also in the frequency of 258 Hz, when analyzing the groups subdivided by compliance.
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Modifications de l’amplitude du réflexe de l’oreille moyenne après inhalation de solvant. Conséquences physiologiques pour les expositions au bruit / Alterations in the amplitude of acoustic middle-ear reflex after inhalation solvent. Physiological consequences for exposure to noise

Wathier, Ludivine 16 December 2016 (has links)
Le réflexe de l’oreille moyenne (ROM) diminue l’énergie acoustique portée par les bruits riches en basses fréquences et de fortes intensités qui pénètrent dans la cochlée. Son déclenchement bilatéral permet ainsi de protéger la cochlée. La perturbation de ce réflexe par des solvants peut accroître les effets cochléo-traumatisants du bruit, notamment chez les salariés du secteur industriel, où bruit et solvant sont souvent associés. L’objectif principal de ces travaux était d’élaborer un test de criblage capable d’identifier les substances volatiles susceptibles de modifier le réflexe. De plus, le choix des solvants nous a permis d’étudier le mode d’action des solvants sur les neurones impliqués dans l’arc réflexe. Pour cela, des rats Brown Norway anesthésiés ont été exposés par inhalation aux solvants aromatiques choisis selon leur lipophilie (log Kow) et/ou selon leur structure. L’amplitude du ROM a été déterminée grâce à la mesure de l’intensité du produit de distorsion acoustique. Les résultats montrent que les effets des solvants sur le ROM sont conditionnés par les paramètres stéréospécifiques des molécules et non par leur lipophilie. Par ailleurs, l’analyse RMN des microsomes de cerveaux de rats confirme que le toluène n’influence pas la fluidité membranaire. En conclusion, le ROM est un bon outil pour détecter des substances dangereuses pour l’audition en cas de co-exposition avec du bruit. De plus, nous pouvons dire que les solvants aromatiques ont une action neuropharmacologique et/ou cochléotoxique qui peuvent retentir de façon distincte sur l’audition des sujets co-exposés au bruit et à des solvants. / The middle-ear reflex (MER) reduces acoustic energy carried by the high intensity noises rich in low frequencies at entering the cochlea. His bilateral trigger thus protects the cochlea. Disruption of this reflex by solvents can increase cochleo-traumatic effects of noise, especially among industrial workers, where noise and solvent are often associated. The main objective of this work was to develop a screening test capable of identifying the volatile substances that could modify the reflex. Moreover, the choice of solvents allowed us to study the mode of action of solvents on the neurons involved in the reflex circuit. For this purpose, Brown Norway rats were anesthetized and then exposed to aromatic solvents selected according to their lipophilicity (log Kow) and/or their structure. The amplitude of the MER is determined by measuring cubic distortion product oto-acoustic emissions. For that, aromatic solvents appear to act directly on the neuronal targets involved in the acoustic reflex circuit, rather than on membrane fluidity. The affinity of this interaction is determined by stereospecific parameters rather than lipophilocity. Additionally, NMR spectra for brain microsomes confirmed that brain lipid fluidity was unaffected by toluene exposure. In conclusion, the MER can be used to detect hazardous volatiles substances for the hearing when co-exposed to noise. Moreover, this study revealed that aromatic solvents have a neuropharmacological and/or cochleotoxic action that can act separately on the hearing of workers exposed to noise and solvents simultaneously.
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The evolutionary origins of impedance-matching hearing in Archosauria

Oliveira, Gabriela Barbosa Sobral de 17 November 2014 (has links)
Das impedanzwandelnde Hören ist eine wichtige Verfeinerung des Gehörsystems der Tetrapoden indem es einen Energieverlust während der Schallübertragung vermeidet. Anatomisch ist es durch eine Unterteilung des Foramen Metoticum in eine vordere Fenestra Pseudorotunda und ein hinteres Vagus Foramen charakterisiert. Dieses System trat mehrmals unabhängig in Amniota auf, und obwohl schon vorher vermutet wurde, dass es eine Homoplasie für Archosauria darstellt, wurde diese Hypothese bisher noch nicht geprüft. Demnach wurden 17 Hirnschädel Merkmale für 111 Taxa kodiert und auf einem informellen Supertrees optimiert. Die Analyse ergab, dass die Fenestra Pseudorotunda unbhängig acht Mal in Archosauria auftrat, mit fünf Umkehrungen. Während dieses Merkmal plastisch für Dinosauria ist, es trat nur einmal in Pseudosuchia auf. Eine Tree Shape-Analyse ergab, dass sechs Verschiebungen in den Diversifizierungsraten in Pseudosuchia und sieben in Dinosauria zu finden sind, von denen nur die der Ornithischia mit der Fenestra Pseudorotunda in Beziehung stehen. Viele Zustandsveränderungen erfolgen an der Basis der Dinosauria aber bei Pseudosuchia sind diese vor der Entstehung der Crocodyliformes und an der Basis der Notosuchia und Thalattosuchia konzentriert. Die Korrelationen zwischen Zustandsveränderungen und Verschiebungen sind höher in Dinosauria, während bei Pseudosuchia nur Mesoeucrocodylia eine ähnliche Anzahl aufweist. Daraus folgt, dass das impedanzwandelnde Hören nicht homolog in Archosauria ist, und dass es nicht als Schlüsselinnovation zur Erklärung der Vielfalt betrachtet werden kann, obwohl es eine Rolle in der Diversifizierung der Ornithischia spielte. Insgesamt ist die Anatomie des Hirnschädels der Dinosauria plastischer als die der Pseudosuchia. Die Positionierung des Pterygoid-Quadratum-Komplexes an die Seitenwand des Hirnschädels in Crocodyliformes stellt eine anatomische Beschränkung dar, welche nur von Notosuchia und Thalattosuchia durchbrochen wurde. / Impedance-matching hearing is considered an important refinement of the auditory system of tetrapods because it reduces energy loss during sound transmission. Anatomically, it is characterized by the sub-division of the metotic foramen into a posterior vagus foramen and an anterior fenestra pseudorotunda. Impedance-matching hearing has evolved independently in several tetrapod groups including archosaurs and although it has been suggested that it represents a homoplasy, this hypothesis has never been tested. Therefore, 17 braincase characters were coded for 111 taxa and mapped on an informal supertree. Optimization of the characters revealed that the fenestra pseudorotunda appeared eight times independently in Archosauria, with five reversals. While this character is plastic in dinosaurs, it appeared only once in pseudosuchians. A tree-shape analysis revealed that pseudosuchians had six shifts in diversification rates, while dinosaurs had seven. Of these, only ornithischian ones are correlated to the appearance of impedance-matching hearing. Many of the overall state changes occur at the origin of major dinosaurian clades, but for pseudosuchians they are concentrated prior to the origin of Crocodyliformes and at the origin of Notosuchia and Thalattosuchia. The overall number of correspondences between character state changes and shifts in diversification rates is higher for dinosaurs, whereas in Pseudosuchia only Mesoeucrocodylia has a similar amount. It is thus possible to conclude that impedance-matching hearing is not homologous for archosaurs, and that it cannot be considered a key innovation triggering diversification. However, it may have played some role in ornithischian diversification. In general, the braincase anatomy of dinosaurs is more plastic than that of pseudosuchians. The abutting of the pterygo-quadrate complex against the lateral braincase wall was a strong anatomical constraint for crocodyliforms broken only by notosuchians and thalatosuchians.

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