This thesis examines the concept of solidarity and how it can contribute to the understanding of the criminalisation of those who provide humanitarian assistance to undocumented migrants in Europe. It also looks at acts of resistance against such criminalisation. Alternative explanations are explored on the basis of theories of solidarity, previous research and collection of material from international and European institutions on the legal situation within the European Union. Particular attention is given to illustrative cases focusing primarily on the more or less publicly acceptable provision of healthcare and the less publicly acceptable provision of housing. Criminalisation can be understood in the light of exclusive solidarity only for those with citizenship or residence permit and as a part of immigration enforcement by deterring those who want to help and therefore discouraging irregular migrants from staying in the EU. Resistance against such criminalisation is built locally, on the basis of solidarity with undocumented migrants that are relatable and familiar, which also explains why solidarity is harder to achieve on a national and European level. Resistance against criminalisation is also built on faith, dignity and other grounds such as cost-benefit estimates for cities tackling issues such as social inclusion and public health.

No / Boat people, whether refugees or migrants, are protected by special provisions in custom and law relating to safety and rescue at sea. At the same time, the governments of coastal states have expressed concern about the arrival of boat people and have been robust in depicting and treating them as a threat. The questions addressed in this article are: how and why have boat people been regarded as a threat, and what challenges does this treatment present for the humanitarian regime at sea? The article connects two dimensions of the issue. First it deconstructs the prevailing images and discourse surrounding boat people that contribute to securitizing them as a threat. Securitization is defined as the process by which issues are identified, labelled and reified as threats to a community, often by politicians for electoral gain. Second, the article argues that this securitization challenges the maritime regime, which is infused with humanitarian values based on solidarity among seafarers. Both short and long-term remedies might be considered. The immediate requirement is to ensure not only that asylum seekers at sea continue to be rescued and protected but also that the maritime regime is strengthened to facilitate their arrival at a place of safety. Over the longer term, de-securitizing the issue of asylum seekers and boat people requires action to address perceptions in destination states.

Yes

Yes / Forced migrant women are increasingly becoming destitute whilst pregnant. Destitution may exacerbate their poor underlying physical and mental health. There is little published research that examines this, and studies are needed to ensure midwifery care addresses the specific needs of these women. This study aimed to explore vulnerable migrant women's lived experience of being pregnant and destitute. Six in-depth individual interviews with forced migrant women who had been destitute during their pregnancy were conducted over one year. A lack of food and being homeless impacted on women's physical and mental health. Women relied on support from the voluntary sector to fill the gaps in services not provided by their local authorities. Although midwives were generally kind and helpful, there was a limit to how they could support the women. There is a gap in support provided by local authorities working to government policies and destitute migrant pregnant women should not have to wait until 34 weeks gestation before they can apply for support. Home office policy needs to change to ensure pregnant migrant women receive support throughout their pregnancy.

Yes / This study explores the impact of city-specific factors on skilled migrants’ career capital within the intelligent career framework. It compares global and secondary cities as distinct career landscapes and examines how differently they shape development and utilisation of three ways of knowing (knowing-how, knowing-whom and knowingwhy). Findings from 82 qualitative interviews with skilled migrants in global (London) and secondary (Newcastle) UK cities explain the importance of cities at an analytical level, as skilled migrants’ careers were differently constrained and enabled by three groups of city-specific factors: labour market, community and lifestyle. By exploring the two types of cities in career context, this article contributes to developing an interdisciplinary dialogue and problematises careers as a relational and contextually embedded phenomenon. Limitations and recommendations are discussed.

No

French in Czech republic The work is divided into two parts. The first part presents the French emigrants abroad and in the Czech Republic. It also presents the Czech emigrants in France. This part outlines the history of Czech-French relations. It describes the French group in the Czech Republic from the demographic and social point of view and in the background of the Czech society. In the other part I focus on research. Based on the results of several interviews the second part analyses and interprets some particular themes. The themes are concerning cultural and social life of the French who live in the Czech Republic and give testimony about it.

Notre étude croisée qui concerne trois pays francophones européens (Belgique, France et Suisse) montre qu'il existe des différences notables sur le plan national en matière d'immigration et de politique d'intégration. En Europe, on constate la mise en place d'un contrôle accru des flux migratoires, de la lutte contre l'immigration illégale et de la restriction des demandes d'asile alors que la construction d'une action centrée sur la question sociale de l'intégration des populations migrantes peine à se concrétiser. Nous nous sommes intéressée à la mise en place de ces politiques par le biais des dispositifs de formation et d'évaluation des compétences des migrants. Les dispositifs mis en place dans chaque Etat sont avant tout pensés en fonction des spécificités nationales et de l'histoire nationale. Ainsi, un examen précis des mesures prises dans les trois pays francophones laisse apparaitre des conceptions opposées dans la construction de l'équation « langue, immigration, intégration ». Notre étude fait émerger deux conceptions opposées : d'un côté, une conception de l'intégration linguistique focalisée sur l'effort individuel des migrants pour atteindre la « maîtrise linguistique » fixée par la société hôte et à l'opposé une conception de l'intégration sociale centrée autour d'un « processus » social » de longue durée engageant fortement la société hôte. Enfin, le troisième volet plus microsociologique, par le biais d'une recherche action autour de la mise en place d'un portfolio des langues, a permis de révéler les difficultés d'adaptation pédagogique des enseignants et les représentations traditionnelles des apprenants concernant l'apprentissage des langues. / Our research regarding three francophone european countries (Belgium, France and Switzerland) shows first that there are significant differences in terms of immigration and integration policy. At the European level we notice a greater control of migration, actions against illegal immigration and the restriction of asylum applications while building a European action centered around the question of the social integration of migrant populations hardly takes place. We focused then our attention on the implementation of these policies through training schemes and skills evaluation of migrants learners. The training devices implemented in each country are primarily designed according to national specificities and national history. Thus, a detailed examination of the measures taken in the three francophone countries show opposite interpretations of the equation 'language , immigration, integration'. Our study brings out two opposite designs : on one side, a design focused on the linguistic integration of migrants and their individual efforts to achieve 'language mastery' set by the host country and on the opposite a design focused on social integration centered around a social long-term process with the strong commitment of the host country. Finally, the third microsociological component, through an action research around the implementation of a language portfolio, has revealed the teachers 'difficulties of adapting their teaching methods and learners' traditional views regarding language learning.

Les travailleurs hautement qualifiés - scientifiques et ingénieurs en particulier - sont un atout important pour le développement d’un pays car ils sont des facteurs majeurs dans la production de connaissances. C'est ce qui justifie les efforts compétitifs déployés par plusieurs pays afin d'attirer ces travailleurs. Les pays de destination sont en général décrits comme étant les grands gagnants des migrations des travailleurs hautement qualifiés. Ce qui n'est pas le cas des pays d'origine où ces migrations sont perçues comme une perte en capital humain. Cependant, ce phénomène serait beaucoup plus complexe qu'il n'y parait. En effet, il existe d'autres facteurs inhérents à la dynamique des migrations des travailleurs hautement qualifiés qui restent soit partiellement ou totalement inexplorés dans la littérature. Ces facteurs sont liés à des éléments résultant de ces migrations et pouvant créer des retombées positives vers les pays d'origine tout en contribuant ainsi à l'innovation dans ces pays. Afin d'explorer plus en profondeur cette question, il serait nécessaire de conduire une analyse approfondie autour de la question sur la nature des liens entre migrants hautement qualifiés résidant à l'étranger d'une part et celle des liens qui lient ces migrants à leurs pays d'origine d'autre part. A travers cette analyse, nous nous proposons de contribuer au débat sur le « brain gain » en investiguant les dynamiques de diffusion des connaissances à l'intérieur du réseau des migrants hautement qualifiés dans les pays de destination, mais également vers les pays d'origine. / Highly skilled workers – scientists and engineers in particular – are an important asset for a nation in so far that they enter in the production of knowledge as highly valuable human capital. That is why many countries have been competing for attracting. Receiving countries are in general pictured as the biggest winners from highly skilled migration. While the latter is perceived as a loss for sending countries. However, the situation might not be as simplistic as it seems. Indeed, we believe there are several unexplored factors underpinning the dynamics of highly skilled migration which contribute to some positive feedback to the sending countries in terms of knowledge and innovation while spurring innovation in the destination countries. And for a better understanding of these factors, one needs to look further into the nature of the ties linking highly skilled migrants abroad on one hand and to their home countries on the other hand. With our research we intend to contribute to the brain drain – brain gain trade-off debate by investigating the dynamics of knowledge diffusion within migrants’ networks in receiving countries and more importantly to sending countries.

Cette thèse propose une évaluation empirique de l'impact des transferts de fond des migrants (TFM) en matière de développement économique de leur pays d'origine. Elle démontre notamment que cet impact, supposé dans la littérature comme généralement positif, est susceptible d'être réduit en raison de l'existence d'un « effet de dépendance ». Cet effet est particulièrement développé dans les pays pour lesquels les TFM représentent une part importante du PIB. Ce résultat est obtenu en trois temps. Le premier chapitre propose une synthèse de la littérature sur les principaux déterminants et impacts des TFM. Les TFM sont déterminés par les comportements individuels, dont les effets sont observables à l'échelle macroéconomique. Le caractère peu volatile ou contracyclique des TFM leur confère un effet stabilisateur sur les économies receveuses. Cet effet positif a néanmoins un revers : les pays recevant des TFM peuvent connaitre un effet de dépendance aux TFM se traduisant par une diminution de leur activité économique. Le deuxième chapitre présente deux résultats : Premièrement, il propose la fixation d'un seuil empirique de dépendance aux TFM. Ainsi un ratio TFM/PIB supérieur à la moyenne des PED définit un pays comme fortement dépendant. Le second résultat est la confirmation d'un impact négatif de cette dépendance à partir d'une base de données en panel sur 32 pays. Les résultats infirment donc l'hypothèse d'un impact systématiquement positif des TFM sur la croissance du PIB et la formation brute de capitale fixe (FBCF). Le troisième chapitre étudie les impacts et déterminants des TFM dans le cas d'un pays fortement dépendant : le Tadjikistan. Cette étude de cas permet une analyse plus poussée de l'économie des TFM dans un pays fortement dépendant. Différents déterminants macroéconomiques sont testés afin de comparer le poids de l'activité économique russe et tadjike sur les TFM. Les résultats, robustes à différentes méthodes d'estimation, confirment un effet de dépendance aux TFM qui s'explique notamment par la supériorité du cycle économique russe sur le cycle tadjik dans la détermination des TFM. / This thesis provides an empirical assessment of the impact of migrants' remittances on economic development of their origin country of origin. It shows that this impact, assumed in the literature as generally positive, is likely to be reduced due to the existence of a "dependency effect". This effect is particularly important in countries where remittances are an important share of GDP. This demonstration takes place in three stages: The first chapter provides a literature survey on the main determinants and impacts of remittances. Remittances are determined by individual behaviours, whose effects are observable at the macro level. The low volatility and the cyclical nature of remittances give them a stabilizing effect on receiving economies. This positive effect has nevertheless a setback: the remittances receiving countries can be subject to a dependency effect, resulting in a decrease in economic activity. The second chapter presents two results: First, it proposes the establishment of an empirical threshold of remittances' dependency. Thus, a country heavily dependent is characterized by a remittances to GDP ratio above the average of developing countries. The second result is the confirmation of a negative impact of this dependency according to the results of a panel data analysis on 32 countries. The results refute the hypothesis of a consistently positive impact of remittances on GDP growth and on gross capital formation (GFCF). The third chapter examines the impact and determinants of TFM in the case of a country heavily dependent: Tajikistan. This case study provides further analysis of the economics of remittances. Different macroeconomic determinants are tested to compare the role of Russian and Tajik economic activities on remittances. The results, robust to different estimation methods, confirm the effect of dependency. Moreover, remittances are more determined by Russian economic activity than by the Tajik one.